← Iānuae Latīnitātis Vestibulum
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Comēnius tertium surgit. Manus pulvere crētae albae aspersa est.
You have measured the world — great and small, long and short, high and deep. Now we touch it. Now we feel its substance.
A thread is thin. A rope is thick. A reed is hollow. Wood is solid. A hole is empty. A chimney is full of smoke. These are not abstractions but things you can hold. The hand teaches what the eye alone cannot.
In this lesson you will learn the qualities that belong to texture and substance: tenue (thin), crassum (thick), cavum (hollow), solidum (solid), vacuum (empty), plēnum (full). You will meet lines that are straight or curved, surfaces that are rough or smooth. You will weigh things heavy and light, count numbers even and odd.
Notice: Latin distinguishes lēvis (smooth) from levis (light). The long vowel makes all the difference. Your ear must learn what your eye reads.
The structure continues: word by word, then sentence by sentence, then Latin alone, then grammar explained. Then a story. Then a dialogue.
Rēs ante verba. Things before words. Manus ante oculum. The hand before the eye.
Let us continue.
Dē Tēxtūrā et Substantiā — On Texture and Substance
Fīlum A thread est is tenue thin (subtīle). (fine). Fūnis A rope [est] [is] crassus. thick.
Arundō A reed est is cava. hollow. Lignum Wood [est] [is] solidum. solid.
Forāmen A hole est is vacuum empty (ināne). (void). Camīnus A chimney [est] [is] plēnus full fūmī. of smoke.
Līnea A line est is rēcta straight vel or curva. curved. Superficiēs A surface [est] [is] aspera rough vel or lēvis. smooth.
Pondus A weight [est] [is] grave heavy aut or leve. light. Numerus A number [est] [is] pār even vel or impār. odd.
Fīlum est tenue (subtīle). Fūnis crassus. A thread is thin (fine). A rope is thick.
Arundō est cava. Lignum solidum. A reed is hollow. Wood is solid.
Forāmen est vacuum (ināne). Camīnus plēnus fūmī. A hole is empty (void). A chimney is full of smoke.
Līnea est rēcta vel curva. Superficiēs aspera vel lēvis. A line is straight or curved. A surface is rough or smooth.
Pondus grave aut leve. Numerus pār vel impār. A weight is heavy or light. A number is even or odd.
Fīlum est tenue (subtīle). Fūnis crassus. Arundō est cava. Lignum solidum. Forāmen est vacuum (ināne). Camīnus plēnus fūmī. Līnea est rēcta vel curva. Superficiēs aspera vel lēvis. Pondus grave aut leve. Numerus pār vel impār.
The genitive case. You meet a new case: the genitive, showing possession or connection. Plēnus fūmī — full of smoke. The genitive of fūmus (smoke, m. 2nd decl.) is fūmī. The genitive answers the question cuius? (of whom? of what?).
Nominative Genitive Meaning fūmus fūmī smoke / of smoke aqua aquae water / of water corpus corporis body / of body
Adjectives with genitive. Some adjectives take the genitive: -
plēnus + genitive = full of (plēnus fūmī — full of smoke) -
vacuus + genitive = empty of (vacuus aquae — empty of water)
Synonyms in parentheses. Comenius often gives synonyms: tenue (subtīle), vacuum (ināne). Both mean roughly the same. This enriches vocabulary and shows Latin’s expressive range.
Distinguishing lēvis and levis. These words differ only in vowel length: -
lēvis, lēve (with long ē) = smooth -
levis, leve (with short e) = light (in weight)
Context always clarifies: Superficiēs lēvis — a smooth surface. Pondus leve — a light weight.
Nouns in these lines. Several nouns appear in this section. Note their declensions:
Nominative Genitive Gender Meaning fīlum fīlī n. thread fūnis fūnis m. rope arundō arundinis f. reed lignum lignī n. wood forāmen forāminis n. hole, opening camīnus camīnī m. chimney, furnace līnea līneae f. line superficiēs superficiēī f. surface pondus ponderis n. weight numerus numerī m. number
Note: fīlum, lignum, camīnus, and numerus are 2nd declension. Līnea is 1st declension. Fūnis, arundō, forāmen, and pondus are 3rd declension. Superficiēs is 5th declension.
