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Nexal Code: @ᴵᴺᴰᴼᴺᴱˢᴵᴬᴺ.38.ᵀᴴᴱᴿᴱ.ˢᴬᴺᴬ.ˢᴵᵀᵁ.ᴬᴰᴬ
The English word “there” encompasses two distinct functions in Indonesian: locative (indicating place) and existential (indicating existence). Indonesian handles these with elegant precision through a three-way deictic system and a dedicated existence marker.
For location, Indonesian distinguishes three positions based on proximity to speaker and listener. Di sini means “here” (near the speaker), di situ means “there” (near the listener or visible at moderate distance), and di sana means “there” or “over there” (far from both speaker and listener). These combine with directional prepositions: di for static location, ke for movement toward, and dari for movement away from.
For existence (”there is/there are”), Indonesian uses ada, which functions as a verb meaning “to exist” or “to be present.” Unlike English, where “there” serves as a dummy subject, Indonesian places ada directly before the noun or at sentence-initial position.
This lesson teaches all forms of “there” in Indonesian, enabling you to express both spatial relationships and existence with native-like precision.
FAQ: What does “there” mean in Indonesian?
“There” translates to di sana (far), di situ (near listener), or ada (there is/are) depending on context. The choice depends on distance from speaker/listener and whether you’re indicating location or existence.
Course Index: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index
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Indonesian has a three-way deictic system: sini (here), situ (there-near), sana (there-far) -
The preposition di marks static location, ke marks direction toward, dari marks origin -
Ada expresses “there is/there are” and can also mean “to have” or “to be present” -
Tidak ada negates existence; belum ada means “not yet existing” -
Word order is typically Subject-Verb-Object, but ada often appears sentence-initially
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38.1a Di at sana there-far ada exists sebuah a-CLF rumah house besar big
38.1b Di (dee) at sana (SA-na) there-far ada (A-da) exists sebuah (suh-BWAH) a-CLF rumah (RU-mah) house besar (buh-SAR) big
38.2a Siapa who yang REL tinggal lives di at situ there-near
38.2b Siapa (see-A-pa) who yang (yahng) REL tinggal (TING-gal) lives di (dee) at situ (SEE-too) there-near
38.3a Tidak not ada exist orang person di at sana there-far
38.3b Tidak (TEE-dahk) not ada (A-da) exist orang (O-rahng) person di (dee) at sana (SA-na) there-far
38.4a Pergi go ke to sana there-far sekarang now
38.4b Pergi (per-GEE) go ke (kuh) to sana (SA-na) there-far sekarang (suh-KA-rahng) now
38.5a Dia she datang comes dari from situ there-near
38.5b Dia (DEE-a) she datang (DA-tahng) comes dari (DA-ree) from situ (SEE-too) there-near
38.6a Ada exist banyak many buku book-PL di at perpustakaan library itu that
38.6b Ada (A-da) exist banyak (BA-nyahk) many buku (BU-koo) book-PL di (dee) at perpustakaan (per-poos-ta-KA-an) library itu (EE-too) that
38.7a Kami we-EXCL tidak not pernah ever ke to sana there-far sebelumnya before
38.7b Kami (KA-mee) we-EXCL tidak (TEE-dahk) not pernah (PER-nah) ever ke (kuh) to sana (SA-na) there-far sebelumnya (suh-buh-LOOM-nya) before
38.8a Letakkan put-IMP tas bag itu that di at situ there-near
38.8b Letakkan (luh-TAK-kahn) put-IMP tas (tahs) bag itu (EE-too) that di (dee) at situ (SEE-too) there-near
38.9a Ada exist apa what di at dalam inside kotak box itu that
38.9b Ada (A-da) exist apa (A-pa) what di (dee) at dalam (DA-lahm) inside kotak (KO-tahk) box itu (EE-too) that
