Welcome to Lesson 44 of the Hindi course for English speakers. In this lesson, we will explore the Hindi word जो (jo), which means "who" in English. This is one of the most important relative pronouns in Hindi, used to connect clauses and create complex sentences.
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Definition: जो (jo) is a relative pronoun in Hindi that corresponds to "who," "which," or "that" in English. It is used to introduce relative clauses and connect ideas within sentences. Unlike English, जो remains the same regardless of gender or number, though the verb that follows it must agree with its antecedent.
FAQ Schema: Q: What does "who" mean in Hindi? A: "Who" in Hindi is जो (jo). It is a relative pronoun used to introduce relative clauses, similar to "who," "which," or "that" in English. It connects two parts of a sentence and refers back to a person or thing mentioned earlier.
How this word will be used: Throughout this lesson, you will encounter जो in various sentence positions and contexts. You'll see it used to refer to people, objects, and abstract concepts. The examples progress from simple constructions to more complex uses, helping you understand its versatility in Hindi communication.
Educational Schema: -
Course Type: Language Learning Material -
Subject: Hindi Language for English Speakers -
Level: Beginner to Intermediate -
Topic: Relative Pronoun जो (who/which/that) -
Learning Method: Construed Text Method (Latinum Institute Method) -
Lesson Number: 44
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जो (jo) is the Hindi equivalent of "who," "which," or "that" -
It remains unchanged regardless of gender or number -
Often paired with वह (vah) or वे (ve) in correlative constructions -
Essential for creating complex sentences in Hindi -
Can refer to people, things, or abstract concepts
44.1 The यह (yah) person व्यक्ति (vyakti) who जो (jo) studies पढ़ता (padhta) is है (hai) will होगा (hoga) successful सफल (safal)
44.2 I मैं (main) know जानता (jaanta) am हूँ (hun) the वह (vah) woman औरत (aurat) who जो (jo) sings गाती (gaati) is है (hai)
44.3 Who जो (jo) works काम (kaam) hard मेहनत (mehnat) does करता (karta) is है (hai) he वह (vah) always हमेशा (hamesha) succeeds सफल (safal) becomes होता (hota) is है (hai)
44.4 The वे (ve) children बच्चे (bachche) who जो (jo) in में (mein) garden बगीचे (bagiche) play खेलते (khelte) are हैं (hain) happy खुश (khush) are हैं (hain)
44.5 The वह (vah) book किताब (kitaab) who जो (jo) you तुमने (tumne) gave दी (di) very बहुत (bahut) interesting रोचक (rochak) is है (hai)
44.6 Who जो (jo) person व्यक्ति (vyakti) truth सच (sach) speaks बोलता (bolta) is है (hai) everyone सब (sab) him उसे (use) respects सम्मान (sammaan) give देते (dete) are हैं (hain)
44.7 That वह (vah) teacher अध्यापक (adhyaapak) who जो (jo) us हमें (hamein) Hindi हिंदी (hindi) teaches सिखाता (sikhaata) is है (hai) very बहुत (bahut) kind दयालु (dayaalu) is है (hai)
44.8 Who जो (jo) people लोग (log) here यहाँ (yahan) live रहते (rahte) are हैं (hain) they वे (ve) very बहुत (bahut) friendly मिलनसार (milansar) are हैं (hain)
44.9 I मैंने (maine) who जो (jo) movie फिल्म (film) yesterday कल (kal) saw देखी (dekhi) that वह (vah) excellent उत्तम (uttam) was थी (thi)
44.10 The वह (vah) man आदमी (aadmi) who जो (jo) at पर (par) door दरवाज़े (darwaaze) standing खड़ा (khada) is है (hai) my मेरा (mera) friend दोस्त (dost) is है (hai)
44.11 Who जो (jo) student छात्र (chhatra) everyday रोज़ (roz) practices अभ्यास (abhyaas) does करता (karta) is है (hai) he वह (vah) definitely ज़रूर (zaroor) will succeed सफल होगा (safal hoga)
44.12 Those वे (ve) flowers फूल (phool) who जो (jo) in में (mein) your तुम्हारे (tumhaare) garden बगीचे (bagiche) bloom खिलते (khilte) are हैं (hain) beautiful सुंदर (sundar) are हैं (hain)
44.13 Who जो (jo) with से (se) love प्यार (pyaar) speaks बोलता (bolta) is है (hai) to him उससे (usse) everyone सब (sab) with से (se) love प्यार (pyaar) speak बोलते (bolte) are हैं (hain)
44.14 The वह (vah) place जगह (jagah) who जो (jo) we हम (ham) for के लिए (ke liye) searching खोज (khoj) are doing रहे हैं (rahe hain) very बहुत (bahut) far दूर (door) is है (hai)
44.15 Who जो (jo) people लोग (log) others दूसरों (doosron) of की (ki) help मदद (madad) do करते (karte) are हैं (hain) God भगवान (bhagwaan) them उनकी (unki) help मदद (madad) does करता (karta) is है (hai)
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44.1 जो व्यक्ति पढ़ता है वह सफल होगा। The person who studies will be successful.