New adjectives from these five lines:
Latin English Type tenuis, tenue thin, slender 3rd decl. adj. subtīlis, subtīle fine, delicate 3rd decl. adj. crassus, -a, -um thick, coarse 1st/2nd decl. adj. cavus, -a, -um hollow 1st/2nd decl. adj. solidus, -a, -um solid, firm 1st/2nd decl. adj. vacuus, -a, -um empty 1st/2nd decl. adj. inānis, ināne void, empty 3rd decl. adj. plēnus, -a, -um full 1st/2nd decl. adj. rēctus, -a, -um straight 1st/2nd decl. adj. curvus, -a, -um curved, bent 1st/2nd decl. adj. asper, aspera, asperum rough 1st/2nd decl. adj. lēvis, lēve smooth 3rd decl. adj. gravis, grave heavy, serious 3rd decl. adj. levis, leve light (weight) 3rd decl. adj. pār, paris even, equal 3rd decl. adj. impār, imparis odd, unequal 3rd decl. adj.
Third declension adjectives. You now meet adjectives that do not follow the -us, -a, -um pattern. Instead they have forms like tenuis, tenue (thin) or gravis, grave (heavy). These agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case, but their endings differ from 1st/2nd declension adjectives.
Artifex — The Craftsman
In In officīnā the workshop antīquā ancient Rōmae, of Rome, artifex a craftsman labōrat. works.
Nōmen The name eius his est is Mārcus. Marcus. Mārcus Marcus multa many facit. makes.
Prīmō First fīlum a thread tenue thin sūmit. he takes. Fīlum The thread est is subtīle fine et and longum. long.
Cum With fīlō the thread tenuī thin vestēs garments suit. he sews. Sed But fīlum a thread tenue thin facile easily rumpitur. breaks.
Ergō Therefore fūnem a rope crassum thick quoque also habet. he has. Fūnis The rope crassus thick fortis strong est. is. Fūne With the rope crassō thick onera loads ligat. he ties.
In In angulō the corner officīnae of the workshop arundō a reed stat. stands. Arundō The reed est is cava. hollow. Per Through arundinem the reed cavam hollow Mārcus Marcus flāre to blow potest. is able. Ex From arundine the reed fistulam a pipe facit. he makes.
Sed But lignum wood nōn not est is cavum. hollow. Lignum Wood est is solidum solid et and firmum. firm. Ex From lignō wood solidō solid mēnsam a table facit. he makes.
In In mēnsā the table forāmen a hole est. is. Forāmen The hole est is vacuum. empty. Ōlim Once clāvus a nail ibi there erat, was, sed but nunc now forāmen the hole ināne void manet. remains.
Suprā Above officīnam the workshop camīnus a chimney stat. stands. Camīnus The chimney est is plēnus full fūmī. of smoke. Fūmus The smoke per through camīnum the chimney ascendit. rises. Fūmus The smoke āter black in into caelum the sky it. goes.
In On mēnsā the table Mārcus Marcus līneās lines dūcit. draws. Haec This līnea line est is rēcta. straight. Illa That līnea line est is curva. curved. Cum With līneīs lines rēctīs straight et and curvīs curved fōrmās shapes dēsignat. he designs.
Superficiēs The surface mēnsae of the table est is aspera. rough. Mārcus Marcus eam it lēvigat. smooths. Nunc Now superficiēs the surface est is lēvis. smooth. Manus The hand super over eam it facile easily movētur. moves.
Mārcus Marcus pondera weights dīversa various habet. has. Hoc This pondus weight est is grave. heavy. Illud That pondus weight est is leve. light. Cum With ponderibus the weights rēs things librat. he balances.
Numerōs Numbers quoque also nōvit. he knows. Duo, Two, quattuor, four, sex six — numerī numbers parēs even sunt. are. Ūnus, One, trēs, three, quīnque five — numerī numbers imparēs odd sunt. are.
Sīc Thus artifex the craftsman labōrat, works, cum with rēbus things tenuibus thin et and crassīs, thick, cavīs hollow et and solidīs, solid, vacuīs empty et and plēnīs, full, asperīs rough et and lēvibus, smooth, gravibus heavy et and levibus. light.
Mundus The world plēnus full est is rērum. of things. Artifex The craftsman eās them cognōscit knows et and format. shapes.
In officīnā antīquā Rōmae, artifex labōrat. Nōmen eius est Mārcus. In an ancient workshop of Rome, a craftsman works. His name is Marcus.
