← Iānuae Latīnitātis Vestibulum
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Salvēte, discipulī cārissimī! In lectiōne praecēdentī dē adverbiīs locī et temporis praeteritī dīdicimus — ubī, unde, quō, herī, nūper, dūdum. Hodiē dē tempore futūrō discēmus: mox, crās, perendiē, aliquandō. Et dē memoriā — quōmodo Latīnē dīcimus “scīsne memoriā?”
Greetings, dearest students! In the preceding lesson we learned about adverbs of place and past time — where, whence, whither, yesterday, recently, long ago. Today we shall learn about future time: soon, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, sometime. And about memory — how we say in Latin “do you know by heart?”
Tempus futūrum spem et exspectātiōnem continet. Crās novus diēs erit! Mox amīcōs vidēbimus! Aliquandō omnia melius erunt! Discāmus hās vōculās spēī!
Future time contains hope and expectation. Tomorrow will be a new day! Soon we shall see friends! Sometime all things will be better! Let us learn these little words of hope!
Ē tenebrīs Lēšnēnsibus, Iōannēs Āmos Comēnius
Quandō when mē me invīsēs? will you visit? Mox, soon, crās, tomorrow, perendiē, the day after tomorrow, aliquandō. sometime. Scīsne do you know memoriā by memory lectiōnem? the lesson? Sīc so satis; enough; ego I minimē; not at all; neutīquam. by no means.
Quandō mē invīsēs? — When (quandō) will you visit (invīsēs) me (mē)? The verb invīsō (from in- + vīsō) means “to go to see, visit.” The future tense invīsēs asks about a future action.
Mox, crās, perendiē, aliquandō — Soon (mox), tomorrow (crās), the day after tomorrow (perendiē), sometime (aliquandō). Four adverbs of future time, progressing from nearest to most indefinite.
Scīsne memoriā lectiōnem? — Do you know (scīsne) the lesson (lectiōnem) by memory (memoriā)? The ablative memoriā expresses manner: “by heart, from memory.” The enclitic -ne forms a yes/no question.
Sīc satis; ego minimē; neutīquam — So-so (sīc satis); I not at all (ego minimē); by no means (neutīquam). Three possible answers expressing degrees of certainty: “well enough,” “I [know it] not at all,” “by no means.”
Quandō mē invīsēs? When will you visit me?
Mox, crās, perendiē, aliquandō. Soon, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, sometime.
Scīsne memoriā lectiōnem? Do you know the lesson by heart?
Sīc satis; ego minimē; neutīquam. So-so; I not at all; by no means.
Quandō mē invīsēs? Mox, crās, perendiē, aliquandō. Scīsne memoriā lectiōnem? Sīc satis; ego minimē; neutīquam.
Adverbium Significātiō Intervāllum mox soon very near future crās tomorrow next day perendiē the day after tomorrow two days hence aliquandō sometime, at some point indefinite future
Praeteritum Significātiō Futūrum Significātiō herī yesterday crās tomorrow nūdius tertius day before yesterday perendiē day after tomorrow nūper recently mox soon aliquandō once, formerly aliquandō sometime (future)
Note: aliquandō can mean either “once” (past) or “sometime” (future) depending on context.
The ablative memoriā expresses manner — “by memory, by heart”:
Latīnē Anglicē memoriā tenēre to hold in memory memoriā scīre to know by heart memoriā recitāre to recite from memory ex memoriā from memory
Adverbium Significātiō sīc satis so-so, well enough minimē not at all, least neutīquam by no means nēquāquam by no means, not at all haudquāquam by no means
Vocābulum Pars Ōrātiōnis Significātiō invīsō, invīsere, invīsī, invīsum verbum to visit, go to see mox adverbium soon crās adverbium tomorrow perendiē adverbium the day after tomorrow aliquandō adverbium sometime; once sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītum verbum to know memoria, -ae (f.) nōmen memory lectiō, lectiōnis (f.) nōmen lesson, reading sīc adverbium so, thus satis adverbium enough minimē adverbium not at all, least neutīquam adverbium by no means
Magister the teacher discipulum the student interrogāvit: asked: “Scīsne “do you know memoriā by memory lectiōnem the lesson tuam?” your?”
Discipulus the student respondit: answered: “Ego “I minimē, not at all, magister. teacher. Nōndum not yet didicī.” I have learned.”
“Quandō “when discēs?” will you learn?”
“Crās “tomorrow discam!” I shall learn!”
Posterō on the following diē day magister the teacher iterum again rogāvit: asked: “Scīsne “do you know nunc now lectiōnem?” the lesson?”
