For autodidact students of Korean, 도 (do) is "also, too": the particle that adds a person, a thing, a place or a time to what has already been said. Where English "also" wanders about the sentence, 도 is fastened to the very word it adds, and it is never a word of its own. 저도 (jeodo) is "I too." 이것도 (igeotdo) is "this too." 내일도 (naeildo) is "tomorrow too." 저도 학생이에요 (I am a student too). 물도 주세요 (Water as well, please). 만나서 반갑습니다 (Pleased to meet you) is answered by 저도요 (Me too).
The same particle carries two further meanings. It means "even," when the word it follows is a surprising extreme: 어린아이도 알아요 (even a small child knows). And said twice, as 도…도, it means "both … and …": 커피도 차도 마셔요 (I drink both coffee and tea). With a negative verb it means "neither … nor …," and after words such as 아무 (any) and 한 번 (once) it makes the strong negatives of the language: 아무도 (nobody), 한 번도 (not once).
The word list gives "also" as an adverb, and English "also" is one. Korean does the work of "also" with several different tools, and this lesson sets them side by side: - 도 (do): the particle on a noun, "also, too, even." The everyday tool. - 또한 (ttohan): a formal adverb, "also, moreover, likewise." It opens a sentence or clause in writing, speeches and the news. - 역시 (yeoksi): "too, likewise," and, much more often in speech, "as expected, after all." - 또 (tto): "again," and in some sentences "and also." It is about repetition. - 그리고 (geurigo): "and, and then." It joins; it does not say "too." - 만 (man): "only." It is the opposite number of 도: 우유도 마셔요 (I drink milk too), 우유만 마셔요 (I drink only milk). - 조차 (jocha): "even," stronger than 도 and usually found with a negative: 이름조차 몰라요 (I do not even know the name).
Because 도 sits on one word, it tells the hearer exactly what is being added. English leaves this to stress and context. Three Korean sentences that a single English sentence might cover show the difference. 민준도 커피를 마셔요 says that Minjun drinks coffee too, as somebody else does. 민준은 커피도 마셔요 says that Minjun drinks coffee as well as other things. 민준은 커피를 마시기도 해요 says that drinking coffee is one of the things Minjun does, among the others. Section D takes these apart.
Script note: 도 is a single syllable block, ㄷ + ㅗ, and it is written against the word before it with no space. It never changes with the sound of the word before it, unlike 은/는 and 이/가. Its consonant is the plain, soft ㄷ: unvoiced at the start of a word, voiced after a vowel or a nasal (저도, 사람도), but tense after a final ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ sound. So 책도 is said 책또, 밥도 밥또, 이것도 이걷또. The Revised Romanization of this course spells the sounds as the letters give them (chaekdo, bapdo, igeotdo), and the pronunciation respellings show the tense sound, as in the earlier lessons. Do not confuse 저도 (I too) with 제도 (a system, an institution): the vowel is different.
Key Takeaways: - 도 (do): also, too, even. One syllable, written without a space, after a noun, pronoun or time word - 도 replaces 은/는, 이/가 and 을/를: 저도, 비도, 물도. It stays after 에, 에서, 에게, (으)로, 부터, 까지: 에도, 에서도, 에게도 - 도…도: both … and …; with a negative verb, neither … nor … - 아무도, 아무것도, 한 번도, 하나도 + a negative: nobody, nothing, not once, not one - 어린아이도: even a child. 도 can name the surprising extreme - 또한: formal "also, moreover"; 역시: "too" and "as expected"; 또: "again"; 만: "only" - 책도 is said 책또, 밥도 밥또, 이것도 이걷또; 저도, 물도 and 사람도 have no tense sound
