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Lesson 19
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Lesson 19

말하다 / 이야기하다 (malhada / iyagihada) — Say / Tell / Talk

Introduction

For autodidact students of Korean, "say" is primarily 말하다 (malhada) — to say, speak, tell. 이야기하다 (iyagihada) means "to talk / tell a story / have a conversation." 말씀하다 (malsseum-hada) is the honorific form of 말하다 used when the speaker is someone of higher status. Reported speech in Korean uses the quotative particle 라고/이라고 (rago/irago) for direct quotes and 고 (go) for indirect: 간다고 했어요 (said [they] would go).

Key Takeaways: - 말하다 (malhada): say / tell / speak - 이야기하다 (iyagihada): talk / tell a story / converse - 말씀하다 (malsseum-hada): say — honorific (for respected persons) - -라고 하다 (-rago hada): say that ~ — direct quotation marker - -고 하다 (-go hada): say that ~ — indirect quotation - 말 (mal): word / speech / language

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Section A: Interlinear Construed Text

19.1 그가 (geuga) he-SUBJ 뭐라고 (mworago) what-QUOT 말했어요 (malhaesseoyo) said-POLITE?

19.2 선생님께서 (seonsaengnimkkeseo) teacher-HON-SUBJ 내일 (naeil) tomorrow 시험이라고 (siheomirago) exam-QUOT 말씀하셨어요 (malsseum-syeosseoyo) said-HON-POLITE

19.3 친구와 (chinguwa) friend-WITH 이야기했어요 (iyagihaesseoyo) talked-POLITE

19.4 사랑한다고 (saranghanda go) love-QUOT 했어요 (haesseoyo) said-POLITE

19.5 할 (hal) say-FUT 말이 (mari) word-SUBJ 없어요 (eopseoyo) not-have-POLITE

19.6 그렇게 (geureoke) like-that 말하지 (malhaji) say-NMLZ 마세요 (maseyo) please-don't-POLITE

19.7 어머니가 (eomeoni ga) mother-SUBJ 빨리 (ppalli) quickly 오라고 (orago) come-QUOT 하세요 (haseyo) says-HON

19.8 이야기해 (iyagihae) talk-INF 줄게요 (julgeyo) will-for-you-POLITE

19.9 그 사람이 (geu sarami) that-person-SUBJ 뭐라고 (mworago) what-QUOT 했는지 (haenneunjji) said-QUOT 몰라요 (mollayo) don't-know-POLITE

19.10 솔직하게 (soljjikhage) honestly 말해요 (malhaeyo) say-POLITE

19.11 긴 (gin) long 이야기예요 (iyagiyeyo) story-is-POLITE

19.12 말이 (mari) words-SUBJ 통해요 (tonghaeyo) communicate-POLITE?

19.13 아무 (amu) no 말도 (maldo) word-also 하지 (haji) do-NMLZ 마세요 (maseyo) please-don't-POLITE

19.14 한국말을 (hangungmareul) Korean-OBJ 배우고 (baeugO) learning 있어요 (isseoyo) am-POLITE

19.15 그냥 (geunyang) just 말해요 (malhaeyo) say-POLITE。무서운 (museoun) scary 거 (geo) thing 없어요 (eopseoyo) not-POLITE

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Section B: Natural Sentences

19.1 그가 뭐라고 말했어요? "What did he say?" 19.2 선생님께서 내일 시험이라고 말씀하셨어요. "The teacher said there's an exam tomorrow." 19.3 친구와 이야기했어요. "I talked with a friend." 19.4 사랑한다고 했어요. "I/he/she said [I/they] love [you/them]." 19.5 할 말이 없어요. "I have nothing to say." 19.6 그렇게 말하지 마세요. "Please don't say it like that." 19.7 어머니가 빨리 오라고 하세요. "Mother is saying to come quickly." 19.8 이야기해 줄게요. "I'll tell you." 19.9 그 사람이 뭐라고 했는지 몰라요. "I don't know what that person said." 19.10 솔직하게 말해요. "Speak honestly." 19.11 긴 이야기예요. "It's a long story." 19.12 말이 통해요? "Do we understand each other? / Does the language get through?" 19.13 아무 말도 하지 마세요. "Please don't say anything at all." 19.14 한국말을 배우고 있어요. "I am learning Korean." 19.15 그냥 말해요. 무서운 거 없어요. "Just say it. There's nothing to be scared of."

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Section C: Korean Text Only

19.1 그가 뭐라고 말했어요? 19.2 선생님께서 내일 시험이라고 말씀하셨어요. 19.3 친구와 이야기했어요. 19.4 사랑한다고 했어요. 19.5 할 말이 없어요. 19.6 그렇게 말하지 마세요. 19.7 어머니가 빨리 오라고 하세요. 19.8 이야기해 줄게요. 19.9 그 사람이 뭐라고 했는지 몰라요. 19.10 솔직하게 말해요. 19.11 긴 이야기예요. 19.12 말이 통해요? 19.13 아무 말도 하지 마세요. 19.14 한국말을 배우고 있어요. 19.15 그냥 말해요. 무서운 거 없어요.