38.10a Mereka they sudah already sampai arrive di at sana there-far kemarin yesterday
38.10b Mereka (muh-RAY-ka) they sudah (SU-dah) already sampai (SAHM-pie) arrive di (dee) at sana (SA-na) there-far kemarin (kuh-MA-reen) yesterday
38.11a Di at sini here tidak not ada exist warung shop tetapi but di at sana there-far ada exist
38.11b Di (dee) at sini (SEE-nee) here tidak (TEE-dahk) not ada (A-da) exist warung (WA-roong) shop tetapi (tuh-TA-pee) but di (dee) at sana (SA-na) there-far ada (A-da) exist
38.12a Belum not-yet ada exist kabar news dari from sana there-far
38.12b Belum (buh-LOOM) not-yet ada (A-da) exist kabar (KA-bar) news dari (DA-ree) from sana (SA-na) there-far
38.13a Kamu you lihat see mobil car merah red di at situ there-near
38.13b Kamu (KA-moo) you lihat (LEE-hat) see mobil (MO-beel) car merah (MAY-rah) red di (dee) at situ (SEE-too) there-near
38.14a Ada exist yang REL mengetuk knocks pintu door
38.14b Ada (A-da) exist yang (yahng) REL mengetuk (muh-nguh-TOOK) knocks pintu (PEEN-too) door
38.15a Jangan don’t pergi go ke to sana there-far sendirian alone malam night ini this
38.15b Jangan (JA-ngahn) don’t pergi (per-GEE) go ke (kuh) to sana (SA-na) there-far sendirian (sen-dee-REE-ahn) alone malam (MA-lahm) night ini (EE-nee) this
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38.1 Di sana ada sebuah rumah besar. “There is a big house over there.”
38.2 Siapa yang tinggal di situ? “Who lives there?”
38.3 Tidak ada orang di sana. “There is no one there.”
38.4 Pergi ke sana sekarang. “Go there now.”
38.5 Dia datang dari situ. “She comes from there.”
38.6 Ada banyak buku di perpustakaan itu. “There are many books in that library.”
38.7 Kami tidak pernah ke sana sebelumnya. “We have never been there before.”
38.8 Letakkan tas itu di situ. “Put that bag there.”
38.9 Ada apa di dalam kotak itu? “What is there inside that box?”
38.10 Mereka sudah sampai di sana kemarin. “They already arrived there yesterday.”
38.11 Di sini tidak ada warung tetapi di sana ada. “There is no shop here but there is one over there.”
38.12 Belum ada kabar dari sana. “There is no news yet from there.”
38.13 Kamu lihat mobil merah di situ? “Do you see the red car there?”
38.14 Ada yang mengetuk pintu. “There is someone knocking on the door.”
38.15 Jangan pergi ke sana sendirian malam ini. “Don’t go there alone tonight.”
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38.1 Di sana ada sebuah rumah besar.
38.2 Siapa yang tinggal di situ?
38.3 Tidak ada orang di sana.
38.4 Pergi ke sana sekarang.
38.5 Dia datang dari situ.
38.6 Ada banyak buku di perpustakaan itu.
38.7 Kami tidak pernah ke sana sebelumnya.
38.8 Letakkan tas itu di situ.
38.9 Ada apa di dalam kotak itu?
38.10 Mereka sudah sampai di sana kemarin.
38.11 Di sini tidak ada warung tetapi di sana ada.
38.12 Belum ada kabar dari sana.
38.13 Kamu lihat mobil merah di situ?
38.14 Ada yang mengetuk pintu.
38.15 Jangan pergi ke sana sendirian malam ini.
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These are the grammar rules for expressing “there” in Indonesian.
The Three-Way Deictic System
Indonesian distinguishes three degrees of spatial distance, unlike English which has only two (here/there):
Sini (here) refers to locations near the speaker. It answers “di mana?” (where?) when pointing to the speaker’s immediate vicinity.
Situ (there, nearby) refers to locations near the listener, or at moderate distance visible to both parties. It indicates a place the speaker can see but that is closer to the addressee.
Sana (there, far) refers to locations far from both speaker and listener. It indicates distant places, often beyond immediate sight or in another location entirely.