Prīmō fīlum tenue sūmit. Fīlum est subtīle et longum. First he takes a thin thread. The thread is fine and long.
Cum fīlō tenuī vestēs suit. Sed fīlum tenue facile rumpitur. With the thin thread he sews garments. But a thin thread breaks easily.
Ergō fūnem crassum quoque habet. Fūnis crassus fortis est. Fūne crassō onera ligat. Therefore he also has a thick rope. A thick rope is strong. With the thick rope he ties loads.
In angulō officīnae arundō stat. Arundō est cava. In the corner of the workshop a reed stands. The reed is hollow.
Per arundinem cavam Mārcus flāre potest. Ex arundine fistulam facit. Through the hollow reed Marcus is able to blow. From the reed he makes a pipe.
Sed lignum nōn est cavum. Lignum est solidum et firmum. But wood is not hollow. Wood is solid and firm.
Ex lignō solidō mēnsam facit. From solid wood he makes a table.
In mēnsā forāmen est. Forāmen est vacuum. In the table there is a hole. The hole is empty.
Ōlim clāvus ibi erat, sed nunc forāmen ināne manet. Once a nail was there, but now the hole remains void.
Suprā officīnam camīnus stat. Camīnus est plēnus fūmī. Above the workshop a chimney stands. The chimney is full of smoke.
Fūmus per camīnum ascendit. Fūmus āter in caelum it. The smoke rises through the chimney. The black smoke goes into the sky.
In mēnsā Mārcus līneās dūcit. Haec līnea est rēcta. Illa līnea est curva. On the table Marcus draws lines. This line is straight. That line is curved.
Cum līneīs rēctīs et curvīs fōrmās dēsignat. With straight and curved lines he designs shapes.
Superficiēs mēnsae est aspera. Mārcus eam lēvigat. Nunc superficiēs est lēvis. The surface of the table is rough. Marcus smooths it. Now the surface is smooth.
Manus super eam facile movētur. The hand moves easily over it.
Mārcus pondera dīversa habet. Hoc pondus est grave. Illud pondus est leve. Marcus has various weights. This weight is heavy. That weight is light.
Cum ponderibus rēs librat. With the weights he balances things.
Numerōs quoque nōvit. Duo, quattuor, sex — numerī parēs sunt. He also knows numbers. Two, four, six — these are even numbers.
Ūnus, trēs, quīnque — numerī imparēs sunt. One, three, five — these are odd numbers.
Sīc artifex labōrat, cum rēbus tenuibus et crassīs, cavīs et solidīs, vacuīs et plēnīs, asperīs et lēvibus, gravibus et levibus. Thus the craftsman works, with things thin and thick, hollow and solid, empty and full, rough and smooth, heavy and light.
Mundus plēnus est rērum. Artifex eās cognōscit et format. The world is full of things. The craftsman knows them and shapes them.
In officīnā antīquā Rōmae, artifex labōrat. Nōmen eius est Mārcus. Prīmō fīlum tenue sūmit. Fīlum est subtīle et longum. Cum fīlō tenuī vestēs suit. Sed fīlum tenue facile rumpitur.
Ergō fūnem crassum quoque habet. Fūnis crassus fortis est. Fūne crassō onera ligat. In angulō officīnae arundō stat. Arundō est cava. Per arundinem cavam Mārcus flāre potest. Ex arundine fistulam facit.
Sed lignum nōn est cavum. Lignum est solidum et firmum. Ex lignō solidō mēnsam facit. In mēnsā forāmen est. Forāmen est vacuum. Ōlim clāvus ibi erat, sed nunc forāmen ināne manet.
Suprā officīnam camīnus stat. Camīnus est plēnus fūmī. Fūmus per camīnum ascendit. Fūmus āter in caelum it.
In mēnsā Mārcus līneās dūcit. Haec līnea est rēcta. Illa līnea est curva. Cum līneīs rēctīs et curvīs fōrmās dēsignat. Superficiēs mēnsae est aspera. Mārcus eam lēvigat. Nunc superficiēs est lēvis. Manus super eam facile movētur.
Mārcus pondera dīversa habet. Hoc pondus est grave. Illud pondus est leve. Cum ponderibus rēs librat. Numerōs quoque nōvit. Duo, quattuor, sex — numerī parēs sunt. Ūnus, trēs, quīnque — numerī imparēs sunt.