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Section D: Grammar Explanation

Quotative -라고 / -이라고 하다: Direct quote: 「내일 시험이야」라고 했어요 (said "there's a test tomorrow"). Noun + 이라고 for nouns: 시험이라고 했어요. Verb/adjective in plain form + 고: 간다고 했어요 (said [they're] going).

Indirect quotation -고 하다: Plain form verb + 고 하다 = reported speech: 사랑한다고 했어요 (said [they] love [someone]), 오라고 해요 (says to come). The Korean equivalent of English "said that ~."

말씀하다 vs 말하다: 말씀하다 is used when the subject is of higher status than the speaker. 선생님께서 말씀하셨어요 (the teacher said). Never use 말씀하다 for yourself — it would sound absurdly self-aggrandising. For speaking about oneself politely: 제가 말씀드렸어요 (I told [you/them] — 드리다 for actions directed upward).

말이 통하다 — "communication works / language gets through": 말 (word/language) + 이 (subject) + 통하다 (pass through / communicate) = mutual understanding. 말이 통해요? (Can we understand each other?) A useful phrase in multilingual contexts.

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Section E: Cultural Context

할 말이 없어요 (I have nothing to say) can function as an admission of speechlessness in the face of something overwhelming — shock, beauty, wrongdoing. When directed at a person who has behaved badly, it functions as the ultimate Korean social sanction: I have no more words for you. Korean conflict-avoidance culture means that silencing oneself — 아무 말도 안 해요 (I'm not saying anything) — is often the strongest available social statement.

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Section F: Literary Citation

이육사 (Yi Yuksa), 《청포도》— Green Grapes, 1939

내가 바라는 손님은 고달픈 몸으로 청포도가 익어가는 시절에 내 고장에 찾아온다고 했소.

F-A: Interlinear (key phrase) — 찾아온다고 (chajaomdago) come-visit-QUOT 했소 (haetso) said-FORMAL

F-B: Translation — "The guest I long for, with weary body, will come to my homeland in the season when green grapes ripen — so it was said."

F-C: Original — 내가 바라는 손님은 고달픈 몸으로 청포도가 익어가는 시절에 내 고장에 찾아온다고 했소.

F-D: Notes — 찾아온다고 했소: indirect quotation -다고 + 했소 (said — archaic/literary formal ending -소). The quotation structure frames the hoped-for arrival as something declared — a prophetic saying, not merely a wish.

F-E: Commentary — Yi Yuksa wrote under Japanese occupation and was imprisoned. 찾아온다고 했소 — it was said that [the guest] will come. The quotative -고 하다 here creates a layer of reported speech that frames the poem's longing as prophecy: someone has said this will happen. The grammar of hope takes the form of reported speech.

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Genre Section: Dialogue — 뭐라고 했어? (What Did [They] Say?)

Two friends relaying gossip — the full quotative system in action.

Part A: Interlinear Construed Text

19.16 지수: 야,민준이가 (Minjuni ga) Minjun-SUBJ 나한테 (nahante) to-me 뭐라고 (mworago) what-QUOT 했는지 (haenneunjji) said-QUOT 알아 (ara) know-INF?

19.17 은지: 몰라,뭐라고 (mworago) what-QUOT 했어 (haesseo) said-INF?

19.18 지수: 나를 (nareul) me-OBJ 좋아한다고 (joahandago) like-QUOT 했어 (haesseo) said-INF!

19.19 은지: 진짜 (jinjja) really?뭐라고 (mworago) what-QUOT 정확히 (jeonghwaki) exactly 말했어 (malhaesseo) said-INF?

19.20 지수: 「지수가 (Jisuga) Jisu-SUBJ 좋다 (jota) like-PLAIN」라고 (rago) QUOT 했어 (haesseo) said-INF

19.21 은지: 와 (wa) wow!어디에서 (eodieseo) where 그렇게 (geureoke) like-that 말했어 (malhaesseo) said-INF?

19.22 지수: 카페에서 (kapeseo) café-AT 이야기하다가 (iyagihada-ga) while-talking 갑자기 (gapjagi) suddenly 말했어 (malhaesseo) said-INF

19.23 은지: 너는 (neoneun) you-TOPIC 뭐라고 (mworago) what-QUOT 했어 (haesseo) said-INF?

19.24 지수: 나는 (naneun) I-TOPIC 아무 (amu) no 말도 (maldo) word-also 못 (mot) couldn't 했어 (haesseo) say-INF。놀라서 (nollaseo) surprised-because

19.25 은지: [웃으며] 그래서 (geraeseo) so 어떻게 (eotteoke) how 됐어 (dwaesseo) became-INF?

