← Safari ya Kujifunza Kiingereza
"You" ni kiwakilishi cha nafsi ya pili: ni neno la Kiingereza kwa mtu au watu unaozungumza nao. Kiingereza kina neno moja tu, "you", mahali ambapo Kiswahili kina maumbo mengi:
- wewe (mtu mmoja) na ninyi (watu wawili au zaidi): yote mawili ni "you" - kiambishi cha kiima u- (umoja) na m- (wingi): unaishi, mnaishi = you live - kiambishi cha yambwa -ku- (umoja) na -wa- (wingi): ninakupenda = I love you; ninawapenda = I love you (wingi), au I love them - kiambishi cha kukanusha hu- (umoja) na ham- (wingi): hujui, hamjui = you do not know
Kwa hiyo Kiswahili kinasema neno moja, Ninakupenda, lakini Kiingereza kinahitaji maneno matatu: "I love you".
Mambo mawili ya kukumbuka:
1. "You" ni neno lilelile kwa umoja na kwa wingi. "Are you ready?" inaweza kuwa "Uko tayari?" au "Mko tayari?" Muktadha ndio unaoonyesha ni mmoja au ni wengi. 2. "You" ni neno lilelile kwa kiima na kwa yambwa: "You see me" (Unaniona) na "I see you" (Ninakuona).
Kiswahili kinaweza kuacha wewe kwa sababu kiambishi u- kinaonyesha nafsi. Kiingereza hakiwezi kuacha "you": "Unaishi wapi?" ni "Where do you live?", si "Where live?"
Asili ya neno. "You" linatoka katika Kiingereza cha Kale ēow, umbo la yambwa la wingi. Zamani Kiingereza kilikuwa na maumbo manne: thou (wewe, kiima), thee (wewe, yambwa), ye (ninyi, kiima) na you (ninyi, yambwa). Polepole "you" lilichukua nafasi ya yote manne. Biblia ya King James (1611) bado ina maumbo hayo ya zamani (tazama Sehemu F).
Neno "you" lina maana gani kwa Kiswahili? "You" ni wewe (mtu mmoja) au ninyi (watu wengi). Ndani ya kitenzi ni u- au m- (kiima), na -ku- au -wa- (yambwa).
Mambo Muhimu:
- "You" = wewe na ninyi: "You are my friend" = Wewe ni rafiki yangu (9.1); "You are students" = Ninyi ni wanafunzi (9.7). - Baada ya "you" kitenzi ni "are", "were", "have", "do" daima, hata kwa mtu mmoja: "you are", si "you is". - Kiingereza hakiachi kiwakilishi: Ninakupenda = "I love you" (9.5). - "Your" = -ako / -enu: your book = kitabu chako / kitabu chenu. "Yours" husimama bila nomino: "This book is yours" = Kitabu hiki ni chako. - "Thank you" = asante (kwa mtu mmoja) na asanteni (kwa watu wengi).
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you — /juː/ likiwa na mkazo au peke yake ("Who, you?" /ˈhuː ˈjuː/); /ju/ au /jə/ likiwa dhaifu katikati ya sentensi ("Do you know?" /də ju ˈnəʊ/)
Sauti ya kwanza, /j/, ni sawa na "y" ya Kiswahili katika yai na yeye. Vokali /uː/ ni ndefu, kama "u" ya Kiswahili iliyorefushwa, kama "uu" katika kuu.
Tahajia: herufi tatu, y-o-u, lakini sauti mbili tu, /j/ + /uː/. Herufi "o" haitamkwi peke yake. Msomaji wa Kiswahili hutamka kila herufi, kwa hiyo wanafunzi wengine husema "yo-u". Sema /juː/ tu.
Tahadhari: Kiswahili yu- (yuko, yupo) kinasikika kama "you", lakini ni nafsi ya tatu. Yuko nyumbani = "He is at home" au "She is at home". "You are at home" ni Uko nyumbani (9.3).
"Thank you" /ˈθæŋk juː/: sauti /θ/ ni ile ya "th" katika thelathini na thamani. Usiseme "tank you" wala "sank you".