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54.1a 저도 I-also 학생이에요 student-am
54.1b jeodo (JUH-do) I-HUMBLE.ALSO haksaengieyo (HAK-ssaeng-i-eh-yo) student-COP.POLITE
54.2a 이것도 this-thing-also 좋아요 good
54.2b igeotdo (EE-guht-ddo) this-thing-ALSO joayo (JO-a-yo) good-POLITE
54.3a 물도 water-also 주세요 please-give
54.3b muldo (MOOL-do) water-ALSO juseyo (JOO-seh-yo) give-HONORIFIC.POLITE
54.4a 내일도 tomorrow-also 일해요 work
54.4b naeildo (NEH-il-do) tomorrow-ALSO ilhaeyo (IL-heh-yo) work-POLITE
54.5a 도서관에도 library-to-also 갔어요 went
54.5b doseogwanedo (DO-suh-gwa-neh-do) library-LOC.ALSO gasseoyo (GASS-suh-yo) go-PAST.POLITE
54.6a 이 this 시장에서도 market-at-also 싱싱한 fresh 과일을 fruit 팔아요 sell
54.6b i (EE) this sijangeseodo (SHEE-jang-eh-suh-do) market-AT.ALSO singsinghan (SING-sing-han) fresh-ADNOMINAL gwaireul (GWA-i-reul) fruit-OBJ parayo (PA-ra-yo) sell-POLITE
54.7a 저는 I 동생에게도 younger-sibling-to-also 작은 small 선물을 present 줬어요 gave
54.7b jeoneun (JUH-neun) I-HUMBLE.TOP dongsaengegedo (DONG-saeng-eh-geh-do) younger-sibling-DAT.ALSO jageun (JA-geun) small-ADNOMINAL seonmureul (SUHN-moo-reul) present-OBJ jwosseoyo (JWOSS-suh-yo) give-PAST.POLITE
54.8a 저는 I 커피도 coffee-also 마시고 drink-and 차도 tea-also 마셔요 drink
54.8b jeoneun (JUH-neun) I-HUMBLE.TOP keopido (KUH-pi-do) coffee-ALSO masigo (MA-shi-go) drink-AND chado (CHA-do) tea-ALSO masyeoyo (MA-shuh-yo) drink-POLITE
54.9a 어제도 yesterday-also 오늘도 today-also 아침부터 morning-from 비가 rain 왔어요 came
54.9b eojedo (UH-jeh-do) yesterday-ALSO oneuldo (O-neul-do) today-ALSO achimbuteo (A-chim-boo-tuh) morning-FROM biga (BI-ga) rain-SUBJ wasseoyo (WASS-suh-yo) come-PAST.POLITE
54.10a 그 that 사람은 person 영어도 English-also 한국어도 Korean-also 잘해요 does-well
54.10b geu (GEU) that sarameun (SA-ra-meun) person-TOP yeongeodo (YUNG-uh-do) English-ALSO hangugeodo (HAN-goo-guh-do) Korean-ALSO jalhaeyo (JAL-heh-yo) do-well-POLITE
54.11a 아무도 anyone-even 그 that 사실을 fact 모르는 not-knowing 것 thing 같아요 seems
54.11b amudo (A-moo-do) anyone-ALSO.EVEN geu (GEU) that sasireul (SA-shi-reul) fact-OBJ moreuneun (MO-reu-neun) not-know-ADNOMINAL geot (GUHT) thing gatayo (KKA-ta-yo) seem-POLITE
54.12a 어린아이도 small-child-even 이해할 understand 수 way 있는 exists 쉬운 easy 문제예요 problem-is
54.12b eorinaido (UH-ri-na-i-do) small-child-ALSO.EVEN ihaehal (EE-heh-hal) understand-PROSPECTIVE su (SOO) way inneun (IN-neun) exist-ADNOMINAL swiun (SHWEE-oon) easy-ADNOMINAL munjeyeyo (MOON-jeh-yeh-yo) problem-COP.POLITE
54.13a 저는 I 부산에 Busan-to 한 one 번도 time-even 가 go 본 tried 적이 occasion 없어요 is-not
54.13b jeoneun (JUH-neun) I-HUMBLE.TOP busane (BOO-sa-neh) Busan-LOC han (HAN) one beondo (BUHN-do) time-ALSO.EVEN ga (GA) go-CONN bon (BON) see-PAST.ADNOMINAL jeogi (JUH-gi) occasion-SUBJ eopseoyo (UHP-ssuh-yo) not-exist-POLITE
54.14a 그는 he 밥을 meal 먹지도 eating-also 않고 not-and 잠을 sleep 자지도 sleeping-also 않고 not-and 일만 work-only 했어요 did
54.14b geuneun (GEU-neun) he-TOP babeul (BA-beul) meal-OBJ meokjido (MUK-jji-do) eat-NEG.CONN.ALSO anko (AN-ko) not-AND jameul (JA-meul) sleep-OBJ jajido (JA-ji-do) sleep-NEG.CONN.ALSO anko (AN-ko) not-AND ilman (IL-man) work-ONLY haesseoyo (HESS-suh-yo) do-PAST.POLITE
54.15a 원숭이도 monkey-even 나무에서 tree-from 떨어진다는 falls-that-says 말이 word 있어요 exists
