Welcome to Lesson 42 of the Latinum Institute's Koine Greek course. This lesson focuses on the various ways to express "your" in Koine Greek, a fundamental possessive concept essential for reading New Testament texts and other Hellenistic literature. For a complete index of all lessons in this course, please visit https://latinum.substack.com/p/index.
In Koine Greek, "your" is expressed in two primary ways: the genitive form of the personal pronoun σύ (you), which is σου (sou), and the possessive adjective σός, σή, σόν (sos, sē, son). The genitive σου is more common in everyday speech and writing, while the possessive adjective σός is often used for emphasis or in more formal contexts.
FAQ Schema Q: What does "your" mean in Koine Greek? A: In Koine Greek, "your" is expressed as σου (genitive of σύ) or as the possessive adjective σός, σή, σόν. Both mean "your" or "belonging to you" when referring to a single person. For plural "your," different forms are used.
Educational Schema Subject: Language Learning - Ancient Greek Level: Beginner to Intermediate Topic: Possessive Pronouns and Adjectives Language: Koine (Hellenistic) Greek Target Audience: English-speaking autodidacts Course: Latinum Institute Ancient Language Course
This lesson will demonstrate how "your" functions in various grammatical contexts through 15 carefully selected examples from Koine Greek texts. Each example shows different cases, genders, and syntactical positions to give you a comprehensive understanding of this essential word.
Key Takeaways: -
σου is the genitive form of σύ and means "of you" or "your" -
σός, σή, σόν is the possessive adjective that agrees with the noun it modifies -
Position in the sentence can vary, affecting emphasis -
Understanding "your" is crucial for prayer language and personal address in Greek texts
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42.1a ὁ (ho) the πατήρ (pa-tēr) father σου (sou) your ὁ (ho) the ἐν (en) in τοῖς (tois) the οὐρανοῖς (ou-ra-nois) heavens 42.1b ὁ πατήρ σου ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς
42.2a δός (dos) give μοι (moi) to-me τὸν (ton) the ἄρτον (ar-ton) bread σου (sou) your 42.2b δός μοι τὸν ἄρτον σου
42.3a ἡ (hē) the σὴ (sē) your πίστις (pis-tis) faith σέσωκέν (se-sō-ken) has-saved σε (se) you 42.3b ἡ σὴ πίστις σέσωκέν σε
42.4a τὸ (to) the ὄνομά (o-no-ma) name σου (sou) your τί (ti) what ἐστιν (es-tin) is 42.4b τὸ ὄνομά σου τί ἐστιν
42.5a ἄφες (a-phes) forgive ἡμῖν (hē-min) to-us τὰ (ta) the ὀφειλήματα (o-phei-lē-ma-ta) debts ἡμῶν (hē-mōn) our ὡς (hōs) as καὶ (kai) also ἡμεῖς (hē-meis) we ἀφήκαμεν (a-phē-ka-men) have-forgiven τοῖς (tois) the ὀφειλέταις (o-phei-le-tais) debtors ἡμῶν (hē-mōn) our 42.5b ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν
42.6a ἐγὼ (e-gō) I εἰμὶ (ei-mi) am ὁ (ho) the δοῦλός (dou-los) servant σου (sou) your 42.6b ἐγὼ εἰμὶ ὁ δοῦλός σου
42.7a τίς (tis) who ἐστιν (es-tin) is ἡ (hē) the μήτηρ (mē-tēr) mother σου (sou) your 42.7b τίς ἐστιν ἡ μήτηρ σου
42.8a λάβε (la-be) take τὸ (to) the βιβλίον (bib-li-on) book σου (sou) your καὶ (kai) and ἀνάγνωθι (a-nag-nō-thi) read 42.8b λάβε τὸ βιβλίον σου καὶ ἀνάγνωθι
42.9a τὰ (ta) the σὰ (sa) your ἔργα (er-ga) works οἶδα (oi-da) I-know 42.9b τὰ σὰ ἔργα οἶδα
42.10a ποῦ (pou) where ἐστιν (es-tin) is ὁ (ho) the οἶκός (oi-kos) house σου (sou) your 42.10b ποῦ ἐστιν ὁ οἶκός σου
42.11a ἡ (hē) the βασιλεία (ba-si-lei-a) kingdom σου (sou) your ἐλθέτω (el-the-tō) let-come 42.11b ἡ βασιλεία σου ἐλθέτω
42.12a μὴ (mē) not φοβοῦ (pho-bou) fear τὸ (to) the παιδίον (pai-di-on) child σόν (son) your ζῇ (zē) lives 42.12b μὴ φοβοῦ τὸ παιδίον σόν ζῇ
42.13a αἱ (hai) the ἁμαρτίαι (ha-mar-ti-ai) sins σου (sou) your ἀφέωνται (a-phe-ōn-tai) are-forgiven 42.13b αἱ ἁμαρτίαι σου ἀφέωνται
42.14a τί (ti) what θέλεις (the-leis) you-want ποιήσω (poi-ē-sō) I-shall-do σοι (soi) for-you 42.14b τί θέλεις ποιήσω σοι
42.15a ὁ (ho) the λόγος (lo-gos) word σου (sou) your ἀλήθειά (a-lē-thei-a) truth ἐστιν (es-tin) is 42.15b ὁ λόγος σου ἀλήθειά ἐστιν
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42.1 ὁ πατήρ σου ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς - Your father who is in heaven
42.2 δός μοι τὸν ἄρτον σου - Give me your bread
42.3 ἡ σὴ πίστις σέσωκέν σε - Your faith has saved you
42.4 τὸ ὄνομά σου τί ἐστιν - What is your name?