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9.1 You wewe are ni my friend rafiki yangu
9.2 Thank you asante very much sana
9.3 Are (-ko) you (u-) at home nyumbani (Uko nyumbani?)
9.4 Are ni you wewe a - teacher mwalimu (Je, wewe ni mwalimu?)
9.5 I (ni-) love -na-penda you (-ku-) (Ninakupenda)
9.6 Where wapi do (-na-) you (u-) live -ishi (Unaishi wapi?)
9.7 You ninyi are ni students wanafunzi at wa this school shule hii
9.8 Did (-li-) you (u-) see -ona my brother (-mw-) kaka yangu yesterday jana (Je, ulimwona kaka yangu jana?)
9.9 I (ni-) will call -ta-pigia simu you (-ku-) tomorrow kesho morning asubuhi (Nitakupigia simu kesho asubuhi)
9.10 You (hu-) did not come -ku-ja to school shuleni yesterday jana (Hukuja shuleni jana)
9.11 Children watoto are (-ko) you (m-) ready tayari Your wenu teacher mwalimu is waiting for anasubiri you (-wa-) (Mwalimu wenu anawasubiri)
9.12 If (-ki-) you (u-) need -hitaji help msaada you (u-) can -naweza call kupigia simu me (-ni-) (Ukihitaji msaada, unaweza kunipigia simu)
9.13 You wewe yourself mwenyewe told -li-ambia me (-ni-) that kwamba you (u-) would come -ta-kuja (Wewe mwenyewe uliniambia kwamba utakuja)
9.14 When (-takapo-) you (m-) arrive -fika in - Mombasa Mombasa you (m-) will see -ta-ona the ocean bahari (-i-) (Mtakapofika Mombasa, mtaiona bahari)
9.15 If you do not (u-sipo-) fill -ziba the crack ufa you (u-) will build -ta-jenga a wall ukuta (Usipoziba ufa utajenga ukuta)
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9.1 You are my friend. Wewe ni rafiki yangu.
9.2 Thank you very much. Asante sana.
9.3 Are you at home? Uko nyumbani?
9.4 Are you a teacher? Je, wewe ni mwalimu?
9.5 I love you. Ninakupenda.
9.6 Where do you live? Unaishi wapi?
9.7 You are students at this school. Ninyi ni wanafunzi wa shule hii.
9.8 Did you see my brother yesterday? Je, ulimwona kaka yangu jana?
9.9 I will call you tomorrow morning. Nitakupigia simu kesho asubuhi.
9.10 You did not come to school yesterday. Hukuja shuleni jana.
9.11 Children, are you ready? Your teacher is waiting for you. Watoto, mko tayari? Mwalimu wenu anawasubiri.
9.12 If you need help, you can call me. Ukihitaji msaada, unaweza kunipigia simu.
9.13 You yourself told me that you would come. Wewe mwenyewe uliniambia kwamba utakuja.
9.14 When you arrive in Mombasa, you will see the ocean. Mtakapofika Mombasa, mtaiona bahari.
9.15 If you do not fill the crack, you will build a wall. Usipoziba ufa utajenga ukuta. (methali)
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9.1 You are my friend.
9.2 Thank you very much.
9.3 Are you at home?
9.4 Are you a teacher?
9.5 I love you.
9.6 Where do you live?
9.7 You are students at this school.
9.8 Did you see my brother yesterday?
9.9 I will call you tomorrow morning.
9.10 You did not come to school yesterday.
9.11 Children, are you ready? Your teacher is waiting for you.
9.12 If you need help, you can call me.
9.13 You yourself told me that you would come.
9.14 When you arrive in Mombasa, you will see the ocean.
9.15 If you do not fill the crack, you will build a wall.
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Hizi ndizo kanuni za sarufi za "you" katika Kiingereza:
1. Umoja na wingi: neno moja. Kiswahili kina wewe na ninyi; Kiingereza kina "you" tu:
- You are my friend. = Wewe ni rafiki yangu. (9.1) - You are students. = Ninyi ni wanafunzi. (9.7)
Mzungumzaji wa Kiingereza akitaka kuonyesha wingi waziwazi husema "you all", "all of you" au "both of you": "Thank you all" = Asanteni nyote. Kiswahili "Mko watatu" ni "There are three of you".