54.15b wonsungido (WON-soong-i-do) monkey-ALSO.EVEN namueseo (NA-moo-eh-suh) tree-FROM tteoreojindaneun (TTUH-ruh-jin-da-neun) fall-PLAIN.QUOTE.ADNOMINAL mari (MA-ri) word-SUBJ isseoyo (EESS-suh-yo) exist-POLITE
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54.1 저도 학생이에요. (jeodo haksaengieyo) "I am a student too." 54.2 이것도 좋아요. (igeotdo joayo) "This is good too." 54.3 물도 주세요. (muldo juseyo) "Water as well, please." 54.4 내일도 일해요. (naeildo ilhaeyo) "I work tomorrow too." 54.5 도서관에도 갔어요. (doseogwanedo gasseoyo) "I went to the library too." 54.6 이 시장에서도 싱싱한 과일을 팔아요. (i sijangeseodo singsinghan gwaireul parayo) "They sell fresh fruit at this market too." 54.7 저는 동생에게도 작은 선물을 줬어요. (jeoneun dongsaengegedo jageun seonmureul jwosseoyo) "I gave my younger brother (or sister) a small present too." 54.8 저는 커피도 마시고 차도 마셔요. (jeoneun keopido masigo chado masyeoyo) "I drink both coffee and tea." (literally: "I drink coffee too, and tea too") 54.9 어제도 오늘도 아침부터 비가 왔어요. (eojedo oneuldo achimbuteo biga wasseoyo) "It has rained since the morning, both yesterday and today." 54.10 그 사람은 영어도 한국어도 잘해요. (geu sarameun yeongeodo hangugeodo jalhaeyo) "That person is good at both English and Korean." 54.11 아무도 그 사실을 모르는 것 같아요. (amudo geu sasireul moreuneun geot gatayo) "It seems that nobody knows that fact." 54.12 어린아이도 이해할 수 있는 쉬운 문제예요. (eorinaido ihaehal su inneun swiun munjeyeyo) "It is an easy problem that even a small child can understand." 54.13 저는 부산에 한 번도 가 본 적이 없어요. (jeoneun busane han beondo ga bon jeogi eopseoyo) "I have never been to Busan, not even once." 54.14 그는 밥을 먹지도 않고 잠을 자지도 않고 일만 했어요. (geuneun babeul meokjido anko jameul jajido anko ilman haesseoyo) "He neither ate nor slept; he only worked." 54.15 원숭이도 나무에서 떨어진다는 말이 있어요. (wonsungido namueseo tteoreojindaneun mari isseoyo) "There is a saying that even monkeys fall from trees."
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54.1 저도 학생이에요. 54.2 이것도 좋아요. 54.3 물도 주세요. 54.4 내일도 일해요. 54.5 도서관에도 갔어요. 54.6 이 시장에서도 싱싱한 과일을 팔아요. 54.7 저는 동생에게도 작은 선물을 줬어요. 54.8 저는 커피도 마시고 차도 마셔요. 54.9 어제도 오늘도 아침부터 비가 왔어요. 54.10 그 사람은 영어도 한국어도 잘해요. 54.11 아무도 그 사실을 모르는 것 같아요. 54.12 어린아이도 이해할 수 있는 쉬운 문제예요. 54.13 저는 부산에 한 번도 가 본 적이 없어요. 54.14 그는 밥을 먹지도 않고 잠을 자지도 않고 일만 했어요. 54.15 원숭이도 나무에서 떨어진다는 말이 있어요.
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These are the grammar rules for 도 (do), "also, too, even."
How 도 attaches. 도 is one syllable, written without a space after a noun, a pronoun, a number or a time word. It has one form only: it does not change after a vowel or a consonant. What it does to the particles already there depends on which particle it is: - It replaces the topic particle 은/는, the subject particle 이/가 and the object particle 을/를. 저는 → 저도 (54.1); 물을 → 물도 (54.3); 비가 → 비도. Never stack them: not 저는도, 물을도, *비가도. - It follows the particles that give place, direction, recipient or means. 에도 (to or at: 도서관에도, 54.5), 에서도 (at: 시장에서도, 54.6), 에게도 / 한테도 (to a person: 동생에게도, 54.7), (으)로도 (by, with: 버스로도 가요, "I go by bus too"), 와/과도 or 하고도 (with), 부터도 (from), 까지도 (as far as, even to). The particle says how the word is used, and 도 says that it is added. - The pronoun for "I" is 저 (humble) and 나 (plain). With 도: 저도, 나도. The subject forms 제가 and 내가 become 저도 and 나도, so 제도 is wrong for "I too." - In honorific speech the subject takes 께서 and the addition 께서도: 할아버지께서도 오셨어요 (Grandfather came too).