42.5 ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν - Forgive us our debts as we also have forgiven our debtors
42.6 ἐγὼ εἰμὶ ὁ δοῦλός σου - I am your servant
42.7 τίς ἐστιν ἡ μήτηρ σου - Who is your mother?
42.8 λάβε τὸ βιβλίον σου καὶ ἀνάγνωθι - Take your book and read
42.9 τὰ σὰ ἔργα οἶδα - I know your works
42.10 ποῦ ἐστιν ὁ οἶκός σου - Where is your house?
42.11 ἡ βασιλεία σου ἐλθέτω - Your kingdom come
42.12 μὴ φοβοῦ τὸ παιδίον σόν ζῇ - Do not fear, your child lives
42.13 αἱ ἁμαρτίαι σου ἀφέωνται - Your sins are forgiven
42.14 τί θέλεις ποιήσω σοι - What do you want me to do for you?
42.15 ὁ λόγος σου ἀλήθειά ἐστιν - Your word is truth
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42.1 ὁ πατήρ σου ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς
42.2 δός μοι τὸν ἄρτον σου
42.3 ἡ σὴ πίστις σέσωκέν σε
42.4 τὸ ὄνομά σου τί ἐστιν
42.5 ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν
42.6 ἐγὼ εἰμὶ ὁ δοῦλός σου
42.7 τίς ἐστιν ἡ μήτηρ σου
42.8 λάβε τὸ βιβλίον σου καὶ ἀνάγνωθι
42.9 τὰ σὰ ἔργα οἶδα
42.10 ποῦ ἐστιν ὁ οἶκός σου
42.11 ἡ βασιλεία σου ἐλθέτω
42.12 μὴ φοβοῦ τὸ παιδίον σόν ζῇ
42.13 αἱ ἁμαρτίαι σου ἀφέωνται
42.14 τί θέλεις ποιήσω σοι
42.15 ὁ λόγος σου ἀλήθειά ἐστιν
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In Koine Greek, there are two main ways to express "your" when addressing a single person:
1. The Genitive of the Personal Pronoun σύ -
σου (sou) - This is by far the most common form -
It follows the noun it modifies: ὁ πατήρ σου (your father) -
It never changes form regardless of the gender or case of the noun it modifies
2. The Possessive Adjective σός, σή, σόν -
This functions like an adjective and must agree with the noun in gender, number, and case -
Masculine: σός (sos) -
Feminine: σή (sē) -
Neuter: σόν (son)
Declension of σός, σή, σόν:
Masculine forms: -
Nominative: σός -
Genitive: σοῦ -
Dative: σῷ -
Accusative: σόν
Feminine forms: -
Nominative: σή -
Genitive: σῆς -
Dative: σῇ -
Accusative: σήν
Neuter forms: -
Nominative: σόν -
Genitive: σοῦ -
Dative: σῷ -
Accusative: σόν
Position and Word Order: Unlike English, where "your" always comes before the noun, Greek allows more flexibility: -
Most common: article + noun + σου (ὁ πατήρ σου) -
With σός: article + σός + noun (ὁ σὸς πατήρ) or article + noun + article + σός (ὁ πατήρ ὁ σός)
Common Mistakes: -
Using σός when σου would be more natural - σου is the default choice in most contexts -
Forgetting that σός must agree with the noun - it changes form based on gender, number, and case -
Placing σου before the noun - it almost always follows the noun -
Confusing σου (your) with σοι (to you) or σε (you - accusative) -
Using singular forms when plural is needed - for "your" (plural), use ὑμῶν or ὑμέτερος
Step-by-Step Guide: -
Identify whether you need singular "your" (one person) or plural (multiple people) -
For singular, decide between σου (more common) or σός (emphatic/formal) -
If using σου, simply place it after the noun -
If using σός, determine the gender, number, and case of the noun, then use the matching form -
Remember that with σός, you often need the article repeated
Comparison with English: -
English has one form "your" for all situations -
Greek distinguishes between singular and plural addressee -
Greek "your" can come after the noun, unlike English -
Greek possessive adjectives change form, English doesn't -
Greek often uses the article with possessives, English doesn't
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Understanding "your" in Koine Greek provides crucial insight into the social and religious culture of the Hellenistic world. The distinction between σου and σός reflects levels of formality and emphasis that were important in ancient Mediterranean society.