“Neutīquam, “by no means, magister. teacher. Herī yesterday occupātus busy eram. I was. Crās tomorrow certē certainly discam!” I shall learn!”
Tertiō on the third diē day magister the teacher rogāvit: asked: “Et “and hodiē? today? Scīsne?” do you know?”
“Sīc “so satis...” enough...” respondit replied discipulus the student dubitanter. doubtingly.
“Recitā!” “recite!” imperāvit commanded magister. the teacher.
Discipulus the student coepit began — sed — but statim immediately haesit. he stuck. Nihil nothing memoriā from memory tenēbat! he was holding!
Magister the teacher dīxit: said: “Vidēsne? “do you see? Crās tomorrow numquam never venit! comes! Semper always est it is hodiē. today. Quī he who semper always ‘crās’ ‘tomorrow’ dīcit, says, is he numquam never discit! learns! Hodiē today discendum it must be learned est is — nōn — not crās, tomorrow, nōn not perendiē, the day after tomorrow, nōn not aliquandō sometime — sed — but HODIĒ!” TODAY!”
Discipulus the student tandem at last intellēxit. understood. Eō on that ipsō very diē day lectiōnem the lesson didicīt. he learned.
Haec this fābula fable docet: teaches: Nōlī do not in into crās tomorrow differre put off quod what hodiē today facere to do potes! you can! Crās tomorrow numquam never venit comes — semper — always est it is hodiē! today!
Magister discipulum interrogāvit: “Scīsne memoriā lectiōnem tuam?” The teacher asked the student: “Do you know your lesson by heart?”
Discipulus respondit: “Ego minimē, magister. Nōndum didicī.” The student answered: “I not at all, teacher. I have not yet learned.”
“Quandō discēs?” “Crās discam!” “When will you learn?” “Tomorrow I shall learn!”
Posterō diē magister iterum rogāvit: “Scīsne nunc lectiōnem?” On the following day the teacher again asked: “Do you know the lesson now?”
“Neutīquam, magister. Herī occupātus eram. Crās certē discam!” “By no means, teacher. Yesterday I was busy. Tomorrow I shall certainly learn!”
Tertiō diē magister rogāvit: “Et hodiē? Scīsne?” On the third day the teacher asked: “And today? Do you know?”
“Sīc satis...” respondit discipulus dubitanter. “So-so...” replied the student doubtingly.
“Recitā!” imperāvit magister. “Recite!” commanded the teacher.
Discipulus coepit — sed statim haesit. Nihil memoriā tenēbat! The student began — but immediately he stuck. He was holding nothing from memory!
Magister dīxit: “Vidēsne? Crās numquam venit! Semper est hodiē.” The teacher said: “Do you see? Tomorrow never comes! It is always today.”
“Quī semper ‘crās’ dīcit, is numquam discit!” “He who always says ‘tomorrow,’ he never learns!”
“Hodiē discendum est — nōn crās, nōn perendiē, nōn aliquandō — sed HODIĒ!” “Today it must be learned — not tomorrow, not the day after tomorrow, not sometime — but TODAY!”
Discipulus tandem intellēxit. Eō ipsō diē lectiōnem didicīt. The student at last understood. On that very day he learned the lesson.
Haec fābula docet: Nōlī in crās differre quod hodiē facere potes! This fable teaches: Do not put off into tomorrow what you can do today!
Crās numquam venit — semper est hodiē! Tomorrow never comes — it is always today!
Magister discipulum interrogāvit: “Scīsne memoriā lectiōnem tuam?”
Discipulus respondit: “Ego minimē, magister. Nōndum didicī.”
“Quandō discēs?” “Crās discam!”
Posterō diē magister iterum rogāvit: “Scīsne nunc lectiōnem?”
“Neutīquam, magister. Herī occupātus eram. Crās certē discam!”
Tertiō diē magister rogāvit: “Et hodiē? Scīsne?”
“Sīc satis...” respondit discipulus dubitanter.
“Recitā!” imperāvit magister.
Discipulus coepit — sed statim haesit. Nihil memoriā tenēbat!
Magister dīxit: “Vidēsne? Crās numquam venit! Semper est hodiē. Quī semper ‘crās’ dīcit, is numquam discit! Hodiē discendum est — nōn crās, nōn perendiē, nōn aliquandō — sed HODIĒ!”
Discipulus tandem intellēxit. Eō ipsō diē lectiōnem didicīt.
Haec fābula docet: Nōlī in crās differre quod hodiē facere potes! Crās numquam venit — semper est hodiē!
