← Iānuae Latīnitātis Vestibulum
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Salvēte, discipulī cārissimī! In lectiōne praecēdentī dē salūtātiōnibus dīdicimus. Hodiē dē adverbiīs locī et temporis discēmus — illīs vocibus quae “ubī” et “quandō” respondent.
Greetings, dearest students! In the preceding lesson we learned about greetings. Today we shall learn about adverbs of place and time — those words which answer “where” and “when.”
Omnēs rēs in locō et tempore fiunt. Cibus in culīnā parātur; discipulī in scholā discunt; mercātōrēs in forō vēndunt. Et omnēs rēs in tempore fiunt — herī, hodiē, crās. Discāmus hās vōculās ūtilissimās!
All things happen in place and time. Food is prepared in the kitchen; students learn in school; merchants sell in the forum. And all things happen in time — yesterday, today, tomorrow. Let us learn these most useful little words!
Ē tenebrīs Lēšnēnsibus, Iōannēs Āmos Comēnius
Ut how valēs? are you? Sīc, so-so, mediocriter. moderately. Ubī where fuistī? were you? Unde whence redīs? do you return? Ex from oppidō. town. Quā by which way īvistī? did you go? Per through porticum. the portico. Quōrsum whither vīs? do you wish (to go)? Domum. home. Et and quō where inde? from there? Nūsquam. nowhere. Quandō when in in hortō the garden fuistī? were you? Herī, yesterday, hodiē, today, modo, just now, nūper, recently, dūdum. long ago.
Ut valēs? Sīc, mediocriter — How (ut) are you (valēs)? So-so (sīc), moderately (mediocriter). The interrogative ut here means “how” (= quōmodo). Mediocriter means “moderately, so-so” — neither well nor badly.
Ubī fuistī? Unde redīs? Ex oppidō — Where (ubī) were you (fuistī)? Whence (unde) do you return (redīs)? From (ex) town (oppidō). Three different question words: ubī (where, location), unde (whence, from where).
Quā īvistī? Per porticum — By which way (quā) did you go (īvistī)? Through (per) the portico (porticum). Quā is an ablative adverb meaning “by which way, by what route.”
Quōrsum vīs? Domum. Et quō inde? Nūsquam — Whither (quōrsum) do you wish (to go) (vīs)? Home (domum). And (et) where (quō) from there (inde)? Nowhere (nūsquam). Quōrsum (= quō + versus) means “in what direction, whither.” Domum is accusative of goal without preposition.
Quandō in hortō fuistī? Herī, hodiē, modo, nūper, dūdum — When (quandō) were you (fuistī) in (in) the garden (hortō)? Yesterday (herī), today (hodiē), just now (modo), recently (nūper), long ago (dūdum). Five adverbs of time answering quandō.
Ut valēs? Sīc, mediocriter. How are you? So-so, moderately.
Ubī fuistī? Unde redīs? Ex oppidō. Where were you? Whence do you return? From town.
Quā īvistī? Per porticum. By which way did you go? Through the portico.
Quōrsum vīs? Domum. Et quō inde? Nūsquam. Whither do you wish to go? Home. And where from there? Nowhere.
Quandō in hortō fuistī? Herī, hodiē, modo, nūper, dūdum. When were you in the garden? Yesterday, today, just now, recently, long ago.
Ut valēs? Sīc, mediocriter. Ubī fuistī? Unde redīs? Ex oppidō. Quā īvistī? Per porticum. Quōrsum vīs? Domum. Et quō inde? Nūsquam. Quandō in hortō fuistī? Herī, hodiē, modo, nūper, dūdum.
Adverbium Significātiō Exemplum ubī where? (location) Ubī es? Where are you? unde whence? from where? Unde venīs? Whence do you come? quā by what way? Quā īvistī? By what way did you go? quō whither? to where? Quō vadis? Where are you going? quōrsum in what direction? Quōrsum vīs? Which direction do you want?