In religious texts, particularly the New Testament, σου appears frequently in prayers and divine address. The famous Lord's Prayer uses σου repeatedly: "hallowed be your name" (ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου), "your kingdom come" (ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου), "your will be done" (γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου). This consistent use of the genitive form creates a sense of intimacy and directness in addressing God.
The possessive adjective σός, being more emphatic, often appears in formal declarations or when contrast is intended. In philosophical and rhetorical texts, authors might use σός to distinguish "your opinion" from "my opinion" or "his opinion." This distinction was particularly important in the argumentative style of Greek philosophical dialogue.
Social hierarchy also influenced the use of possessives. When addressing superiors, the placement and choice of possessive could convey respect. The phrase "your servant" (ὁ δοῦλός σου) was a common expression of humility, used not only by actual servants but also as a polite form of self-reference when speaking to someone of higher status.
In everyday papyri and letters from the Hellenistic period, we see σου used in familiar contexts: "your letter" (ἡ ἐπιστολή σου), "your health" (ἡ ὑγίειά σου), reflecting the same casual usage we might expect in modern correspondence. The frequent inquiries about health in ancient letters show the universal human concern for loved ones' wellbeing.
The archaeological evidence from inscriptions also reveals how "your" functioned in dedications and epitaphs. Tombstones often included phrases like "your memory" (ἡ μνήμη σου) in addresses to the deceased, showing how the ancient Greeks maintained a conversational relationship with the dead through written memorials.
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From the Gospel of Matthew 6:9-10 (Lord's Prayer):
Πάτερ (pa-ter) Father ἡμῶν (hē-mōn) our ὁ (ho) the-one ἐν (en) in τοῖς (tois) the οὐρανοῖς (ou-ra-nois) heavens ἁγιασθήτω (ha-gi-as-thē-tō) let-be-hallowed τὸ (to) the ὄνομά (o-no-ma) name σου (sou) your ἐλθέτω (el-the-tō) let-come ἡ (hē) the βασιλεία (ba-si-lei-a) kingdom σου (sou) your γενηθήτω (ge-nē-thē-tō) let-be-done τὸ (to) the θέλημά (the-lē-ma) will σου (sou) your ὡς (hōs) as ἐν (en) in οὐρανῷ (ou-ra-nō) heaven καὶ (kai) also ἐπὶ (e-pi) upon γῆς (gēs) earth
Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς, ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου, ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου, γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου, ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς.
Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name, thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven.
Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς, ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου, ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου, γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου, ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς.
This passage from Matthew's Gospel represents one of the most influential uses of "your" in all of Greek literature. The triple repetition of σου creates a powerful rhythmic structure that has echoed through two millennia of Christian worship. Each use of σου follows a different noun - name (ὄνομα), kingdom (βασιλεία), and will (θέλημα) - comprehensively addressing different aspects of the divine.
The grammar here demonstrates the typical post-positive placement of σου, always following the noun it modifies. The three imperatives (ἁγιασθήτω, ἐλθέτω, γενηθήτω) are all third-person aorist passive imperatives, creating a formulaic prayer structure that would have been familiar to Greek-speaking Jews who knew similar patterns from the Septuagint.
For English speakers learning Greek, this passage provides an excellent model of how σου functions in formal, religious language. The consistent article + noun + σου pattern makes it easy to identify the possessive relationships. The passage also demonstrates how Greek can be more concise than English - where English traditionally uses "thy" three times plus "art" for "who is," Greek expresses the same ideas with fewer words.