2. Kiima na yambwa: umbo moja. Kiswahili hubadilisha kiambishi; Kiingereza hakibadilishi neno, kinabadilisha mahali pake. "You" kabla ya kitenzi ni kiima; "you" baada ya kitenzi ni yambwa:
- kiima, umoja: u- — Unaishi wapi? = Where do you live? (9.6) - kiima, wingi: m- — Mtakapofika Mombasa = When you arrive in Mombasa (9.14) - yambwa, umoja: -ku- — Ninakupenda = I love you (9.5); Nitakupigia simu = I will call you (9.9) - yambwa, wingi: -wa- — Mwalimu wenu anawasubiri = Your teacher is waiting for you (9.11)
Kiambishi -wa- kina maana mbili, "you" (wingi) na "them": anawasubiri ni "he is waiting for you" au "he is waiting for them". Katika Kiswahili cha mazungumzo na cha Biblia mara nyingi huongezwa -ni mwishoni ili kuonyesha "ninyi": nawaachieni (Sehemu F). Kiingereza hakina tatizo hili: "you" na "them" ni maneno mawili tofauti.
3. Kitenzi baada ya "you". "You" huchukua umbo la wingi la kitenzi daima, hata kwa mtu mmoja:
- you are, you were (si "you is", "you was") - you have (si "you has") - you do, you go, you live (bila -s: si "you lives")
4. Usiache "you". Katika Kiswahili kiambishi kinatosha; katika Kiingereza "you" lazima liandikwe. Katika maswali, "you" huja baada ya kitenzi kisaidizi:
- Unaishi wapi? = Where do you live? (9.6) - Je, ulimwona kaka yangu? = Did you see my brother? (9.8) - Uko nyumbani? = Are you at home? (9.3)
5. Kukanusha. Kiswahili hu- na ham- huonyesha nafsi na kukanusha kwa pamoja. Kiingereza husema "you" + do not / did not / are not:
- hujui = you do not know; hamjui = you (wingi) do not know - hukuja = you did not come (9.10) - huna = you do not have; hamna = you (wingi) do not have
6. Masharti na wakati. Kiswahili huweka -ki-, -sipo- na -takapo- ndani ya kitenzi; Kiingereza hutumia "if" au "when" + you + kitenzi:
- Ukihitaji msaada = If you need help (9.12) - Usipoziba ufa = If you do not fill the crack (9.15) - Mtakapofika = When you arrive (9.14)
Baada ya "if" na "when" Kiingereza hutumia wakati uliopo hata kwa jambo la baadaye: "When you arrive", si "When you will arrive".
7. Your, yours, yourself.
- your (pamoja na nomino) = -ako / -enu: your teacher = mwalimu wako / mwalimu wenu (9.11) - yours (bila nomino) = chako, lako, wako… kulingana na ngeli ya kitu: "This book is yours" = Kitabu hiki ni chako - yourself (umoja) = wewe mwenyewe (9.13); yourselves (wingi) = ninyi wenyewe
8. "You" wa jumla. Kiingereza hutumia "you" kwa mtu yeyote: "You never know" = Huwezi kujua. Kiswahili hufanya vivyo hivyo katika methali: Usipoziba ufa utajenga ukuta (9.15) haimhusu msikilizaji peke yake, bali kila mtu.
Makosa ya Kawaida:
- "You is my friend." Sahihi: You are my friend. - "I love." (kwa Ninakupenda) Sahihi: I love you. Kiingereza kinahitaji yambwa wazi. - "Where live?" au "Where you live?" Sahihi: Where do you live? - "Your welcome." Sahihi: You're welcome (= you are welcome), jibu la "Thank you". - "This book is your." Sahihi: This book is yours. Kamwe usiandike "your's". - "I will call to you tomorrow." Sahihi: I will call you tomorrow. Kitenzi nitakupigia kina kiambishi cha kutendea -i-, lakini Kiingereza hakihitaji "to" hapa. - "When you will arrive, you will see the ocean." Sahihi: When you arrive, you will see the ocean.
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"You" ni mojawapo ya maneno yanayotumika mara nyingi zaidi katika Kiingereza cha mazungumzo; katika orodha ya maneno ya kozi hii ni neno la tisa.