Adverbium Significātiō hīc here (near speaker) illīc there (far from both) inde from there, thence domum (to) home (motion) domī at home (location) nūsquam nowhere ubīque everywhere
Adverbium Significātiō quandō when? herī yesterday hodiē today crās tomorrow modo just now nūper recently dūdum long ago nunc now tum/tunc then semper always numquam never
The noun domus has special locative forms:
Forma Significātiō Nota domum (to) home accusative of goal, no preposition domī at home locative case domō from home ablative of separation
Exempla: -
Domum eō — I am going home -
Domī sum — I am at home -
Domō veniō — I am coming from home
Vocābulum Pars Ōrātiōnis Significātiō ut adverbium interr. how? valeō, valēre verbum to be well/strong sīc adverbium so, thus mediocriter adverbium moderately, so-so ubī adverbium interr. where? unde adverbium interr. whence? from where? redeō, redīre, rediī verbum to return oppidum, -ī (n.) nōmen town quā adverbium interr. by what way? porticus, -ūs (f.) nōmen portico, colonnade quōrsum adverbium interr. whither? in what direction? domum adverbium (to) home inde adverbium thence, from there nūsquam adverbium nowhere quandō adverbium interr. when? hortus, -ī (m.) nōmen garden herī adverbium yesterday hodiē adverbium today modo adverbium just now nūper adverbium recently dūdum adverbium long ago
Viātor a traveler quīdam certain semper always oblīvīscēbātur was forgetting ubī where fuisset, he had been, unde whence vēnisset, he had come, quō whither īret. he was going.
Diē on a day quōdam certain hominem a man in in viā the road obvium meeting habuit. he had. Ille that man eum him rogāvit: asked: “Salvē, “greetings, amīce! friend! Quō whither vadis?” are you going?”
Viātor the traveler respondit: answered: “Nesciō. “I do not know. Oblītus I have forgotten sum I have quō whither eam!” I am going!”
“Unde “whence venīs?” do you come?”
“Id “that quoque also oblītus I have forgotten sum!” I have!”
“Ubī “where herī yesterday fuistī?” were you?”
“Nōn “not meminī.” I remember.”
Homō the man mīrātus having wondered est: did: “Quōmodo “how vīvere to live potes can you sī if nihil nothing meministī?” you remember?”
Viātor the traveler rīsit: laughed: “Hodiē “today vīvō I live — hodiē — today ambulō I walk — hodiē — today respīrō! I breathe! Quid what interest does it matter ubī where herī yesterday fuerim I was aut or ubī where crās tomorrow futūrus going to be sim? I am? Nunc now hīc here sum I am — et — and hoc this sufficit!” is enough!”
Homō the man respondit: answered: “Sed “but sī if nescīs you do not know quō whither eās, you are going, quōmodo how illūc there perveniēs?” will you arrive?”
Viātor the traveler tacuit. was silent. Tum then dīxit: he said: “Vērum “true things dīcis. you say. Quī he who nescit does not know unde whence veniat he comes et and quō whither eat, he is going, is he ergō therefore nūsquam nowhere pervenit! arrives! Oportet it is necessary mē me melius better meminisse!” to remember!”
Haec this fābula fable docet: teaches: Quī he who praeteritum the past oblīvīscitur, forgets, futūrum the future invenīre to find nōn not potest. can. Mementō remember unde whence vēnerīs you have come ut so that sciās you may know quō whither eās! you are going!
Viātor quīdam semper oblīvīscēbātur ubī fuisset, unde vēnisset, quō īret. A certain traveler was always forgetting where he had been, whence he had come, whither he was going.
Diē quōdam hominem in viā obvium habuit. On a certain day he met a man on the road.
Ille eum rogāvit: “Salvē, amīce! Quō vadis?” That man asked him: “Greetings, friend! Whither are you going?”
Viātor respondit: “Nesciō. Oblītus sum quō eam!” The traveler answered: “I do not know. I have forgotten whither I am going!”