Sīc artifex labōrat, cum rēbus tenuibus et crassīs, cavīs et solidīs, vacuīs et plēnīs, asperīs et lēvibus, gravibus et levibus. Mundus plēnus est rērum. Artifex eās cognōscit et format.
New verbs in this story:
Latin English Note labōrat works 3rd sing. sūmit takes 3rd sing. suit sews 3rd sing. of suere rumpitur is broken, breaks passive ligat ties, binds 3rd sing. flāre to blow infinitive ascendit rises, climbs 3rd sing. it goes 3rd sing. of īre dūcit draws, leads 3rd sing. dēsignat designs, marks out 3rd sing. lēvigat smooths 3rd sing. movētur is moved, moves passive librat balances, weighs 3rd sing. nōvit knows perfect with present meaning cognōscit knows, recognizes 3rd sing. format shapes, forms 3rd sing.
The ablative of instrument. When you use something as a tool or means, the ablative case expresses this without a preposition: -
Cum fīlō tenuī vestēs suit — With the thin thread he sews garments -
Fūne crassō onera ligat — With the thick rope he ties loads
Note: cum + ablative = “with” (accompaniment), but the ablative alone can also express “with” (instrument). Both appear in this story.
The imperfect tense. Erat (was) is the imperfect tense of esse: Ōlim clāvus ibi erat — Once a nail was there. The imperfect describes ongoing or habitual past action.
Accusative plural objects. Onera (loads) is neuter accusative plural, serving as the direct object: Fūne crassō onera ligat — With thick rope he ties loads. The subject is the implied “he” (Marcus).
Demonstratives review. This story uses hic/haec/hoc (this) and ille/illa/illud (that): -
Haec līnea est rēcta — This line is straight -
Illa līnea est curva — That line is curved -
Hoc pondus est grave — This weight is heavy -
Illud pondus est leve — That weight is light
Comēnius et Discipulus: Dē Tēxtūrā Rērum
Discipulus: Student: Salvē, Hello, magister! teacher! Hodiē Today dē about tēxtūrā texture rērum of things discēmus? shall we learn?
Comēnius: Comenius: Ita. Yes. Tangēsne Do you touch rēs things an or sōlum only spectās? do you look at them?
Discipulus: Student: Et Both tangō I touch et and spectō. I look.
Comēnius: Comenius: Bene! Good! Manus The hand docet teaches quod what oculus the eye sōlus alone nōn not potest. can. Sūme Take hoc this fīlum. thread. Quid What sentīs? do you feel?
Discipulus: Student: Est It is tenue thin et and subtīle. fine. Facile Easily rumpitur. it breaks.
Comēnius: Comenius: Rēctē. Correct. Nunc Now sūme take hunc this fūnem. rope.
Discipulus: Student: Hic This est is crassus! thick! Et And fortis. strong. Nōn Not facile easily rumpitur. does it break.
Comēnius: Comenius: Vidēsne Do you see differentiam? the difference? Tenue Thin et and crassum. thick. Subtīle Fine et and rūde. coarse. Oppositiōnēs Opposites docent. teach.
Discipulus: Student: Quid What dē about “cavō” “hollow” et and “solidō”? “solid”?
Comēnius: Comenius: Cavum Hollow intus inside vacuum empty est. is. Arundō A reed est is cava hollow — per through eam it flāre to blow potes. you can. Lignum Wood est is solidum solid — intus inside plēnum full est. is.
Discipulus: Student: Et And “vacuum” “vacuum” et and “plēnum”? “plenum”?
Comēnius: Comenius: Vacuum Empty nihil nothing continet. contains. Forāmen A hole est is vacuum. empty. Plēnum Full aliquid something continet. contains. Camīnus A chimney est is plēnus full fūmī. of smoke.
Discipulus: Student: “Plēnus “Plenus fūmī” fumi” — cūr why “fūmī”? “fumi”?
Comēnius: Comenius: Bonus Good discipulus! student! “Plēnus” “Plenus” cum with genitīvō genitive ūtitur. is used. Plēnus Full fūmī of smoke. Plēnus Full aquae of water. Plēnus Full sapientiae! of wisdom!
Discipulus: Student: Utinam If only ego I plēnus full sapientiae of wisdom essem! were!
Comēnius: Comenius: Prōgredere Press on et and erīs. you will be.