The cultural significance of addressing God with the singular "your" rather than a plural form reflects the personal relationship encouraged in early Christian theology, contrasting with more distant forms of address common in Greek civic religion.
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42.16a χαίρειν (khai-rein) greetings σε (se) you διὰ (di-a) through τῆς (tēs) the ἐπιστολῆς (e-pis-to-lēs) letter σου (sou) your 42.16b χαίρειν σε διὰ τῆς ἐπιστολῆς σου
42.17a ἔλαβον (e-la-bon) I-received τὰ (ta) the γράμματά (gram-ma-ta) letters σου (sou) your χθές (khthes) yesterday 42.17b ἔλαβον τὰ γράμματά σου χθές
42.18a πῶς (pōs) how ἔχει (e-khei) is ἡ (hē) the ὑγίειά (hy-gi-ei-a) health σου (sou) your ἀδελφέ (a-del-phe) brother 42.18b πῶς ἔχει ἡ ὑγίειά σου ἀδελφέ
42.19a εὔχομαι (eu-kho-mai) I-pray περὶ (pe-ri) concerning τῆς (tēs) the σωτηρίας (sō-tē-ri-as) salvation σου (sou) your καθ' (kath) every ἡμέραν (hē-me-ran) day 42.19b εὔχομαι περὶ τῆς σωτηρίας σου καθ' ἡμέραν
42.20a μέμνημαι (mem-nē-mai) I-remember τῶν (tōn) the λόγων (lo-gōn) words σου (sou) your πάντοτε (pan-to-te) always 42.20b μέμνημαι τῶν λόγων σου πάντοτε
42.21a γράψον (grap-son) write μοι (moi) to-me περὶ (pe-ri) about τῶν (tōn) the πραγμάτων (prag-ma-tōn) affairs σου (sou) your 42.21b γράψον μοι περὶ τῶν πραγμάτων σου
42.22a ἀσπάζομαι (as-pa-zo-mai) I-greet τὴν (tēn) the οἰκίαν (oi-ki-an) household σου (sou) your πᾶσαν (pa-san) whole 42.22b ἀσπάζομαι τὴν οἰκίαν σου πᾶσαν
42.23a τὰ (ta) the παιδία (pai-di-a) children σου (sou) your πῶς (pōs) how πράττουσιν (prat-tou-sin) are-doing 42.23b τὰ παιδία σου πῶς πράττουσιν
42.24a χάρις (kha-ris) grace τῷ (tō) to-the θεῷ (the-ō) God διὰ (di-a) through τὰς (tas) the εὐχάς (eu-khas) prayers σου (sou) your 42.24b χάρις τῷ θεῷ διὰ τὰς εὐχάς σου
42.25a πέμψον (pem-pson) send μοι (moi) to-me εἰ (ei) if δύνασαι (dy-na-sai) you-can τὰ (ta) the βιβλία (bib-li-a) books σου (sou) your 42.25b πέμψον μοι εἰ δύνασαι τὰ βιβλία σου
42.26a ἡ (hē) the ἀγάπη (a-ga-pē) love σου (sou) your παραμυθία (pa-ra-my-thi-a) comfort μοί (moi) to-me ἐστιν (es-tin) is 42.26b ἡ ἀγάπη σου παραμυθία μοί ἐστιν
42.27a ὁ (ho) the θεός (the-os) God φυλάξει (phy-lak-sei) will-guard τὴν (tēn) the ψυχήν (psy-khēn) soul σου (sou) your 42.27b ὁ θεός φυλάξει τὴν ψυχήν σου
42.28a ἐλπίζω (el-pi-zō) I-hope ἰδεῖν (i-dein) to-see τὸ (to) the πρόσωπόν (pro-sō-pon) face σου (sou) your ταχύ (ta-khy) soon 42.28b ἐλπίζω ἰδεῖν τὸ πρόσωπόν σου ταχύ
42.29a εὐχαριστῶ (eu-kha-ris-tō) I-thank σοι (soi) you διὰ (di-a) for τὴν (tēn) the φιλίαν (phi-li-an) friendship σου (sou) your 42.29b εὐχαριστῶ σοι διὰ τὴν φιλίαν σου
42.30a ἔρρωσο (er-rō-so) farewell ἐν (en) in κυρίῳ (ky-ri-ō) Lord σὺν (syn) with τοῖς (tois) the σοῖς (sois) your-ones πᾶσιν (pa-sin) all 42.30b ἔρρωσο ἐν κυρίῳ σὺν τοῖς σοῖς πᾶσιν
42.16 χαίρειν σε διὰ τῆς ἐπιστολῆς σου - Greetings to you through your letter
42.17 ἔλαβον τὰ γράμματά σου χθές - I received your letters yesterday
42.18 πῶς ἔχει ἡ ὑγίειά σου ἀδελφέ - How is your health, brother?