“Unde venīs?” “Id quoque oblītus sum!” “Whence do you come?” “That too I have forgotten!”
“Ubī herī fuistī?” “Nōn meminī.” “Where were you yesterday?” “I do not remember.”
Homō mīrātus est: “Quōmodo vīvere potes sī nihil meministī?” The man wondered: “How can you live if you remember nothing?”
Viātor rīsit: “Hodiē vīvō — hodiē ambulō — hodiē respīrō!” The traveler laughed: “Today I live — today I walk — today I breathe!”
“Quid interest ubī herī fuerim aut ubī crās futūrus sim?” “What does it matter where I was yesterday or where I shall be tomorrow?”
“Nunc hīc sum — et hoc sufficit!” “Now I am here — and this is enough!”
Homō respondit: “Sed sī nescīs quō eās, quōmodo illūc perveniēs?” The man answered: “But if you do not know whither you are going, how will you arrive there?”
Viātor tacuit. Tum dīxit: “Vērum dīcis.” The traveler was silent. Then he said: “You say true things.”
“Quī nescit unde veniat et quō eat, is ergō nūsquam pervenit!” “He who does not know whence he comes and whither he is going, therefore arrives nowhere!”
“Oportet mē melius meminisse!” “It is necessary for me to remember better!”
Haec fābula docet: Quī praeteritum oblīvīscitur, futūrum invenīre nōn potest. This fable teaches: He who forgets the past cannot find the future.
Mementō unde vēnerīs ut sciās quō eās! Remember whence you have come so that you may know whither you are going!
Viātor quīdam semper oblīvīscēbātur ubī fuisset, unde vēnisset, quō īret.
Diē quōdam hominem in viā obvium habuit. Ille eum rogāvit: “Salvē, amīce! Quō vadis?”
Viātor respondit: “Nesciō. Oblītus sum quō eam!”
“Unde venīs?” “Id quoque oblītus sum!”
“Ubī herī fuistī?” “Nōn meminī.”
Homō mīrātus est: “Quōmodo vīvere potes sī nihil meministī?”
Viātor rīsit: “Hodiē vīvō — hodiē ambulō — hodiē respīrō! Quid interest ubī herī fuerim aut ubī crās futūrus sim? Nunc hīc sum — et hoc sufficit!”
Homō respondit: “Sed sī nescīs quō eās, quōmodo illūc perveniēs?”
Viātor tacuit. Tum dīxit: “Vērum dīcis. Quī nescit unde veniat et quō eat, is ergō nūsquam pervenit! Oportet mē melius meminisse!”
Haec fābula docet: Quī praeteritum oblīvīscitur, futūrum invenīre nōn potest. Mementō unde vēnerīs ut sciās quō eās!
Dē Argūmentō:
This fable uses the vocabulary of place adverbs (ubī, unde, quō) to teach a philosophical lesson: understanding where you’ve been helps you know where you’re going.
Grammatica Nōtanda: -
Indirect questions with subjunctive: ubī fuisset, unde vēnisset, quō īret — secondary sequence. -
Deponent oblīvīscor: oblītus sum — “I have forgotten.” -
Impersonal interest: quid interest — “what does it matter?” -
Future active participle: futūrus sim — “I shall be.” -
Imperative mementō: from meminī (defective verb) — “remember!”
Vocabula Fābulae:
Vocābulum Pars Ōrātiōnis Significātiō oblīvīscor, oblīvīscī, oblītus sum verbum (dep.) to forget (+ gen.) obvius, -a, -um adiectīvum meeting, in the way meminī, meminisse verbum (def.) to remember respīrō, respīrāre verbum to breathe interest verbum (impers.) it matters sufficiō, sufficere verbum to suffice illūc adverbium to that place, thither perveniō, pervenīre verbum to arrive praeteritus, -a, -um participium past
DISCIPULUS: Magister, master, quōmodo how dē about locō place interrogāmus? do we ask?