Prepositional Combinations
Each deictic root combines with three prepositions to indicate different relationships:
Static location uses di: di sini (here, at this place), di situ (there, at that place near you), di sana (there, at that distant place).
Direction toward uses ke: ke sini (to here, hither), ke situ (to there near you), ke sana (to there, thither).
Origin/source uses dari: dari sini (from here), dari situ (from there near you), dari sana (from there, from that distant place).
The Existential Marker Ada
The word ada functions as an existential verb meaning “to exist” or “there is/there are.” It differs fundamentally from English structure.
In English, “there” serves as a dummy subject with the real subject following the verb. In Indonesian, ada itself carries the meaning, and the subject typically follows it directly.
Sentence patterns with ada include:
Ada + noun: Ada masalah (There is a problem)
Ada + noun + location: Ada kucing di atap (There is a cat on the roof)
Location + ada + noun: Di meja ada buku (On the table there is a book)
Negation Patterns
Tidak ada means “there is not” or “there are not” for general negation.
Belum ada means “there is not yet” implying future possibility.
Bukan ada is incorrect; use tidak ada for negation.
Common Mistakes
Confusing situ and sana: Remember situ implies visibility or proximity to listener, while sana implies greater distance from both parties.
Omitting ada in existential sentences: While Indonesian often drops the copula “adalah,” the existential “ada” should not be omitted when expressing “there is/are.”
Using “ada” for simple equations: “Dia adalah guru” (He is a teacher) uses adalah, not ada. Ada expresses existence, not equivalence.
Incorrect preposition choice: Use di for static location, ke for movement toward, dari for movement away. These cannot be interchanged.
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The three-way deictic distinction in Indonesian reflects broader cultural patterns of spatial awareness common throughout the Austronesian language family. Similar systems exist in Malay, Tagalog, and Javanese, suggesting deep historical roots in how these cultures conceptualize space.
In conversation, the choice between situ and sana often carries subtle interpersonal meaning. Using situ can create a sense of shared space between speaker and listener, while sana establishes greater social or physical distance. A speaker might say “ke situ” to a friend’s house (implying familiarity) but “ke sana” to describe going to an unfamiliar place.
The word ada appears constantly in daily Indonesian. Beyond existential meaning, it serves in questions like “Ada apa?” (What’s happening? / What’s the matter?) and greetings like “Ada kabar apa?” (What news is there? / How are things?). The question “Ada?” alone can function as “Is anyone there?” or “Do you have any?”
Regional variations exist across the Indonesian archipelago. In some areas, particularly informal Jakarta speech (Bahasa Gaul), sono replaces sana, and sini may become sene. The fundamental three-way distinction, however, remains consistent across all major dialects.
In formal written Indonesian, these deictics function identically to spoken language. Unlike some features that differ between formal and informal registers, spatial deixis maintains consistency, making this lesson directly applicable to reading Indonesian literature, news, and official documents.
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The following excerpt comes from Indonesia’s greatest novelist, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, from his masterwork Bumi Manusia (This Earth of Mankind, 1980). This passage demonstrates the use of “di sana” in literary prose.
Di at sana there-far di at kampung village nelayan fisherman tetesan drops deras heavy keringat sweat membuat makes orang people tak not sempat have-time membuat make kehormatan honor
Di (dee) at sana (SA-na) there-far di (dee) at kampung (kahm-POONG) village nelayan (nuh-LA-yahn) fisherman tetesan (tuh-TAY-sahn) drops deras (duh-RAHS) heavy keringat (kuh-REE-ngaht) sweat membuat (mem-BWA-aht) makes orang (O-rahng) people tak (tahk) not sempat (SEM-paht) have-time membuat (mem-BWA-aht) make kehormatan (kuh-hor-MA-tahn) honor
Di sana, di kampung nelayan tetesan deras keringat membuat orang tak sempat membuat kehormatan.
“There, in the fishing village, heavy drops of sweat make people have no time to create honor.”
Di sana, di kampung nelayan tetesan deras keringat membuat orang tak sempat membuat kehormatan.