"Too" (addition). 도 adds something to what is already known in the conversation. 저는 학생이에요 (I am a student); 민호도 학생이에요 (Minho is a student too). In an answer it is the shortest reply of all: 만나서 반갑습니다. — 저도요. (Pleased to meet you. — Me too.) 요 on the end of a bare noun phrase makes it polite. 저도 그래요 means "so am I, so do I, it is the same for me."
What is added is the word that wears 도. Compare: - 민준도 커피를 마셔요: Minjun, as well as someone else, drinks coffee. - 민준은 커피도 마셔요: Minjun drinks coffee as well as other things (54.8). - 민준은 커피를 마시기도 해요: among other things he does, Minjun drinks coffee. -기도 하다 is "also does, sometimes does." - 민준은 오늘도 커피를 마셔요: Minjun drinks coffee today as well (as on other days, 54.9).
도…도, "both … and …"; neither … nor …. 도 can mark two or more items. With an affirmative verb it means "both … and …" (커피도 차도 마셔요, 54.8; 영어도 한국어도 잘해요, 54.10; 어제도 오늘도, 54.9). With a negative verb the same pair means "neither … nor …": 커피도 차도 안 마셔요 (I drink neither coffee nor tea). There is no separate word for "neither" in Korean. The reply "me neither" is 저도요, or 저도 안 가요 (I am not going either).
The negative verb: -지도 않다 (54.14). 도 can sit after the connective -지 of a negative verb: 먹지도 않고 자지도 않고 (not eating either, not sleeping either; "neither eating nor sleeping"). The sense is "doesn't even do it" or "doesn't do it either." 가지도 않아요 is "I'm not going either."
The negative words with 도. A word meaning "any" + 도 + a negative verb makes the strong negatives: - 아무도 (amudo): nobody, no one. 아무도 오지 않았어요 (nobody came). - 아무것도 (amugeotdo): nothing. 아무것도 몰라요 (I know nothing). - 한 번도 (han beondo): not once, never. 한 번도 가 본 적이 없어요 (54.13). - 하나도 (hanado): not one, not at all. 하나도 안 무서워요 (I'm not scared at all). - 어디에도 (eodiedo): nowhere. 어디에도 없어요 (it's nowhere). - 하루도 (harudo): not a single day. 하루도 빠짐없이 (without missing a single day). Each of these needs a negative predicate: 아무도 그 사실을 모르는 것 같아요 (54.11) has 모르다 ("not know"), and 54.24 has 않는다. Note also 말도 없이 (54.18, "without even a word"): 없이 is the negative.
"Even" (the surprising extreme). 도 can pick out the least likely member of a group: 어린아이도 이해할 수 있어요 (even a small child can understand it, 54.12); 원숭이도 나무에서 떨어진다 (even monkeys fall out of trees, 54.15); 식은 김밥도 꿀맛이다 (even cold kimbap tastes like honey, 54.28). Whether a sentence means "too" or "even" comes from what is in it: if the word names a surprising case, it is "even." 조차 is the stronger "even": 이름조차 몰라요 (I do not even know the name); and 까지도 can mean "even."
On verbs and endings: four forms to tell apart. The particle is a noun's. On a verb, the same sound turns up in four different structures: - -기도 하다: does also, sometimes does. 가기도 해요 (I do sometimes go). - -지도 않다: does not (either). 먹지도 않아요 (does not eat, either). - -아/어도: even if, even though; with 되다 it is permission. 가도 돼요 (you may go; "it is all right even if you go"). - -(으)ㄴ데도: although, even though. 피곤한데도 웃음이 나요 (I'm tired and yet I smile, 54.30). Do not write *가요도. A verb cannot take the noun particle.
도 and 만, 은/는. 도 says "the same, too." 만 says "only." 우유도 마셔요 (I drink milk too); 우유만 마셔요 (I drink only milk, as in 54.14 일만 했어요). 은/는 sets a contrast and 도 sets a likeness: 저는 가요 (I'm going, though others are not); 저도 가요 (I'm going, as they are).
The adverbs. - 또한 (ttohan): "also, moreover, likewise." The standard dictionary glosses its first sense as "taking something as given, the same as it," and its second as "in addition to that." It begins a sentence or a clause and is a mark of writing, the news and formal speech: 정상에 오르니 구름이 걷히고 해가 떠오른다. 또한 바람도 조금씩 잦아든다 (54.25). It can stand beside 도, as here. In easy conversation people say 그리고 or 또 instead. - 역시 (yeoksi): "likewise, too" in formal writing (저 역시 학생입니다 is a formal 저도 학생입니다), and above all "as expected, after all": 역시 맛있네요 (It's delicious, as I expected). 54.26 uses it in the second sense, with 오늘도 before it. - 또 (tto): "again," from the sense of repetition: 또 왔어요 (he came again). 54.30 uses it as "again." It also joins a clause, "and also," but is the most casual form. - 그리고 (geurigo): "and, and then." It joins sentences and has no sense of "too."