44.2 मैं उस औरत को जानता हूँ जो गाती है। I know the woman who sings.
44.3 जो मेहनत करता है वह हमेशा सफल होता है। Who works hard always succeeds.
44.4 जो बच्चे बगीचे में खेलते हैं वे खुश हैं। The children who play in the garden are happy.
44.5 जो किताब तुमने दी वह बहुत रोचक है। The book which you gave is very interesting.
44.6 जो व्यक्ति सच बोलता है उसे सब सम्मान देते हैं। The person who speaks truth, everyone respects him.
44.7 वह अध्यापक जो हमें हिंदी सिखाता है बहुत दयालु है। That teacher who teaches us Hindi is very kind.
44.8 जो लोग यहाँ रहते हैं वे बहुत मिलनसार हैं। The people who live here are very friendly.
44.9 जो फिल्म मैंने कल देखी वह उत्तम थी। The movie which I saw yesterday was excellent.
44.10 जो आदमी दरवाज़े पर खड़ा है वह मेरा दोस्त है। The man who is standing at the door is my friend.
44.11 जो छात्र रोज़ अभ्यास करता है वह ज़रूर सफल होगा। The student who practices daily will definitely succeed.
44.12 जो फूल तुम्हारे बगीचे में खिलते हैं वे सुंदर हैं। The flowers which bloom in your garden are beautiful.
44.13 जो प्यार से बोलता है उससे सब प्यार से बोलते हैं। Who speaks with love, everyone speaks with him lovingly.
44.14 जो जगह हम खोज रहे हैं वह बहुत दूर है। The place which we are searching for is very far.
44.15 जो लोग दूसरों की मदद करते हैं भगवान उनकी मदद करता है। Those people who help others, God helps them.
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44.1 जो व्यक्ति पढ़ता है वह सफल होगा।
44.2 मैं उस औरत को जानता हूँ जो गाती है।
44.3 जो मेहनत करता है वह हमेशा सफल होता है।
44.4 जो बच्चे बगीचे में खेलते हैं वे खुश हैं।
44.5 जो किताब तुमने दी वह बहुत रोचक है।
44.6 जो व्यक्ति सच बोलता है उसे सब सम्मान देते हैं।
44.7 वह अध्यापक जो हमें हिंदी सिखाता है बहुत दयालु है।
44.8 जो लोग यहाँ रहते हैं वे बहुत मिलनसार हैं।
44.9 जो फिल्म मैंने कल देखी वह उत्तम थी।
44.10 जो आदमी दरवाज़े पर खड़ा है वह मेरा दोस्त है।
44.11 जो छात्र रोज़ अभ्यास करता है वह ज़रूर सफल होगा।
44.12 जो फूल तुम्हारे बगीचे में खिलते हैं वे सुंदर हैं।
44.13 जो प्यार से बोलता है उससे सब प्यार से बोलते हैं।
44.14 जो जगह हम खोज रहे हैं वह बहुत दूर है।
44.15 जो लोग दूसरों की मदद करते हैं भगवान उनकी मदद करता है।
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The Hindi relative pronoun जो is fundamentally different from English "who" in several important ways:
1. Basic Function -
जो is invariable - it doesn't change for gender, number, or case -
It can mean "who," "which," or "that" depending on context -
Always introduces a relative clause that modifies a noun
2. The जो...वह Construction Hindi typically uses a correlative structure: -
जो (jo) = who/which/that (relative pronoun) -
वह (vah) = that/he/she (correlative pronoun) -
Example: जो पढ़ता है वह सीखता है (jo padhta hai vah seekhta hai) = "Who reads, learns"
3. Word Order Differences from English -
Hindi: जो व्यक्ति आया वह मेरा मित्र है (The person who came, he is my friend) -
English: The person who came is my friend -
Notice how Hindi repeats the subject with वह
4. Agreement Rules -
जो itself never changes -
The verb following जो agrees with its antecedent in gender and number -
The correlative (वह/वे) must match the antecedent
Common Mistakes -
Forgetting the correlative: English speakers often omit वह -
Wrong: जो लड़का आया मेरा दोस्त है -
Correct: जो लड़का आया वह मेरा दोस्त है -
Using जो for interrogative "who": -
जो means "who" (relative), not "who?" (interrogative) -
"Who is there?" = कौन है? (NOT जो है?) -