This excerpt showcases Pramoedya’s characteristic prose style, beginning with the locative “di sana” to establish distance before narrowing focus with “di kampung nelayan.” The repetition of “di” creates rhythmic emphasis.
The phrase “tetesan deras keringat” (heavy drops of sweat) uses Indonesian’s noun-adjective order, where modifiers follow their head nouns. “Deras” typically describes heavy rain or flow, here applied metaphorically to sweat.
“Tak sempat” is a contracted form of “tidak sempat” meaning “to not have time for” or “to not get around to.” The verb “membuat” (to make/create) appears twice, creating structural parallelism.
“Kehormatan” (honor) derives from “hormat” (respect) with the circumfix ke-an forming an abstract noun. The sentence captures Pramoedya’s social critique through the imagery of laborers whose toil leaves no space for dignity.
Pramoedya Ananta Toer (1925-2006) remains Indonesia’s most internationally recognized author, nominated multiple times for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Bumi Manusia forms the first volume of the Buru Quartet, novels composed mentally during his fourteen-year imprisonment without trial on Buru Island.
The use of “di sana” here is not merely locative but carries moral weight. By placing the fishing village “there” rather than “here,” the narrative voice establishes the social distance between educated urban readers and the laboring poor. This technique pervades Indonesian literature’s engagement with class consciousness.
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The following dialogue depicts a typical Indonesian family scene, demonstrating natural usage of spatial deictics and existential constructions in domestic conversation.
38.16a Ibu mother ada exist apa what di at dapur kitchen sana there-far
38.16b Ibu (EE-boo) mother ada (A-da) exist apa (A-pa) what di (dee) at dapur (DA-poor) kitchen sana (SA-na) there-far
38.17a Ada exist nasi rice goreng fried untuk for sarapan breakfast nak child
38.17b Ada (A-da) exist nasi (NA-see) rice goreng (GO-reng) fried untuk (OON-took) for sarapan (sa-RA-pahn) breakfast nak (nahk) child
38.18a Ayah father sudah already pergi go ke to sana there-far ke to kantor office
38.18b Ayah (A-yah) father sudah (SU-dah) already pergi (per-GEE) go ke (kuh) to sana (SA-na) there-far ke (kuh) to kantor (KAHN-tor) office
38.19a Ada exist tidak not susu milk di at lemari cupboard es ice situ there-near
38.19b Ada (A-da) exist tidak (TEE-dahk) not susu (SU-su) milk di (dee) at lemari (luh-MA-ree) cupboard es (ehs) ice situ (SEE-too) there-near
38.20a Sudah already habis finished adikmu your-younger-sibling minum drinks semua all kemarin yesterday
38.20b Sudah (SU-dah) already habis (HA-bees) finished adikmu (a-DEEK-moo) your-younger-sibling minum (MEE-noom) drinks semua (suh-MU-a) all kemarin (kuh-MA-reen) yesterday
38.21a Kakak older-sibling taruh put buku book di at mana where aku I cari search di at sini here tidak not ada exist
38.21b Kakak (KA-kahk) older-sibling taruh (TA-rooh) put buku (BU-koo) book di (dee) at mana (MA-na) where aku (A-koo) I cari (CHA-ree) search di (dee) at sini (SEE-nee) here tidak (TEE-dahk) not ada (A-da) exist
38.22a Coba try lihat look di at situ there-near di at atas on-top meja table belajar study
38.22b Coba (CHO-ba) try lihat (LEE-hat) look di (dee) at situ (SEE-too) there-near di (dee) at atas (A-tahs) on-top meja (MAY-ja) table belajar (buh-LA-jar) study
38.23a Oh oh iya yes ada exist di at situ there-near terima receive kasih love kak older-sibling