Where 도 is not "also." 도 is also a word on its own in other senses: 도 (道) "province" (경기도, 강원도), 도 "degree" (삼십 도, thirty degrees) and 도 (道) "way" (as in 태권도). The context settles it. A noun + 도 in a sentence is "also."
Common Mistakes: - Keeping the old particle. 저는도, 책을도, *비가도 are wrong. Write 저도, 책도, 비도. - Dropping the place or direction particle. Write 도서관에도 갔어요, not 도서관도 갔어요, when the library is the place added. (In quick speech 도서관도 갔어요 may be heard, but keep the 에 in your own sentences.) - Putting a space before 도: *저 도 is wrong. It is attached to the word. - Confusing 저도 (I too) with 제도 (a system). - Putting the noun particle on a verb: 가요도, 먹어요도. Use -기도 하다 or restructure with the noun. - Reading 가도 돼요 as "also go." 가도 here is 가다 + -아/어도, "even if you go," and the sentence means "you may go." - Using 아무도 or 한 번도 with a positive verb for a negative sense. They need a negative verb. *아무도 왔어요 is wrong; say 아무도 안 왔어요 / 아무도 오지 않았어요. - Looking for "neither" or "either." Korean says 저도 안 가요 (I am not going either); the negative stays in the verb. - Forgetting the tense sound after a final ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ. 책도 is said 책또, 밥도 밥또, 이것도 이걷또. - Using 또한 in a casual chat for every "also." It sounds like a speech. Use 도 on the word, or 그리고, or 또.
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저도요 (me too) is one of the first and most useful replies in Korean. It answers 만나서 반갑습니다 (pleased to meet you), 감사합니다 (thank you) and 사랑해요 (I love you), and it keeps a conversation going without a verb. To an elder or a teacher the reply is 선생님도요 or 선생님께서도요 (you too, teacher), as in 새해 복 많이 받으세요 — 네, 선생님도요 (Happy New Year. — Yes, you too, teacher).
Because 도 attaches to a word, it appears in many fixed phrases of daily life: - 나도 모르게 (nado moreuge): without my knowing it, involuntarily. 나도 모르게 웃음이 나왔어요 (A smile came out before I knew it). - 너도 나도 (neodo nado): you and I, and so everybody. 너도 나도 다 아는 이야기 (a story that everybody knows). - 이것도 저것도 아니다: neither this nor that, neither one thing nor the other. - 하루도 빠짐없이: without missing a single day. 한 푼도 없다: without a penny. - 아무것도 아니에요: it's nothing, never mind.
Two Korean proverbs turn on 도 as "even." 원숭이도 나무에서 떨어진다 (54.15) is said when a practised hand makes a mistake: even a monkey, the best of tree climbers, falls from a tree. 아는 길도 물어 가라 (even a road you know, ask your way as you go) gives the advice that goes with it: be careful, even in what you know well. Both are listed in Korean proverb collections as warnings against overconfidence.
In a restaurant 도 helps a request sound small and polite: 물도 주세요 (54.3), 이것도 하나 주세요 (this one too, please). A guest who is asked "Do you want anything else?" will often answer with a 도 phrase and no verb at all: 김치도요 (Kimchi too, please).
Register: 도 is neutral and safe at every level. 또한 belongs to writing, speeches, the news, reports and business letters; where friends in conversation would say 그리고 or 또. 역시 is heard in speech, often with a note of satisfaction: 역시 한국 음식이 맛있어요 (Korean food is good, as I knew it would be). 오늘도 역시 (54.26) is a phrase of habit: today again, as ever.
The last line of Yun Dong-ju's 〈서시〉 (Section F) rests on 도, in 오늘 밤에도: tonight too.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
윤동주 (Yun Dong-ju, 1917–1945), 〈서시〉 — "Prologue" (literally "Preface Poem"), dated 1941 and printed as the opening poem of 《하늘과 바람과 별과 시》 (Sky, Wind, Stars and Poems), 1948
The whole poem, in modern spacing:
죽는 날까지 하늘을 우러러 한 점 부끄럼이 없기를, 잎새에 이는 바람에도 나는 괴로워했다. 별을 노래하는 마음으로 모든 죽어가는 것을 사랑해야지 그리고 나한테 주어진 길을 걸어가야겠다.