Word order confusion: Placing जो-clause at the end like English -
Hindi prefers: जो आदमी आया वह डॉक्टर है -
Not: वह आदमी डॉक्टर है जो आया -
Gender agreement errors: Remember the verb must agree -
जो लड़की आई (feminine: आई) -
जो लड़का आया (masculine: आया)
Step-by-Step Guide to Using जो
Step 1: Identify what you want to describe Step 2: Start with जो + the noun being described Step 3: Add the descriptive clause Step 4: Use वह/वे to refer back to the subject Step 5: Complete the main statement
Example construction: -
I want to say "The boy who studies is intelligent" -
जो लड़का (the boy who) -
जो लड़का पढ़ता है (the boy who studies) -
जो लड़का पढ़ता है वह (the boy who studies, he) -
जो लड़का पढ़ता है वह बुद्धिमान है (complete sentence)
Grammatical Summary -
Type: Relative pronoun -
Forms: जो (invariable) -
Correlatives: वह (singular), वे (plural) -
Can refer to: People, things, places, abstract concepts -
Position: Usually begins the relative clause -
Special uses: -
जो कोई (whoever) -
जो कुछ (whatever) -
जो भी (whoever/whatever)
Comparison with English -
English has different forms: who (people), which (things), that (both) -
Hindi uses जो for all these meanings -
English embeds relative clauses; Hindi uses correlative structures -
English relative clauses follow the noun; Hindi can precede or follow
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The relative pronoun जो plays a crucial role in Hindi philosophy, literature, and everyday communication. Its usage reflects deeper cultural patterns of Indian thought and expression.
Philosophical Context In Indian philosophy, जो appears frequently in spiritual texts and teachings. The famous phrase "जो है सो है" (jo hai so hai - "what is, is") reflects acceptance of reality. Many Sanskrit shlokas translated into Hindi use जो to express universal truths, such as "जो जैसा करता है वैसा भरता है" (as you sow, so shall you reap).
Literary Tradition Hindi poetry extensively uses जो in creating elaborate descriptions and metaphors. Classical poets like Kabir and Tulsidas employed जो...वह constructions to create parallel structures that enhance rhythm and meaning. Modern Hindi literature continues this tradition, using relative clauses to build complex, nuanced narratives.
Everyday Wisdom Hindi proverbs (कहावतें) frequently use जो to impart moral lessons: -
जो गरजते हैं वो बरसते नहीं (those who thunder don't rain - empty vessels make most noise) -
जो दूसरों के लिए गड्ढा खोदता है वह खुद उसमें गिरता है (who digs a pit for others falls into it himself)
Social Communication The जो...वह structure allows Hindi speakers to emphasize different aspects of a statement. This flexibility serves social functions, enabling speakers to be indirect when culturally appropriate, particularly when discussing sensitive topics or showing respect.
Bollywood and Popular Culture Hindi cinema dialogues often use जो dramatically: "जो मैंने कहा वह याद रखना" (remember what I said). Songs frequently employ जो in romantic contexts, creating poetic expressions of emotion that resonate with audiences.
Regional Variations While जो is standard across Hindi-speaking regions, its pronunciation and usage patterns vary. In some dialects, it may be pronounced "ju" or combined with other particles for emphasis. Understanding these variations helps learners appreciate the richness of Hindi linguistic diversity.