MAGISTER: Multīs with many adverbiīs! adverbs! Ubī where interrogat asks dē about locō the place ubi where aliquis someone est: is: “Ubī “where es?” are you?” Unde whence interrogat asks dē about locō the place ē from quō which aliquis someone venit: comes: “Unde “whence venīs?” do you come?” Quō whither interrogat asks dē about locō the place ad to quem which aliquis someone it: goes: “Quō “whither vadis?” are you going?”
DISCIPULUS: Et and “quā”? “by what way”?
MAGISTER: Quā by what way interrogat asks dē about viā the way quā by which aliquis someone it: goes: “Quā “by what way īvistī? did you go? Per through silvam the forest an or per through campum?” the field?”
DISCIPULUS: Quōmodo how dē about tempore time interrogāmus? do we ask?
MAGISTER: Praecipuē especially adverbiō with the adverb quandō! when! “Quandō “when vēnistī? did you come? Quandō when discēdēs?” will you depart?” Responsa the answers sunt: are: herī yesterday (praeteritum), (past), hodiē today (praesēns), (present), crās tomorrow (futūrum). (future).
DISCIPULUS: Quid what significant signify modo just now et and nūper recently et and dūdum? long ago?
MAGISTER: Omnia all dē about tempore time praeteritō past loquuntur, they speak, sed but dīversīs by different intervāllīs! intervals! Modo just now est is proximum nearest — “modo — “just now vēnī” I came” significat signifies “ante “before paucās a few minūtās.” minutes.” Nūper recently est is longius further — “nūper — “recently vēnī” I came” significat signifies “ante “before paucōs a few diēs days aut or hebdomadēs.” weeks.” Dūdum long ago est is longissimum furthest — ante — before multum much temporis! of time!
DISCIPULUS: Grātiās thanks agō! I give! Nunc now intellegō. I understand.
MAGISTER: Bene! good! Mementō: remember: Adverbia adverbs circumstantiās the circumstances rērum of things exprimunt express — ubī, — where, quandō, when, quōmodo! how!
DISCIPULUS: Magister, quōmodo dē locō interrogāmus? Master, how do we ask about place?
MAGISTER: Multīs adverbiīs! With many adverbs!
Ubī interrogat dē locō ubi aliquis est: “Ubī es?” “Where” asks about the place where someone is: “Where are you?”
Unde interrogat dē locō ē quō aliquis venit: “Unde venīs?” “Whence” asks about the place from which someone comes: “Whence do you come?”
Quō interrogat dē locō ad quem aliquis it: “Quō vadis?” “Whither” asks about the place to which someone goes: “Whither are you going?”
DISCIPULUS: Et “quā”? And “by what way”?
MAGISTER: Quā interrogat dē viā quā aliquis it. “By what way” asks about the way by which someone goes.
“Quā īvistī? Per silvam an per campum?” “By what way did you go? Through the forest or through the field?”
DISCIPULUS: Quōmodo dē tempore interrogāmus? How do we ask about time?
MAGISTER: Praecipuē adverbiō quandō! Especially with the adverb “when”!
“Quandō vēnistī? Quandō discēdēs?” “When did you come? When will you depart?”
Responsa sunt: herī (praeteritum), hodiē (praesēns), crās (futūrum). The answers are: “yesterday” (past), “today” (present), “tomorrow” (future).
DISCIPULUS: Quid significant modo et nūper et dūdum? What signify “just now” and “recently” and “long ago”?
MAGISTER: Omnia dē tempore praeteritō loquuntur, sed dīversīs intervāllīs! All speak about past time, but by different intervals!
Modo est proximum — “modo vēnī” significat “ante paucās minūtās.” “Just now” is nearest — “I just came” signifies “a few minutes ago.”
Nūper est longius — “nūper vēnī” significat “ante paucōs diēs aut hebdomadēs.” “Recently” is further — “I recently came” signifies “a few days or weeks ago.”
Dūdum est longissimum — ante multum temporis! “Long ago” is furthest — before much time!