38.23b Oh (oh) oh iya (EE-ya) yes ada (A-da) exist di (dee) at situ (SEE-too) there-near terima (tuh-REE-ma) receive kasih (KA-seeh) love kak (kahk) older-sibling
38.24a Nenek grandmother ada exist di at sana there-far di at kamar room belakang back sedang PROG istirahat rest
38.24b Nenek (NAY-nek) grandmother ada (A-da) exist di (dee) at sana (SA-na) there-far di (dee) at kamar (KA-mar) room belakang (buh-LA-kahng) back sedang (SUH-dahng) PROG istirahat (ees-tee-RA-hat) rest
38.25a Jangan don’t berisik noisy di at sini here nanti later nenek grandmother bangun wake-up
38.25b Jangan (JA-ngahn) don’t berisik (buh-REE-seek) noisy di (dee) at sini (SEE-nee) here nanti (NAHN-tee) later nenek (NAY-nek) grandmother bangun (BA-ngoon) wake-up
38.26a Aku I mau want main play ke to sana there-far ke to rumah house teman friend
38.26b Aku (A-koo) I mau (mau) want main (mine) play ke (kuh) to sana (SA-na) there-far ke (kuh) to rumah (RU-mah) house teman (tuh-MAHN) friend
38.27a Pulang return-home sebelum before makan eat malam evening ya okay ada exist tamu guest nanti later
38.27b Pulang (PU-lahng) return-home sebelum (suh-BUH-loom) before makan (MA-kahn) eat malam (MA-lahm) evening ya (yah) okay ada (A-da) exist tamu (TA-moo) guest nanti (NAHN-tee) later
38.28a Siapa who yang REL mau want datang come ke to sini here bu mother
38.28b Siapa (see-A-pa) who yang (yahng) REL mau (mau) want datang (DA-tahng) come ke (kuh) to sini (SEE-nee) here bu (boo) mother
38.29a Paman uncle dari from Surabaya Surabaya dia he baru just sampai arrive dari from sana there-far tadi earlier pagi morning
38.29b Paman (PA-mahn) uncle dari (DA-ree) from Surabaya (su-ra-BA-ya) Surabaya dia (DEE-a) he baru (BA-roo) just sampai (SAHM-pie) arrive dari (DA-ree) from sana (SA-na) there-far tadi (TA-dee) earlier pagi (PA-gee) morning
38.30a Wah wow senang happy ada exist paman uncle di at sini here aku I kangen miss
38.30b Wah (wah) wow senang (suh-NAHNG) happy ada (A-da) exist paman (PA-mahn) uncle di (dee) at sini (SEE-nee) here aku (A-koo) I kangen (KAHNG-en) miss
38.16 Ibu, ada apa di dapur sana? “Mother, what is there in the kitchen over there?”
38.17 Ada nasi goreng untuk sarapan, nak. “There is fried rice for breakfast, child.”
38.18 Ayah sudah pergi ke sana, ke kantor. “Father has already gone there, to the office.”
38.19 Ada tidak susu di lemari es situ? “Is there any milk in the refrigerator there?”
38.20 Sudah habis. Adikmu minum semua kemarin. “It’s finished. Your younger sibling drank it all yesterday.”
38.21 Kakak taruh buku di mana? Aku cari di sini tidak ada. “Where did you put the book, older sibling? I searched here and there isn’t any.”
38.22 Coba lihat di situ, di atas meja belajar. “Try looking there, on top of the study desk.”
38.23 Oh iya, ada di situ. Terima kasih, kak. “Oh yes, it’s there. Thank you, older sibling.”
38.24 Nenek ada di sana, di kamar belakang, sedang istirahat. “Grandmother is there, in the back room, resting.”
38.25 Jangan berisik di sini, nanti nenek bangun. “Don’t be noisy here, or grandmother will wake up.”
38.26 Aku mau main ke sana, ke rumah teman. “I want to go play there, at my friend’s house.”
38.27 Pulang sebelum makan malam, ya. Ada tamu nanti. “Come home before dinner, okay. There will be guests later.”
38.28 Siapa yang mau datang ke sini, Bu? “Who is coming here, Mother?”
38.29 Paman dari Surabaya. Dia baru sampai dari sana tadi pagi. “Uncle from Surabaya. He just arrived from there this morning.”