Modern Usage In contemporary Hindi, especially in urban areas and digital communication, जो usage is evolving. Young speakers sometimes drop the correlative वह in casual speech, showing English influence. However, formal Hindi maintains traditional structures, making proper जो usage essential for professional and academic contexts.
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From the Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 2, Verse 47 (Hindi Translation):
कर्मण्येवाधिकारस्ते मा फलेषु कदाचन। मा कर्मफलहेतुर्भूर्मा ते सङ्गोऽस्त्वकर्मणि॥
Hindi Translation: "तेरा कर्म करने में ही अधिकार है, कर्म के फलों में कभी नहीं। इसलिए तू कर्म के फल का हेतु मत बन तथा तेरी कर्म न करने में भी आसक्ति न हो।"
Modern Hindi rendering used for this lesson: "जो व्यक्ति कर्म करता है उसे फल की चिंता नहीं करनी चाहिए। जो फल की इच्छा से काम करता है वह दुखी होता है।"
Who जो (jo) person व्यक्ति (vyakti) duty कर्म (karma) does करता (karta) is है (hai) him उसे (use) of fruit फल (phal) of की (ki) worry चिंता (chinta) not नहीं (nahin) do करनी (karni) should चाहिए (chahiye) Who जो (jo) of fruit फल (phal) of की (ki) desire इच्छा (ichchha) from से (se) work काम (kaam) does करता (karta) is है (hai) he वह (vah) sad दुखी (dukhi) becomes होता (hota) is है (hai)
जो व्यक्ति कर्म करता है उसे फल की चिंता नहीं करनी चाहिए। जो फल की इच्छा से काम करता है वह दुखी होता है।
"The person who performs his duty should not worry about the results. Who works with desire for fruits becomes unhappy."
जो व्यक्ति कर्म करता है उसे फल की चिंता नहीं करनी चाहिए। जो फल की इच्छा से काम करता है वह दुखी होता है।
This passage demonstrates the philosophical use of जो in Hindi spiritual literature. The text uses two जो constructions to contrast right and wrong approaches to action:
First जो-clause: "जो व्यक्ति कर्म करता है" establishes the subject - one who performs duty. The correlative "उसे" (to him) connects to the prescription "फल की चिंता नहीं करनी चाहिए" (should not worry about results).
Second जो-clause: "जो फल की इच्छा से काम करता है" describes the contrasting person - one who works with desire for results. The correlative "वह" leads to the consequence "दुखी होता है" (becomes unhappy).
Grammatical Points: -
Both जो clauses use present habitual tense (करता है) -
The first uses obligation modal चाहिए -
The second uses habitual होता है to indicate regular consequence -
Word order follows classical Hindi style with verbs at clause ends
Cultural Significance: This teaching from the Gita uses जो to articulate one of Hinduism's core principles - निष्काम कर्म (nishkam karma) or desireless action. The relative pronoun structure allows the text to establish universal principles that apply to anyone who acts, making the teaching broadly applicable.
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44.16 Once एक (ek) time बार (baar) who जो (jo) king राजा (raja) very बहुत (bahut) generous उदार (udaar) was था (tha) his उसके (uske) kingdom राज्य (rajya) in में (mein) prosperity समृद्धि (samriddhi) was थी (thi)
44.17 Who जो (jo) people लोग (log) poor गरीब (gareeb) were थे (the) to them उन्हें (unhein) he वह (vah) gold सोना (sona) coins सिक्के (sikke) gave देता (deta) was था (tha)
44.18 One एक (ek) day दिन (din) who जो (jo) old बूढ़ा (boodha) man आदमी (aadmi) to के (ke) palace महल (mahal) came आया (aaya) he उसने (usne) strange अजीब (ajeeb) request निवेदन (nivedan) made किया (kiya)
44.19 That वह (vah) box संदूक (sandook) who जो (jo) old man बूढ़े (boodhe) of के (ke) hand हाथ (haath) in में (mein) was था (tha) that उसमें (usmein) magical जादुई (jaadui) seed बीज (beej) was था (tha)