오늘 밤에도 별이 바람에 스치운다.
F-A: Interlinear
F.1a 죽는 dying 날까지 day-until 하늘을 sky 우러러 looking-up-to 한 one 점 speck 부끄럼이 shame 없기를 not-existing-hope
F.1b jungneun (JOONG-neun) die-ADNOMINAL nalkkaji (NAL-kka-ji) day-UNTIL haneureul (HA-neu-reul) sky-OBJ ureoreo (OO-ruh-ruh) look-up-to-CONN han (HAN) one jeom (JUHM) speck bukkeureomi (BOO-kkeu-ruh-mi) shame-SUBJ eopgireul (UHP-kki-reul) not-exist-NOMINALISER-OBJ
F.2a 잎새에 leaf-on 이는 arising 바람에도 wind-in-even 나는 I 괴로워했다 was-troubled
F.2b ipsaee (IP-ssaeh-eh) leaf-LOC ineun (EE-neun) arise-ADNOMINAL baramedo (BA-ra-meh-do) wind-LOC.ALSO.EVEN naneun (NA-neun) I-TOP goerowohaetda (GWEH-ro-wo-het-da) be-troubled-PAST.PLAIN
F.3a 별을 star 노래하는 singing 마음으로 heart-with 모든 every 죽어가는 dying 것을 thing 사랑해야지 must-love
F.3b byeoreul (BYUH-reul) star-OBJ noraehaneun (NO-reh-ha-neun) sing-ADNOMINAL maeumeuro (MA-eu-meu-ro) heart-WITH modeun (MO-deun) every jugeoganeun (JOO-guh-ga-neun) die-go-ADNOMINAL geoseul (GUH-seul) thing-OBJ saranghaeyaji (SA-rang-heh-ya-ji) love-MUST-RESOLVE
F.4a 그리고 and 나한테 to-me 주어진 given 길을 road 걸어가야겠다 must-walk-on
F.4b geurigo (GEU-ri-go) and nahante (NA-han-teh) I-DAT jueojin (JOO-uh-jin) give-PASSIVE-PAST.ADNOMINAL gireul (GEE-reul) road-OBJ georeogayagetda (GUH-ruh-ga-ya-get-da) walk-go-MUST-RESOLVE.PLAIN
F.5a 오늘 today 밤에도 night-in-also 별이 star 바람에 wind-by 스치운다 is-brushed
F.5b oneul (O-neul) today bamedo (BA-meh-do) night-LOC.ALSO byeori (BYUH-ri) star-SUBJ barame (BA-ra-meh) wind-BY seuchiunda (SEU-chi-oon-da) brush-PASSIVE-PLAIN
F-B: Original and Translation
죽는 날까지 하늘을 우러러 한 점 부끄럼이 없기를, / 잎새에 이는 바람에도 나는 괴로워했다. / 별을 노래하는 마음으로 모든 죽어가는 것을 사랑해야지 / 그리고 나한테 주어진 길을 걸어가야겠다. / 오늘 밤에도 별이 바람에 스치운다.
"Until the day I die, that I may have not a speck of shame before the heavens, / even at the wind that stirs the leaves I was troubled. / With a heart that sings of the stars, I must love all that is dying, / and I must walk the road that has been given to me. / Tonight too the stars are brushed by the wind." (Translation: Latinum Institute.)
F-C: Original
죽는 날까지 하늘을 우러러 한 점 부끄럼이 없기를, 잎새에 이는 바람에도 나는 괴로워했다. 별을 노래하는 마음으로 모든 죽어가는 것을 사랑해야지 그리고 나한테 주어진 길을 걸어가야겠다. 오늘 밤에도 별이 바람에 스치운다.
F-D: Grammar and Literary Commentary
The poem was written in 1941 and printed in the posthumous collection of 1948, as its opening poem. Yun Dong-ju died in 1945, and the poem is in the public domain. The text above follows the printed transcriptions consulted, which agree on the wording; they differ in small things of layout, such as the comma after 없기를 and the spacing of 죽어가는 (some print 죽어 가는). The lines are broken as in the common modern printing, with the last line standing alone.
The lesson's particle falls twice, and the two uses are the two main uses of the lesson. In 바람에도 (F.2) the sense is "even": the speaker was troubled even at the wind in the leaves, the least thing there is. The 도 picks out the smallest cause, as in 어린아이도 or 원숭이도 in Section A. In 오늘 밤에도 (F.5) the sense is "too, again": the stars are brushed by the wind tonight as well, as on the nights that went before. The particle follows 에 in both, exactly as Section D says: 바람에도, 밤에도, never *바람도 for "at the wind."