19.26 지수: 그냥 (geunyang) just 「고마워 (gomawo) thank-you」라고 (rago) QUOT 했어 (haesseo) said-INF。다른 (dareun) other 말이 (mari) word-SUBJ 안 (an) not 나왔어 (nawasseo) came-out-INF

19.27 은지: 그것밖에 (geugeotbakke) only-that 못 (mot) couldn't 했어 (haesseo) say-INF? 「나도 (nado) I-also 좋아 (joha) like-INF」라고 (rago) QUOT 했어야지 (haesseyaji) should-have-said-INF!

19.28 지수: 알아 (ara) know-INF,알아 (ara) know-INF!다음에는 (daeumeneun) next-time-TOPIC 제대로 (jedaero) properly 말할게 (malhalge) will-say-INF

19.29 은지: 민준이한테 (Minjunihante) to-Minjun 먼저 (meonjeo) first 이야기해 (iyagihae) talk-INF 봐 (bwa) try-INF!

19.30 지수: 그래 (geurae) okay,용기 (yonggi) courage 내서 (naeseo) getting-up 말해볼게 (malhaebolge) will-try-saying-INF!

Part B: Natural Sentences

19.16 「야, 민준이가 나한테 뭐라고 했는지 알아?」 "'Hey, do you know what Minjun said to me?'" 19.17 「몰라, 뭐라고 했어?」 "'I don't know, what did he say?'" 19.18 「나를 좋아한다고 했어!」 "'He said he likes me!'" 19.19 「진짜? 뭐라고 정확히 말했어?」 "'Really? What exactly did he say?'" 19.20 「「지수가 좋다」라고 했어.」 "'He said 'I like Jisu.''" 19.21 「와! 어디에서 그렇게 말했어?」 "'Wow! Where did he say that?'" 19.22 「카페에서 이야기하다가 갑자기 말했어.」 "'We were talking at the café and he suddenly said it.'" 19.23 「너는 뭐라고 했어?」 "'What did you say?'" 19.24 「나는 아무 말도 못 했어. 놀라서.」 "'I couldn't say anything. I was surprised.'" 19.25 「[웃으며] 그래서 어떻게 됐어?」 "'[laughing] So what happened?'" 19.26 「그냥 「고마워」라고 했어. 다른 말이 안 나왔어.」 "'I just said 'thank you.' Other words wouldn't come out.'" 19.27 「그것밖에 못 했어? 「나도 좋아」라고 했어야지!」 "'That's all you could say? You should have said 'I like you too'!'" 19.28 「알아, 알아! 다음에는 제대로 말할게.」 "'I know, I know! Next time I'll say it properly.'" 19.29 「민준이한테 먼저 이야기해 봐!」 "'Try talking to Minjun first!'" 19.30 「그래, 용기 내서 말해볼게!」 "'Okay, I'll get up the courage and try saying it!'"

Part C: Korean Text Only

19.16 「야, 민준이가 나한테 뭐라고 했는지 알아?」 19.17 「몰라, 뭐라고 했어?」 19.18 「나를 좋아한다고 했어!」 19.19 「진짜? 뭐라고 정확히 말했어?」 19.20 「「지수가 좋다」라고 했어.」 19.21 「와! 어디에서 그렇게 말했어?」 19.22 「카페에서 이야기하다가 갑자기 말했어.」 19.23 「너는 뭐라고 했어?」 19.24 「나는 아무 말도 못 했어. 놀라서.」 19.25 「[웃으며] 그래서 어떻게 됐어?」 19.26 「그냥 「고마워」라고 했어. 다른 말이 안 나왔어.」 19.27 「그것밖에 못 했어? 「나도 좋아」라고 했어야지!」 19.28 「알아, 알아! 다음에는 제대로 말할게.」 19.29 「민준이한테 먼저 이야기해 봐!」 19.30 「그래, 용기 내서 말해볼게!」

Part D: Grammar Notes

-다가 (daga) — "while doing / in the middle of": 이야기하다가 (while talking / in the middle of talking). Verb + 다가 = while doing [something], [something else happens]. The action is interrupted or shifts: 공부하다가 잠들었어요 (fell asleep while studying).

-아/어야지 (a/eoyaji) — "should have / ought to": 했어야지 (should have done / ought to have done). Past + 야지 = reproach for not doing something in the past. 「나도 좋아」라고 했어야지 (you should have said 'I like you too').

-아/어 보다 (a/eo boda) — "try doing": 말해볼게 (I'll try saying). Verb + 아/어 보다 = try doing [something], attempt [something]. 이야기해 봐 (try talking), 먹어봐 (try eating). One of Korean's most versatile auxiliary constructions.

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Pronunciation Guide

말하다 (malhada) — IPA: /mal.ha.da/ — Three syllables. The ㄹ in 말 is the lateral /l/ in final position. Before ㅎ: 말해요 → [마래요] (ㄹ+ㅎ aspirates: /ɾɦ/ → /ɾ/ + aspiration absorbed into the next vowel).

이야기하다 (iyagihada) — IPA: /i.ja.gi.ha.da/ — Five syllables. The ㅇ is null — pure vowel onset. 이야기 is often contracted to 얘기 (yaegi) in casual speech: 얘기해 (let's talk).

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