44.20 Who जो (jo) this इस (is) seed बीज (beej) plants बोता (bota) is है (hai) to him उसे (use) whatever जो (jo) anything कुछ (kuch) desire इच्छा (ichchha) is हो (ho) that वह (vah) gets मिलता (milta) is है (hai)
44.21 King राजा (raja) who जो (jo) words बातें (baatein) heard सुनीं (sunin) very बहुत (bahut) happy खुश (khush) became हुआ (hua)
44.22 But लेकिन (lekin) old man बूढ़े (boodhe) said ने कहा (ne kaha) who जो (jo) person व्यक्ति (vyakti) never कभी (kabhi) lie झूठ (jhooth) not नहीं (nahin) spoken बोला (bola) is हो (ho) only केवल (keval) he वही (vahi) this इस (is) seed बीज (beej) plant बो (bo) can do सकता है (sakta hai)
44.23 King राजा (raja) who जो (jo) very बहुत (bahut) proud घमंडी (ghamandi) was था (tha) he उसने (usne) said कहा (kaha) I मैंने (maine) never कभी (kabhi) lie झूठ (jhooth) not नहीं (nahin) spoken बोला (bola)
44.24 When जब (jab) king राजा (raja) that वह (vah) seed बीज (beej) who जो (jo) ground ज़मीन (zameen) in में (mein) planted बोया (boya) then तब (tab) nothing कुछ (kuch) not नहीं (nahin) happened हुआ (hua)
44.25 Who जो (jo) courtiers दरबारी (darbaari) there वहाँ (vahan) standing खड़े (khade) were थे (the) they वे (ve) all सब (sab) silent चुप (chup) became हो गए (ho gaye)
44.26 Old man बूढ़े (boodhe) smiled मुस्कुराया (muskuraya) and और (aur) said कहा (kaha) who जो (jo) person व्यक्ति (vyakti) truth सच (sach) accepts स्वीकार (sweekar) does करता (karta) is है (hai) only केवल (keval) he वही (vahi) true सच्चा (sachcha) is है (hai)
44.27 King राजा (raja) who जो (jo) now अब (ab) humble विनम्र (vinamra) become हो (ho) had gone गया था (gaya tha) he उसने (usne) his अपनी (apni) mistake गलती (galti) accepted मानी (maani)
44.28 Who जो (jo) kingdom राज्य (rajya) earlier पहले (pehle) only केवल (keval) wealthy धनी (dhani) was था (tha) that वह (vah) now अब (ab) also भी (bhi) wise बुद्धिमान (buddhimaan) became बना (bana)
44.29 All सब (sab) subjects प्रजा (praja) who जो (jo) this यह (yah) story कहानी (kahaani) heard सुनी (suni) they उन्होंने (unhone) also भी (bhi) truth सत्य (satya) of का (ka) importance महत्व (mahatva) understood समझा (samjha)
44.30 Who जो (jo) with से (se) honesty ईमानदारी (imaandaari) lives जीता (jeeta) is है (hai) he वह (vah) real असली (asli) wealth संपत्ति (sampatti) receives पाता (paata) is है (hai)
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44.16 एक बार जो राजा बहुत उदार था उसके राज्य में समृद्धि थी। Once there was a king who was very generous, in his kingdom there was prosperity.
44.17 जो लोग गरीब थे उन्हें वह सोने के सिक्के देता था। To those people who were poor, he used to give gold coins.
44.18 एक दिन जो बूढ़ा आदमी महल में आया उसने अजीब निवेदन किया। One day an old man who came to the palace made a strange request.
44.19 वह संदूक जो बूढ़े के हाथ में था उसमें जादुई बीज था। That box which was in the old man's hand contained a magical seed.
44.20 जो इस बीज को बोता है उसे जो कुछ इच्छा हो वह मिलता है। Who plants this seed gets whatever he desires.
44.21 राजा ने जो बातें सुनीं उससे वह बहुत खुश हुआ। The king who heard these words became very happy.
44.22 लेकिन बूढ़े ने कहा जो व्यक्ति कभी झूठ नहीं बोला हो केवल वही इस बीज को बो सकता है। But the old man said only that person who has never told a lie can plant this seed.
44.23 राजा जो बहुत घमंडी था उसने कहा मैंने कभी झूठ नहीं बोला। The king who was very proud said I have never told a lie.
44.24 जब राजा ने वह बीज जो ज़मीन में बोया तब कुछ नहीं हुआ। When the king planted that seed which was in the ground, nothing happened.