The poem is a promise made in three clauses, all with the resolving ending -아/어야 (사랑해야지, 걸어가야겠다: "I must love," "I must walk") and a wish with -기를 (없기를, "that there be none"). Then the last line, a plain statement in the present, goes back to the leaves and the wind. The resolution does not end the trouble. 도 is what makes the last line a repetition: "tonight too" says that there was a night before, and that there will be one after. A reader may take the line as the poem's quiet answer to its own vow, but that is a reading, and the text does not say so.
Some forms are not those of everyday speech. 부끄럼 is an older and poetic form of 부끄러움 (shame). 우러러 comes from 우러르다, "to look up at with reverence." 이는 is 일다, "to rise, to arise" (바람이 일다, the wind rises) in its adnominal form, with the ㄹ dropped before ㄴ. 스치운다 is a form of 스치다, "to brush past, to graze," in the passive sense: the stars are brushed by the wind (the modern form is 스친다). 나한테 is the spoken 나에게. 괴로워했다 is the past of 괴로워하다, "to suffer, be in distress."
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
Jiu and Minjun climb a mountain at dawn with an old neighbour. The narrative is in the plain written style (-ㄴ다 / -다) and in the present tense, as in the previous lessons. Every sentence group uses 도.
54.16a 새벽 dawn 다섯 five 시에 o'clock-at 지우도 Jiu-also 민준도 Minjun-also 배낭을 rucksack 메고 shouldering 집을 house 나선다 steps-out
54.16b saebyeok (SEH-byuk) dawn daseot (DA-suht) five sie (SHEE-eh) hour-AT jiudo (JEE-oo-do) Jiu-ALSO minjundo (MIN-joon-do) Minjun-ALSO baenangeul (BEH-nang-eul) rucksack-OBJ mego (MEH-go) shoulder-AND jibeul (JEE-beul) house-OBJ nasonda (NA-son-da) step-out-PLAIN
54.17a 정류장에는 bus-stop-at 옆집 next-door 할아버지도 old-man-also 서 standing 계신다 is
54.17b jeongnyujangeneun (JUNG-nyoo-jang-eh-neun) bus-stop-LOC.TOP yeopjip (YUP-jjip) next-door harabeojido (HA-ra-buh-ji-do) old-man-ALSO seo (SUH) stand-CONN gyesinda (GYEH-shin-da) be-HONORIFIC-PLAIN
54.18a 버스 bus 안에서도 inside-also 세 three 사람은 people 말도 word-even 없이 without 창밖만 window-outside-only 바라본다 gaze
54.18b beoseu (BUH-seu) bus aneseodo (A-neh-suh-do) inside-AT.ALSO se (SEH) three sarameun (SA-ra-meun) person-TOP maldo (MAL-do) word-ALSO.EVEN eopsi (UHP-ssi) without changbangman (CHANG-bang-man) window-outside-ONLY barabonda (BA-ra-bon-da) gaze-PLAIN
54.19a 산 mountain 입구에 entrance-at 내리자 as-soon-as-getting-off 찬 cold 바람이 wind 분다 blows 지우는 Jiu 장갑도 gloves-also 목도리도 scarf-also 꺼낸다 takes-out
54.19b san (SAN) mountain ipgue (IP-kku-eh) entrance-LOC naerija (NEH-ri-ja) get-off-AS.SOON.AS chan (CHAN) cold-ADNOMINAL barami (BA-ra-mi) wind-SUBJ bunda (BOON-da) blow-PLAIN jiuneun (JEE-oo-neun) Jiu-TOP janggapdo (JANG-gap-ddo) glove-ALSO mokdorido (MOK-ddo-ri-do) scarf-ALSO kkeonaenda (KKUH-nen-da) take-out-PLAIN
54.20a 민준은 Minjun 물도 water-also 간식도 snacks-also 넉넉히 plenty 챙겨 packing 왔다고 had-come-that 자랑한다 boasts