Heshima. Kiswahili huonyesha heshima kwa salamu kama Shikamoo (jibu: Marahaba) na kwa vyeo kama Mzee, Bibi na Mwalimu. Kiingereza hakina "you" maalum ya heshima: mtoto husema "you" kwa babu yake, na mwanafunzi kwa mkuu wa shule. Heshima huonyeshwa kwa njia nyingine:
- vyeo: Sir, Madam, Mr Juma, Mrs Amina, Doctor - neno "please": "Please sit down." - maswali ya upole badala ya amri: "Could you help me, please?" badala ya "Help me."
Salamu. Kiswahili hutofautisha Hujambo? (mtu mmoja) na Hamjambo? (watu wengi), Asante na Asanteni. Kiingereza husema "How are you?" na "Thank you" kwa mmoja au kwa wengi.
Lahaja na mazungumzo. Kwa sababu "you" halionyeshi wingi, wazungumzaji wa Kiingereza wamebuni maumbo ya wingi ya mazungumzo: "you guys" (Marekani), "y'all" (kusini mwa Marekani), "you lot" (Uingereza). Ni ya kirafiki; usiyatumie katika maandishi rasmi.
Ujumbe mfupi. Katika ujumbe wa simu vijana huandika "u" kwa "you" na "ur" kwa "your": "c u 2moro" = "see you tomorrow". Ni sawa kwa marafiki, lakini si katika barua rasmi, kazini wala katika mtihani.
Kiingereza cha zamani. Katika Biblia ya King James na katika tamthilia za Shakespeare utakutana na thou, thee, thy na ye. Leo yote ni "you" na "your".
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Yohana 14:27, maneno ya Yesu kwa wanafunzi wake usiku wa mwisho. Kiingereza: King James Version (1611). Kiswahili: Swahili Union Version (Biblia Takatifu), Yohana 14:27.
"Peace amani I (na-) leave -achia with you (-wa-…-ni) (nawaachieni) my yangu peace amani I (na-) give -pa unto you (-wa-) (nawapa): not sivyo as kama the world ulimwengu giveth utoavyo give I niwapavyo mimi unto you (-wa-). Let not (msi-) your mwenu heart mioyoni be troubled -fadhaike neither wala let it be afraid msiwe na woga" - John 14:27 (KJV)
"Peace I leave with you, my peace I give unto you: not as the world giveth, give I unto you. Let not your heart be troubled, neither let it be afraid." "Amani nawaachieni; amani yangu nawapa; niwapavyo mimi sivyo kama ulimwengu utoavyo. Msifadhaike mioyoni mwenu, wala msiwe na woga." (Yohana 14:27, SUV)
Yesu anazungumza na wanafunzi wake wote, kwa hiyo Kiswahili kinatumia wingi kila mahali: nawaachieni, nawapa, niwapavyo, msifadhaike, mioyoni mwenu. Kiingereza kinasema "you" mara tatu na "your" mara moja, na neno hilo halionyeshi kama ni mmoja au ni wengi; msomaji anajua kwa muktadha tu. Hapa ndipo tofauti ya lugha hizi mbili inapoonekana wazi: Kiswahili kinaonyesha idadi ndani ya kila kitenzi, Kiingereza kinaiacha kwa muktadha. Mstari umejengwa kwa marudio: "peace… my peace", "give… giveth… give", ili zawadi ya amani isikike kama ahadi.
- "You" hapa ni yambwa ya wingi; katika Kiingereza cha 1611 kiima cha wingi kilikuwa "ye": "ye believe in God" (Yohana 14:1). Leo yote mawili ni "you". - "Giveth" ni umbo la zamani la "gives"; "unto" ni "to". Leo tungesema: "I give you my peace." - "Give I unto you" — kitenzi kabla ya kiima ni mpangilio wa zamani. Leo: "I give to you." - "Peace I leave with you" — yambwa imewekwa mbele kwa msisitizo. Mpangilio wa kawaida ni "I leave peace with you". - Nawaachieni: na- (mimi, wakati uliopo) + -wa- (ninyi) + -achi- (kuachia) + -e- + -ni (wingi wa "ninyi"). Neno moja la Kiswahili linalingana na "I leave with you".