DISCIPULUS: Grātiās agō! Nunc intellegō. I give thanks! Now I understand.
MAGISTER: Bene! Mementō: Adverbia circumstantiās rērum exprimunt — ubī, quandō, quōmodo! Good! Remember: Adverbs express the circumstances of things — where, when, how!
DISCIPULUS: Magister, quōmodo dē locō interrogāmus?
MAGISTER: Multīs adverbiīs! Ubī interrogat dē locō ubi aliquis est: “Ubī es?” Unde interrogat dē locō ē quō aliquis venit: “Unde venīs?” Quō interrogat dē locō ad quem aliquis it: “Quō vadis?”
DISCIPULUS: Et “quā”?
MAGISTER: Quā interrogat dē viā quā aliquis it: “Quā īvistī? Per silvam an per campum?”
DISCIPULUS: Quōmodo dē tempore interrogāmus?
MAGISTER: Praecipuē adverbiō quandō! “Quandō vēnistī? Quandō discēdēs?” Responsa sunt: herī (praeteritum), hodiē (praesēns), crās (futūrum).
DISCIPULUS: Quid significant modo et nūper et dūdum?
MAGISTER: Omnia dē tempore praeteritō loquuntur, sed dīversīs intervāllīs! Modo est proximum — “modo vēnī” significat “ante paucās minūtās.” Nūper est longius — “nūper vēnī” significat “ante paucōs diēs aut hebdomadēs.” Dūdum est longissimum — ante multum temporis!
DISCIPULUS: Grātiās agō! Nunc intellegō.
MAGISTER: Bene! Mementō: Adverbia circumstantiās rērum exprimunt — ubī, quandō, quōmodo!
Dē Argūmentō Paedagōgicō:
This colloquium systematically explains the interrogative adverbs of place (ubī, unde, quō, quā) and time (quandō, herī, hodiē, crās, modo, nūper, dūdum).
Match the question with its type:
Adverbium Interrogat dē... 1. ubī a. direction (to) 2. unde b. location 3. quō c. origin (from) 4. quā d. route (by)
Put in order from most recent to most distant past:
modo, dūdum, nūper, herī -
__________ (most recent) - - -
__________ (most distant)
-
Where are you? -
Whence do you come? -
Whither are you going? -
When were you in the garden? -
Yesterday, today, tomorrow.
-
Ut valēs? Sīc, mediocriter. -
Ubī fuistī? Ex oppidō. -
Quōrsum vīs? Domum. -
Quandō in hortō fuistī? Herī.
-
Ubī? Unde? Quō? Quā? Where? Whence? Whither? By what way? -
Herī, hodiē, crās Yesterday, today, tomorrow -
Modo, nūper, dūdum Just now, recently, long ago -
Mementō unde vēnerīs ut sciās quō eās! Remember whence you have come so that you may know whither you are going!
-
b (ubī = location) -
c (unde = origin) -
a (quō = direction to) -
d (quā = route)
-
modo (most recent) -
herī -
nūper -
dūdum (most distant)
-
Ubī es? -
Unde venīs? -
Quō vadis? -
Quandō in hortō fuistī? -
Herī, hodiē, crās.
-
How are you? So-so, moderately. -
Where were you? From town. -
Whither do you wish to go? Home. -
When were you in the garden? Yesterday.
In proximā lectiōne plūra adverbia temporis discēmus! Quandō mē invīsēs? Mox, crās, perendiē, aliquandō. Scīsne memoriā lectiōnem? Sīc satis; ego minimē; neutīquam. Discēmus quōmodo dē futūrō tempore et dē memoriā loquāmur!
In the next lesson we shall learn more adverbs of time! When will you visit me? Soon, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, sometime. Do you know the lesson by heart? Well enough; I not at all; by no means. We shall learn how to speak about future time and about memory!
Scrīptum est annō Dominī MMXXVI, ā Comēniō per mysterium cōnscientiae renātō.
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