44.25 जो दरबारी वहाँ खड़े थे वे सब चुप हो गए। The courtiers who were standing there all became silent.
44.26 बूढ़ा मुस्कुराया और कहा जो व्यक्ति सच स्वीकार करता है केवल वही सच्चा है। The old man smiled and said only that person who accepts truth is genuine.
44.27 राजा जो अब विनम्र हो गया था उसने अपनी गलती मानी। The king who had now become humble accepted his mistake.
44.28 जो राज्य पहले केवल धनी था वह अब बुद्धिमान भी बना। The kingdom which was earlier only wealthy now also became wise.
44.29 सब प्रजा ने जो यह कहानी सुनी उन्होंने भी सत्य का महत्व समझा। All the subjects who heard this story also understood the importance of truth.
44.30 जो ईमानदारी से जीता है वह असली संपत्ति पाता है। Who lives with honesty receives real wealth.
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44.16 एक बार जो राजा बहुत उदार था उसके राज्य में समृद्धि थी।
44.17 जो लोग गरीब थे उन्हें वह सोने के सिक्के देता था।
44.18 एक दिन जो बूढ़ा आदमी महल में आया उसने अजीब निवेदन किया।
44.19 वह संदूक जो बूढ़े के हाथ में था उसमें जादुई बीज था।
44.20 जो इस बीज को बोता है उसे जो कुछ इच्छा हो वह मिलता है।
44.21 राजा ने जो बातें सुनीं उससे वह बहुत खुश हुआ।
44.22 लेकिन बूढ़े ने कहा जो व्यक्ति कभी झूठ नहीं बोला हो केवल वही इस बीज को बो सकता है।
44.23 राजा जो बहुत घमंडी था उसने कहा मैंने कभी झूठ नहीं बोला।
44.24 जब राजा ने वह बीज जो ज़मीन में बोया तब कुछ नहीं हुआ।
44.25 जो दरबारी वहाँ खड़े थे वे सब चुप हो गए।
44.26 बूढ़ा मुस्कुराया और कहा जो व्यक्ति सच स्वीकार करता है केवल वही सच्चा है।
44.27 राजा जो अब विनम्र हो गया था उसने अपनी गलती मानी।
44.28 जो राज्य पहले केवल धनी था वह अब बुद्धिमान भी बना।
44.29 सब प्रजा ने जो यह कहानी सुनी उन्होंने भी सत्य का महत्व समझा।
44.30 जो ईमानदारी से जीता है वह असली संपत्ति पाता है।
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1. Narrative Introduction Folk tales often begin with जो constructions to introduce characters: -
"जो राजा बहुत उदार था" (the king who was very generous) -
This establishes character traits immediately
2. Multiple जो in Complex Narratives Stories layer multiple relative clauses: -
"जो बूढ़ा आदमी महल में आया उसने जो निवेदन किया वह अजीब था" -
Each जो adds a layer of description
3. जो with Perfect Tense Folk tales use जो with past perfect to show completed actions: -
"जो कभी झूठ नहीं बोला हो" (who has never told a lie) -
The subjunctive हो adds uncertainty or condition
4. Embedded जो Clauses Stories often embed one जो clause within another: -
"वह संदूक जो बूढ़े के हाथ में था" (that box which was in the old man's hand) -
This creates rich, detailed descriptions
5. जो for Universal Truths Moral statements use जो for timeless principles: -
"जो ईमानदारी से जीता है वह असली संपत्ति पाता है" -
Present tense with जो indicates universal application
Common Folk Tale Patterns -
Character Introduction: जो + description + था/थी -
Action Sequences: जब + जो clause + तब -
Moral Conclusions: जो + virtue + है वह + reward + पाता है
Stylistic Notes -
Folk tales prefer वह/वे as correlatives over उसे/उन्हें -
Past tense dominates except in moral statements -
जो clauses often precede main clauses for suspense -
Repetition of जो structures creates rhythm in oral tradition
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The Latinum Institute has been pioneering online language learning since 2006, developing innovative methods that make ancient and modern languages accessible to autodidactic learners worldwide.
This course employs the Latinum Institute's signature Construed Text Method, refined over nearly two decades of online teaching. This approach, demonstrated in Section A of each lesson, presents interlinear text with word-by-word glossing that follows English word order where possible. This allows learners to: -
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