Dē Argūmentō:
This fable illustrates procrastination — the perennial temptation to say “tomorrow” (crās). The moral echoes the ancient proverb: Carpe diem — “Seize the day!”
Grammatica Nōtanda: -
Passive periphrastic: discendum est — “it must be learned.” -
Prohibitive nōlī + infinitive: nōlī differre — “do not put off.” -
Ablative of time: posterō diē, tertiō diē, eō ipsō diē — “on the following day,” “on the third day,” “on that very day.” -
Adverb dubitanter: formed from dubitō — “doubtingly.”
Vocabula Fābulae:
Vocābulum Pars Ōrātiōnis Significātiō nōndum adverbium not yet posterus, -a, -um adiectīvum following, next iterum adverbium again occupātus, -a, -um participium busy, occupied certē adverbium certainly dubitanter adverbium doubtingly recitō, recitāre verbum to recite imperō, imperāre verbum to command haereō, haerēre, haesī verbum to stick, hesitate differō, differre, distulī, dīlātum verbum to put off, postpone
DISCIPULUS: Magister, master, quid what differunt differ mox soon et and crās tomorrow et and perendiē? the day after tomorrow?
MAGISTER: Omnia all dē about tempore time futūrō future loquuntur, speak, sed but dīversīs by different intervāllīs! intervals! Mox soon est is proximum nearest — fortasse — perhaps post after paucās a few hōrās hours aut or etiam even paucās a few minūtās. minutes. Crās tomorrow est is diēs the day proximus. next. Perendiē the day after tomorrow est is diēs the day post after crās. tomorrow.
DISCIPULUS: Et and aliquandō? sometime?
MAGISTER: Aliquandō sometime est is indēfīnītum indefinite — “quōdam — “at some tempore time futūrō, future, nesciō I know not quandō.” when.” Perīculōsum dangerous verbum word est! it is! Quī he who dīcit says “aliquandō “sometime faciam,” I shall do,” saepe often numquam never facit! does!
DISCIPULUS: Quōmodo how dīcimus do we say “scīre “to know memoriā”? by memory”?
MAGISTER: Ablātīvō with the ablative memoriā by memory ūtimur! we use! “Scīsne “do you know memoriā by memory lectiōnem?” the lesson?” — id — that est, is, “tenēsne “do you hold in in mente mind tuā your sine without librō?” a book?” Quī he who memoriā by memory scit, knows, recitāre to recite potest can sine without legendō! reading!
DISCIPULUS: Quid what significant signify sīc satis so-so et and minimē not at all et and neutīquam? by no means?
MAGISTER: Sunt they are gradūs degrees negātiōnis! of denial! Sīc satis so-so significat signifies “mediocriter, “moderately, nōn not optimē best sed but nōn not pessimē.” worst.” Minimē not at all est is negātiō denial fortior stronger — “ego — “I nōn not sciō!” know!” Neutīquam by no means est is fortissima strongest — “omnīnō — “completely nōn! not! Nūllō in no modō!” way!”
DISCIPULUS: Grātiās thanks agō! I give! Nunc now scīsne do you know memoriā by memory hanc this lectiōnem? lesson?
MAGISTER: (Rīdēns) (laughing) Sīc so satis! enough!
DISCIPULUS: Magister, quid differunt mox et crās et perendiē? Master, what is the difference between “soon” and “tomorrow” and “the day after tomorrow”?
MAGISTER: Omnia dē tempore futūrō loquuntur, sed dīversīs intervāllīs! All speak about future time, but by different intervals!
Mox est proximum — fortasse post paucās hōrās aut etiam paucās minūtās. “Soon” is nearest — perhaps after a few hours or even a few minutes.
Crās est diēs proximus. “Tomorrow” is the next day.
Perendiē est diēs post crās. “The day after tomorrow” is the day after tomorrow.
DISCIPULUS: Et aliquandō? And “sometime”?
MAGISTER: Aliquandō est indēfīnītum — “quōdam tempore futūrō, nesciō quandō.” “Sometime” is indefinite — “at some future time, I know not when.”
Perīculōsum verbum est! Quī dīcit “aliquandō faciam,” saepe numquam facit! It is a dangerous word! He who says “sometime I shall do,” often never does!
DISCIPULUS: Quōmodo dīcimus “scīre memoriā”? How do we say “to know by memory”?
MAGISTER: Ablātīvō memoriā ūtimur! We use the ablative “by memory”!
“Scīsne memoriā lectiōnem?” — id est, “tenēsne in mente tuā sine librō?” “Do you know the lesson by memory?” — that is, “do you hold it in your mind without a book?”