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9.16 Juma Juma is (ni) that - you wewe
9.17 Yes ndiyo it's (ni) me mimi How habari are - you yako Amina Amina
9.18 I (si-) have not seen -ja-ona you (-ku-) for a long time siku nyingi (Sijakuona siku nyingi)
9.19 Where wapi are (-na-) you (u-) going -kwenda (Unakwenda wapi?)
9.20 I (ni-) am going -na-kwenda to - Arusha Arusha And na you wewe je
9.21 I (ni-) am waiting for -na-subiri my parents (-wa-) wazazi wangu Do (-na-) you (u-) remember -kumbuka them (-wa-) (Unawakumbuka?)
9.22 Of course bila shaka Do (-na-) you (u-) know -jua your mother mama yako taught alifundisha me (-ni-) to cook kupika pilau pilau
9.23 And she naye always kila mara asks about anauliza you habari zako
9.24 Will (-ta-) you (u-) greet -salimia your parents wazazi wako for me (-ni-) (Utanisalimia wazazi wako?)
9.25 Yes ndiyo I (ni-) will greet -ta-salimia them (-wa-) Do you have una my yangu phone number namba ya simu
9.26 No hapana Give -pe it to me (ni-) (Nipe) and I nami will send -ta-tumia you (-ku-) a - message ujumbe
9.27 Here it is hii hapa You (u-) can -naweza call kupigia simu me (-ni-) any time wakati wowote
9.28 Look tazama My parents wazazi wangu have arrived wamefika Mother mama Father baba do (-na-) you (m-) remember -kumbuka Amina (-m-) Amina (Mnamkumbuka Amina?)
9.29 Amina Amina You (u-) have grown -me-kua so much sana How are you (hu-) (Hujambo) my child mwanangu
9.30 I am well (si-) (Sijambo) thank you asanteni I am so happy nimefurahi sana to see kuona you (-wa-) (kuwaona)
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9.16 Amina: "Juma! Is that you?" Amina: "Juma! Ni wewe?"
9.17 Juma: "Yes, it's me! How are you, Amina?" Juma: "Ndiyo, ni mimi! Habari yako, Amina?"
9.18 Amina: "I am fine. I have not seen you for a long time." Amina: "Nzuri. Sijakuona siku nyingi."
9.19 Juma: "Where are you going?" Juma: "Unakwenda wapi?"
9.20 Amina: "I am going to Arusha. And you?" Amina: "Ninakwenda Arusha. Na wewe je?"
9.21 Juma: "I am waiting for my parents. Do you remember them?" Juma: "Ninawasubiri wazazi wangu. Unawakumbuka?"
9.22 Amina: "Of course! Do you know, your mother taught me to cook pilau." Amina: "Bila shaka! Unajua, mama yako alinifundisha kupika pilau."
9.23 Juma: "And she always asks about you." Juma: "Naye kila mara anauliza habari zako."
9.24 Amina: "Will you greet your parents for me?" Amina: "Utanisalimia wazazi wako?"
9.25 Juma: "Yes, I will greet them. Do you have my phone number?" Juma: "Ndiyo, nitawasalimia. Una namba yangu ya simu?"
9.26 Amina: "No. Give it to me, and I will send you a message." Amina: "Hapana. Nipe, nami nitakutumia ujumbe."
9.27 Juma: "Here it is. You can call me any time." Juma: "Hii hapa. Unaweza kunipigia simu wakati wowote."
9.28 Juma: "Look! My parents have arrived. Mother, Father, do you remember Amina?" Juma: "Tazama! Wazazi wangu wamefika. Mama, Baba, mnamkumbuka Amina?"
9.29 Juma's mother: "Amina! You have grown so much! How are you, my child?" Mama yake Juma: "Amina! Umekua sana! Hujambo, mwanangu?"
9.30 Amina: "I am well, thank you! I am so happy to see you!" Amina: "Sijambo, asanteni! Nimefurahi sana kuwaona!"
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9.16 Amina: "Juma! Is that you?"