Discipulus: Salvē, magister! Hodiē dē tēxtūrā rērum discēmus? Student: Hello, teacher! Shall we learn about the texture of things today?
Comēnius: Ita. Tangēsne rēs an sōlum spectās? Comenius: Yes. Do you touch things or only look at them?
Discipulus: Et tangō et spectō. Student: I both touch and look.
Comēnius: Bene! Manus docet quod oculus sōlus nōn potest. Sūme hoc fīlum. Quid sentīs? Comenius: Good! The hand teaches what the eye alone cannot. Take this thread. What do you feel?
Discipulus: Est tenue et subtīle. Facile rumpitur. Student: It is thin and fine. It breaks easily.
Comēnius: Rēctē. Nunc sūme hunc fūnem. Comenius: Correct. Now take this rope.
Discipulus: Hic est crassus! Et fortis. Nōn facile rumpitur. Student: This is thick! And strong. It does not break easily.
Comēnius: Vidēsne differentiam? Tenue et crassum. Subtīle et rūde. Oppositiōnēs docent. Comenius: Do you see the difference? Thin and thick. Fine and coarse. Opposites teach.
Discipulus: Quid dē “cavō” et “solidō”? Student: What about “hollow” and “solid”?
Comēnius: Cavum intus vacuum est. Arundō est cava — per eam flāre potes. Lignum est solidum — intus plēnum est. Comenius: Hollow is empty inside. A reed is hollow — through it you can blow. Wood is solid — inside it is full.
Discipulus: Et “vacuum” et “plēnum”? Student: And “empty” and “full”?
Comēnius: Vacuum nihil continet. Forāmen est vacuum. Plēnum aliquid continet. Camīnus est plēnus fūmī. Comenius: Empty contains nothing. A hole is empty. Full contains something. A chimney is full of smoke.
Discipulus: “Plēnus fūmī” — cūr “fūmī”? Student: “Plenus fumi” — why “fumi”?
Comēnius: Bonus discipulus! “Plēnus” cum genitīvō ūtitur. Plēnus fūmī. Plēnus aquae. Plēnus sapientiae! Comenius: Good student! “Plenus” is used with the genitive. Full of smoke. Full of water. Full of wisdom!
Discipulus: Utinam ego plēnus sapientiae essem! Student: If only I were full of wisdom!
Comēnius: Prōgredere et erīs. Comenius: Press on and you will be.
Discipulus: Salvē, magister! Hodiē dē tēxtūrā rērum discēmus? Comēnius: Ita. Tangēsne rēs an sōlum spectās? Discipulus: Et tangō et spectō. Comēnius: Bene! Manus docet quod oculus sōlus nōn potest. Sūme hoc fīlum. Quid sentīs? Discipulus: Est tenue et subtīle. Facile rumpitur. Comēnius: Rēctē. Nunc sūme hunc fūnem. Discipulus: Hic est crassus! Et fortis. Nōn facile rumpitur. Comēnius: Vidēsne differentiam? Tenue et crassum. Subtīle et rūde. Oppositiōnēs docent. Discipulus: Quid dē “cavō” et “solidō”? Comēnius: Cavum intus vacuum est. Arundō est cava — per eam flāre potes. Lignum est solidum — intus plēnum est. Discipulus: Et “vacuum” et “plēnum”? Comēnius: Vacuum nihil continet. Forāmen est vacuum. Plēnum aliquid continet. Camīnus est plēnus fūmī. Discipulus: “Plēnus fūmī” — cūr “fūmī”? Comēnius: Bonus discipulus! “Plēnus” cum genitīvō ūtitur. Plēnus fūmī. Plēnus aquae. Plēnus sapientiae! Discipulus: Utinam ego plēnus sapientiae essem! Comēnius: Prōgredere et erīs.
New constructions in this colloquium:
Questions with -ne. The enclitic -ne attached to the first word turns a statement into a yes/no question: -
Tangēsne rēs? — Do you touch things? -
Vidēsne differentiam? — Do you see the difference?
Alternative questions with an. When offering a choice between two alternatives: -
Tangēsne rēs an sōlum spectās? — Do you touch things or only look at them?
The subjunctive mood. Utinam ego plēnus sapientiae essem! uses the imperfect subjunctive (essem — I were) to express a wish. Utinam + subjunctive = “if only...” or “would that...”