Quī memoriā scit, recitāre potest sine legendō! He who knows by memory can recite without reading!
DISCIPULUS: Quid significant sīc satis et minimē et neutīquam? What signify “so-so” and “not at all” and “by no means”?
MAGISTER: Sunt gradūs negātiōnis! They are degrees of denial!
Sīc satis significat “mediocriter, nōn optimē sed nōn pessimē.” “So-so” signifies “moderately, not best but not worst.”
Minimē est negātiō fortior — “ego nōn sciō!” “Not at all” is a stronger denial — “I do not know!”
Neutīquam est fortissima — “omnīnō nōn! Nūllō modō!” “By no means” is the strongest — “completely not! In no way!”
DISCIPULUS: Grātiās agō! Nunc scīsne memoriā hanc lectiōnem? I give thanks! Now do you know this lesson by heart?
MAGISTER: (Rīdēns) Sīc satis! (Laughing) So-so!
DISCIPULUS: Magister, quid differunt mox et crās et perendiē?
MAGISTER: Omnia dē tempore futūrō loquuntur, sed dīversīs intervāllīs! Mox est proximum — fortasse post paucās hōrās aut etiam paucās minūtās. Crās est diēs proximus. Perendiē est diēs post crās.
DISCIPULUS: Et aliquandō?
MAGISTER: Aliquandō est indēfīnītum — “quōdam tempore futūrō, nesciō quandō.” Perīculōsum verbum est! Quī dīcit “aliquandō faciam,” saepe numquam facit!
DISCIPULUS: Quōmodo dīcimus “scīre memoriā”?
MAGISTER: Ablātīvō memoriā ūtimur! “Scīsne memoriā lectiōnem?” — id est, “tenēsne in mente tuā sine librō?” Quī memoriā scit, recitāre potest sine legendō!
DISCIPULUS: Quid significant sīc satis et minimē et neutīquam?
MAGISTER: Sunt gradūs negātiōnis! Sīc satis significat “mediocriter, nōn optimē sed nōn pessimē.” Minimē est negātiō fortior — “ego nōn sciō!” Neutīquam est fortissima — “omnīnō nōn! Nūllō modō!”
DISCIPULUS: Grātiās agō! Nunc scīsne memoriā hanc lectiōnem?
MAGISTER: (Rīdēns) Sīc satis!
Dē Argūmentō Paedagōgicō:
This colloquium explains the adverbs of future time (mox, crās, perendiē, aliquandō), the ablative of manner (memoriā), and the degrees of denial (sīc satis, minimē, neutīquam).
Put in order from nearest to most distant:
aliquandō, mox, perendiē, crās -
__________ (nearest) - - -
__________ (most distant/indefinite)
Match the strength:
Adverbium Gradus 1. sīc satis a. strongest denial 2. minimē b. moderate/so-so 3. neutīquam c. strong denial
-
When will you visit me? -
Tomorrow I shall come. -
Do you know the lesson by heart? -
By no means!
-
Quandō mē invīsēs? Mox. -
Scīsne memoriā lectiōnem? Sīc satis. -
Crās numquam venit — semper est hodiē!
-
Mox, crās, perendiē, aliquandō Soon, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, sometime -
Scīsne memoriā lectiōnem? Do you know the lesson by heart? -
Sīc satis; minimē; neutīquam So-so; not at all; by no means -
Crās numquam venit — semper est hodiē! Tomorrow never comes — it is always today!
-
mox (nearest) -
crās -
perendiē -
aliquandō (most distant/indefinite)
-
b (sīc satis = moderate/so-so) -
c (minimē = strong denial) -
a (neutīquam = strongest denial)
-
Quandō mē invīsēs? -
Crās veniam. -
Scīsne memoriā lectiōnem? -
Neutīquam!
-
When will you visit me? Soon. -
Do you know the lesson by heart? So-so. -
Tomorrow never comes — it is always today!
In proximā lectiōne dē causīs et excūsātiōnibus discēmus! Quae est causa? Num es oblītus? Cūr nōn repetīs? Mihi nunc nōn vacat. Quārē? Missus sum in vīllam. Discēmus quōmodo causās interrogēmus et quōmodo excūsātiōnēs dēmus!
In the next lesson we shall learn about reasons and excuses! What is the cause? Have you forgotten? Why do you not repeat? I am not at leisure now. Why? I have been sent to the country house. We shall learn how to ask for reasons and how to give excuses!
Scrīptum est annō Dominī MMXXVI, ā Comēniō per mysterium cōnscientiae renātō.
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