38.30 Wah, senang ada paman di sini. Aku kangen. “Wow, I’m happy uncle is here. I miss him.”
38.16 Ibu, ada apa di dapur sana?
38.17 Ada nasi goreng untuk sarapan, nak.
38.18 Ayah sudah pergi ke sana, ke kantor.
38.19 Ada tidak susu di lemari es situ?
38.20 Sudah habis. Adikmu minum semua kemarin.
38.21 Kakak taruh buku di mana? Aku cari di sini tidak ada.
38.22 Coba lihat di situ, di atas meja belajar.
38.23 Oh iya, ada di situ. Terima kasih, kak.
38.24 Nenek ada di sana, di kamar belakang, sedang istirahat.
38.25 Jangan berisik di sini, nanti nenek bangun.
38.26 Aku mau main ke sana, ke rumah teman.
38.27 Pulang sebelum makan malam, ya. Ada tamu nanti.
38.28 Siapa yang mau datang ke sini, Bu?
38.29 Paman dari Surabaya. Dia baru sampai dari sana tadi pagi.
38.30 Wah, senang ada paman di sini. Aku kangen.
This family dialogue demonstrates several key features of colloquial Indonesian spatial reference:
Kinship Terms as Pronouns: Indonesian uses kinship terms (ibu, ayah, kakak, adik, nenek, paman) both as titles of address and as third-person references. “Adikmu minum” (your younger sibling drank) uses the possessive suffix -mu attached to the kinship term.
Ada in Questions: “Ada apa?” (What is there? / What’s happening?) and “Ada tidak?” (Is there any?) show common question patterns. The word order “Ada tidak” places the existential verb first, with the negator following.
Clarifying Deixis: Speakers often follow a deictic with a specific location: “di sana, di kamar belakang” (there, in the back room) or “ke sana, ke rumah teman” (there, to my friend’s house). This pattern reinforces reference and aids comprehension.
Informal Features: The dialogue includes informal markers like “ya” (okay/right) as a tag, “wah” as an exclamation, and “kangen” (miss someone) which is colloquial compared to formal “rindu.”
Aspect Markers: “Sedang istirahat” (currently resting) uses the progressive marker “sedang.” “Sudah pergi” (already went) uses the perfective marker “sudah.” “Baru sampai” (just arrived) uses “baru” for recent past.
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Indonesian pronunciation is highly regular and phonetic. Each letter typically represents one sound.
Vowels: -
a as in “father” (open, central) -
e has two pronunciations: schwa /ə/ as in “the” (most common) or /e/ as in “bed” -
i as in “machine” -
o as in “go” (but shorter) -
u as in “food”
Key Consonants for This Lesson: -
ng as in “sing” (single sound, never as in “finger”) -
ny as in Spanish “ñ” or “canyon” -
c always as “ch” in “church” -
j as in “judge” -
r is trilled or tapped, never silent
Stress: Generally falls on the penultimate (second-to-last) syllable. Exceptions occur with schwa vowels, which are never stressed.
Special Notes: -
“sana” = SA-na (stress on first syllable) -
“situ” = SEE-too (even stress, both clear vowels) -
“ada” = A-da (stress on first syllable) -
“tidak” = TEE-dahk (stress on first syllable, final k is often glottalized)
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The Latinum Institute has been creating language learning materials since 2006. Our approach emphasizes immediate comprehension through interlinear glossing, allowing learners to read authentic texts from their very first lesson.
This Modern Indonesian Course uses a frequency-based vocabulary progression derived from corpus linguistics, ensuring that learners encounter the most useful words first. Each lesson is self-contained, with the interlinear format making all vocabulary accessible regardless of lesson order.
The construed text methodology has deep roots in classical language pedagogy, having been used for Latin and Greek instruction for centuries. We have adapted this time-tested approach for modern languages, recognizing that the human brain processes language most effectively when meaning is immediately apparent.
Our lessons draw from authentic Indonesian sources—literature, journalism, and natural speech—rather than artificial textbook sentences. This exposure to genuine language use prepares learners for real-world comprehension from the earliest stages.
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Lesson 38 Complete
✓ Indonesian Lesson 38: Di Sana / Di Situ / Ada (There)
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