9.17 Juma: "Yes, it's me! How are you, Amina?"
9.18 Amina: "I am fine. I have not seen you for a long time."
9.19 Juma: "Where are you going?"
9.20 Amina: "I am going to Arusha. And you?"
9.21 Juma: "I am waiting for my parents. Do you remember them?"
9.22 Amina: "Of course! Do you know, your mother taught me to cook pilau."
9.23 Juma: "And she always asks about you."
9.24 Amina: "Will you greet your parents for me?"
9.25 Juma: "Yes, I will greet them. Do you have my phone number?"
9.26 Amina: "No. Give it to me, and I will send you a message."
9.27 Juma: "Here it is. You can call me any time."
9.28 Juma: "Look! My parents have arrived. Mother, Father, do you remember Amina?"
9.29 Juma's mother: "Amina! You have grown so much! How are you, my child?"
9.30 Amina: "I am well, thank you! I am so happy to see you!"
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Mazungumzo haya yanaonyesha "you" katika kazi zake zote:
- Kiima, umoja (u-): "Where are you going?" = Unakwenda wapi? (9.19); "Do you remember them?" = Unawakumbuka? (9.21); "You can call me" = Unaweza kunipigia simu (9.27); "You have grown" = Umekua (9.29). - Kiima, wingi (m-): "Mother, Father, do you remember Amina?" = Mama, Baba, mnamkumbuka Amina? (9.28). Kiswahili kinaonyesha kwamba Juma anazungumza na watu wawili; Kiingereza hakionyeshi, isipokuwa kwa majina "Mother, Father". - Yambwa, umoja (-ku-): "I have not seen you" = Sijakuona (9.18); "I will send you a message" = Nitakutumia ujumbe (9.26). - Yambwa, wingi (-wa-): "I am so happy to see you" = Nimefurahi sana kuwaona (9.30). Amina anazungumza na wazazi wote wawili, kwa hiyo anasema kuwaona na asanteni. - "You" peke yake, bila kitenzi: "Is that you?" = Ni wewe? (9.16); "And you?" = Na wewe je? (9.20).
Salamu. "How are you?" ina tafsiri nyingi za Kiswahili: Habari yako? (9.17), Hujambo? (9.29), Mambo? au U hali gani? Jibu la kawaida la Kiingereza ni "I am fine" au "I am well, thank you" (9.18, 9.30). Kwa watu wengi, Kiswahili husema Habari zenu? au Hamjambo?, lakini Kiingereza husema tena "How are you?"
"Asks about you". Kiswahili husema anauliza habari zako, "she asks your news" (9.23). Kiingereza husema "she asks about you"; si "she asks your news".
Mpangilio wa maneno. Katika 9.24 Kiswahili huweka "mimi" ndani ya kitenzi: Utanisalimia. Kiingereza huweka "for me" mwishoni: "Will you greet your parents for me?" Katika 9.26 "Give it to me" ni Nipe: Kiswahili halihitaji "it", lakini Kiingereza kinalihitaji.
"I am so happy to see you". Baada ya "happy" Kiingereza hutumia "to" + kitenzi: "happy to see you", si "happy for see you".
Kuandika mazungumzo. Maneno ya kila mzungumzaji huwekwa ndani ya alama za kunukuu, baada ya jina lake na nukta mbili.
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- Dhaifu na yenye mkazo: "Where are you going?" /ˈweər ə ju ˈɡəʊɪŋ/; "Is that you?" /ɪz ˈðæt ˈjuː/ — mwishoni mwa swali "you" huchukua mkazo. - "Thank you" /ˈθæŋk juː/ hutamkwa kama neno moja; mkazo uko kwenye "thank". - "Did you" mara nyingi husikika /ˈdɪdʒu/ na "would you" /ˈwʊdʒu/ katika mazungumzo ya haraka. Andika maneno mawili kila mara. - "your" /jɔː/ na "you're" /jɔː/ (= you are) hutamkwa sawa mara nyingi, lakini huandikwa tofauti: "Your book is here"; "You're welcome." - "yours" /jɔːz/ halina apostrofi: yours, si "your's". - Herufi "U" hutamkwa /juː/, sawa na "you". Katika ujumbe wa marafiki "u" inakubalika; katika maandishi rasmi andika "you". - "You" huanza na herufi kubwa mwanzoni mwa sentensi tu ("You are my friend"); "I" ndilo kiwakilishi pekee cha Kiingereza chenye herufi kubwa kila mahali. - Majina ya watu na miji huanza na herufi kubwa katika lugha zote mbili: Juma, Amina, Arusha, Mombasa.
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