42.19 εὔχομαι περὶ τῆς σωτηρίας σου καθ' ἡμέραν - I pray for your salvation every day
42.20 μέμνημαι τῶν λόγων σου πάντοτε - I always remember your words
42.21 γράψον μοι περὶ τῶν πραγμάτων σου - Write to me about your affairs
42.22 ἀσπάζομαι τὴν οἰκίαν σου πᾶσαν - I greet your whole household
42.23 τὰ παιδία σου πῶς πράττουσιν - How are your children doing?
42.24 χάρις τῷ θεῷ διὰ τὰς εὐχάς σου - Thanks be to God through your prayers
42.25 πέμψον μοι εἰ δύνασαι τὰ βιβλία σου - Send me your books if you can
42.26 ἡ ἀγάπη σου παραμυθία μοί ἐστιν - Your love is a comfort to me
42.27 ὁ θεός φυλάξει τὴν ψυχήν σου - God will guard your soul
42.28 ἐλπίζω ἰδεῖν τὸ πρόσωπόν σου ταχύ - I hope to see your face soon
42.29 εὐχαριστῶ σοι διὰ τὴν φιλίαν σου - I thank you for your friendship
42.30 ἔρρωσο ἐν κυρίῳ σὺν τοῖς σοῖς πᾶσιν - Farewell in the Lord with all your family
42.16 χαίρειν σε διὰ τῆς ἐπιστολῆς σου
42.17 ἔλαβον τὰ γράμματά σου χθές
42.18 πῶς ἔχει ἡ ὑγίειά σου ἀδελφέ
42.19 εὔχομαι περὶ τῆς σωτηρίας σου καθ' ἡμέραν
42.20 μέμνημαι τῶν λόγων σου πάντοτε
42.21 γράψον μοι περὶ τῶν πραγμάτων σου
42.22 ἀσπάζομαι τὴν οἰκίαν σου πᾶσαν
42.23 τὰ παιδία σου πῶς πράττουσιν
42.24 χάρις τῷ θεῷ διὰ τὰς εὐχάς σου
42.25 πέμψον μοι εἰ δύνασαι τὰ βιβλία σου
42.26 ἡ ἀγάπη σου παραμυθία μοί ἐστιν
42.27 ὁ θεός φυλάξει τὴν ψυχήν σου
42.28 ἐλπίζω ἰδεῖν τὸ πρόσωπόν σου ταχύ
42.29 εὐχαριστῶ σοι διὰ τὴν φιλίαν σου
42.30 ἔρρωσο ἐν κυρίῳ σὺν τοῖς σοῖς πᾶσιν
The personal letter genre in Koine Greek demonstrates distinctive uses of "your" that reflect the intimate nature of private correspondence. Letters typically begin with formulaic greetings that often include possessive references, and maintain a conversational tone throughout that makes frequent use of σου.
Standard Letter Formulas: Personal letters often follow predictable patterns where "your" appears: -
Health wishes: "concerning your health" (περὶ τῆς ὑγίειάς σου) -
References to previous correspondence: "your letter" (ἡ ἐπιστολή σου) -
Family greetings: "your household" (ἡ οἰκία σου) -
Closing formulas: "with all your (family)" (σὺν τοῖς σοῖς πᾶσιν)
Special Features in Letters: -
The genitive σου is overwhelmingly preferred over the adjective σός in personal letters -
Questions about possessions or family members regularly use σου -
The substantive use of σός (meaning "your family/people") appears in closings -
Emotional expressions frequently include σου: "your love" (ἡ ἀγάπη σου)
Word Order in Letters: Letter writers tend to place σου immediately after the noun more consistently than in other genres. This creates a natural, conversational flow that mirrors spoken Greek of the period.
Papyrological Evidence: Thousands of preserved Greek papyrus letters from Egypt show these patterns consistently across social classes. Whether writing to family, friends, or business associates, letter writers maintained these conventions, making the personal letter genre one of our best sources for understanding everyday usage of possessives in Koine Greek.
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