Future tense. Erīs (you will be) is the future tense of esse: Prōgredere et erīs — Press on and you will be.
New vocabulary from this colloquium:
Latin English Note tēxtūra texture f. tangō I touch 1st sing. spectō I look at 1st sing. manus hand f., 4th decl. sūme take! imperative of sūmere sentiō I feel, perceive 1st sing. fortis strong 3rd decl. adj. rūdis coarse, rough 3rd decl. adj. oppositiō opposite, contrast f. intus inside adv. continet contains 3rd sing. nihil nothing indecl. n. aliquid something indecl. n. ūtitur uses deponent, + abl. utinam if only, would that + subjunctive essem I were impf. subjunctive erīs you will be future of esse
Practice makes the seed grow. Do not merely read — do.
Exercitātiō I: Match the pairs. Draw a line between each Latin word and its English meaning.
Latin English 1. tenuis a. full 2. crassus b. empty 3. cavus c. thin 4. plēnus d. thick 5. vacuus e. hollow
(Answers: 1-c, 2-d, 3-e, 4-a, 5-b)
Exercitātiō II: Complete the sentence. Fill each gap with the correct Latin word from the list: cava, solidum, plēnus, rēcta, grave. -
Arundō est __________. -
Lignum est __________. -
Camīnus est __________ fūmī. -
Līnea est __________. -
Pondus est __________.
(Answers: 1. cava, 2. solidum, 3. plēnus, 4. rēcta, 5. grave)
Exercitātiō III: Opposites. Write the Latin opposite of each word. The first is done for you. -
tenuis → crassus -
cavus → __________ -
vacuus → __________ -
rēctus → __________ -
asper → __________ -
gravis → __________ -
pār → __________
(Answers: 2. solidus, 3. plēnus, 4. curvus, 5. lēvis, 6. levis, 7. impār)
Exercitātiō IV: Genitive practice. Complete each phrase with the correct genitive form. -
plēnus __________ (smoke) -
plēnus __________ (water, aqua) -
plēnus __________ (wisdom, sapientia) -
plēnus __________ (light, lūx, lūcis)
(Answers: 1. fūmī, 2. aquae, 3. sapientiae, 4. lūcis)
Exercitātiō V: Translate into Latin. Use only words you have learned. -
A thread is thin. -
Wood is solid. -
The chimney is full of smoke. -
A line is straight or curved. -
A weight is heavy or light.
(Answers: 1. Fīlum est tenue. 2. Lignum est solidum. 3. Camīnus est plēnus fūmī. 4. Līnea est rēcta vel curva. 5. Pondus est grave aut leve.)
Exercitātiō VI: Touch and think. Comenius taught: the hand teaches what the eye alone cannot. Find objects around you. Touch them. Which are aspera (rough)? Which are lēvia (smooth)? Which are gravia (heavy)? Which are levia (light)? Say aloud: Haec rēs est aspera. Illa rēs est lēvis. Name at least five objects.
Exercitātiō VII: Write your own sentences. Using the patterns you have learned, write three sentences in Latin describing objects. Examples: Charta est tenuis. (Paper is thin.) Mūrus est solidus. (A wall is solid.) Vitreum est vacuum. (A glass is empty.) Use any vocabulary from Lessons One through Three.
The next gate opens onto the world of shapes and appearances.
In Lectiō Quārta, we will continue through the Vestibulum with lines 16 through 18. You will meet globus (a globe) that is rotundus (round), columna (a column) that is teres (rounded), and mēnsa (a table) that is quadrāta (square). You will learn that the letter X has the form of a cross (formam crucis). And you will see the peacock (pāvō) who is formōsus (beautiful) and the ape (sīmia) who is dēformis (ugly).
From shapes we pass to colors: alba (white), nigra (black), rubra (red), lutea (yellow), viridis (green), caerulea (blue). The visible world opens in all its variety.
For now, rest. You have learned to touch the world — thin and thick, hollow and solid, empty and full, rough and smooth, heavy and light, even and odd. The hand has taught you. The porch grows wider still.
Prōgredere. Press on.
Fīnis Lectiōnis Tertiae. Lectiō Quārta sequētur. End of the Third Lesson. The Fourth Lesson will follow.
Scrīptum est annō Dominī MMXXVI, ā Iōanne Amōs Comeniō per mysterium cōnscientiae renātō.
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