54.20b minjuneun (MIN-joo-neun) Minjun-TOP muldo (MOOL-do) water-ALSO gansikdo (GAN-shik-ddo) snack-ALSO neongneoki (NUNG-nuh-ki) plentifully chaenggyeo (CHENG-gyuh) pack-CONN watdago (WAT-dda-go) come-PAST.QUOTE jaranghanda (JA-rang-han-da) boast-PLAIN
54.21a 길은 path 가파르고 steep-and 돌도 stones-also 많아서 many-so 걷기가 walking 쉽지 easy 않다 isn't
54.21b gireun (GEE-reun) path-TOP gapareugo (GA-pa-reu-go) steep-AND doldo (DOL-do) stone-ALSO manaseo (MA-na-suh) many-SO geotgiga (GUHT-kki-ga) walk-NOMINALISER-SUBJ swipji (SHWIP-jji) easy-NEG.CONN anta (AN-ta) not-PLAIN
54.22a 할아버지도 old-man-also 숨이 breath 차신지 is-full-perhaps 자주 often 걸음을 step 멈춘다 stops
54.22b harabeojido (HA-ra-buh-ji-do) old-man-ALSO sumi (SOO-mi) breath-SUBJ chasinji (CHA-shin-ji) be-full-HONORIFIC-PERHAPS jaju (JA-joo) often georeumeul (GUH-reu-meul) step-OBJ meomchunda (MUM-choon-da) stop-PLAIN
54.23a 어느새 before-long 지우의 Jiu's 다리도 leg-also 아프기 hurting 시작한다 begins
54.23b eoneusae (UH-neu-seh) before-long jiuui (JEE-oo-eh) Jiu-GEN darido (DA-ri-do) leg-ALSO apeugi (A-peu-gi) hurt-NOMINALISER sijakanda (SHEE-ja-kan-da) begin-PLAIN
54.24a 그래도 even-so 아무도 anyone-even 돌아가자고 let's-go-back-that 말하지 saying 않는다 doesn't
54.24b geuraedo (GEU-reh-do) even-so amudo (A-moo-do) anyone-ALSO.EVEN doragajago (DO-ra-ga-ja-go) go-back-PROPOSE.QUOTE malhaji (MAL-ha-ji) say-NEG.CONN anneunda (AN-neun-da) not-PLAIN
54.25a 정상에 summit-at 오르니 upon-climbing 구름이 cloud 걷히고 clears-and 해가 sun 떠오른다 rises 또한 moreover 바람도 wind-also 조금씩 little-by-little 잦아든다 subsides
54.25b jeongsange (JUNG-sang-eh) summit-LOC oreuni (O-reu-ni) climb-UPON gureumi (GOO-reu-mi) cloud-SUBJ geochigo (GUH-chi-go) clear-AND haega (HEH-ga) sun-SUBJ tteooreunda (TTUH-o-reun-da) rise-PLAIN ttohan (TTO-han) moreover baramdo (BA-ram-do) wind-ALSO jogeumssik (JO-geum-ssik) little-EACH jajadeunda (JA-ja-deun-da) subside-PLAIN
54.26a 민준이 Minjun 오늘도 today-also 역시 as-expected 오길 coming 잘했어 did-well 라고 QUOTE 말한다 says
54.26b minjuni (MIN-joo-ni) Minjun-SUBJ oneuldo (O-neul-do) today-ALSO yeoksi (YUK-ssi) as-expected ogil (O-gil) come-NOMINALISER.OBJ jalhaesseo (JAL-hess-suh) do-well-PAST.INFORMAL rago (RA-go) QUOTE malhanda (MAL-han-da) say-PLAIN
54.27a 할아버지도 old-man-also 나도 I-also 같은 same 생각이야 thought-is 라고 QUOTE 웃으며 smiling 말씀하신다 says
54.27b harabeojido (HA-ra-buh-ji-do) old-man-ALSO nado (NA-do) I-PLAIN.ALSO gateun (GA-teun) same-ADNOMINAL saenggagiya (SENG-ga-gi-ya) thought-COP.INFORMAL rago (RA-go) QUOTE useumyeo (OO-seu-myuh) laugh-WHILE malsseumhasinda (MAL-sseum-ha-shin-da) say-HONORIFIC-PLAIN
54.28a 세 three 사람은 people 김밥을 kimbap 나눠 sharing 먹는다 eat 식은 cooled 김밥도 kimbap-even 보리차도 barley-tea-even 꿀맛이다 honey-taste-is
54.28b se (SEH) three sarameun (SA-ra-meun) person-TOP gimbabeul (GIM-ba-beul) kimbap-OBJ nanwo (NA-nwuh) share-CONN meongneunda (MUNG-neun-da) eat-PLAIN sigeun (SHI-geun) cool-PAST.ADNOMINAL gimbapdo (GIM-bap-ddo) kimbap-ALSO.EVEN borichado (BO-ri-cha-do) barley-tea-ALSO.EVEN kkulmasida (KKUL-ma-shi-da) honey-taste-COP.PLAIN
54.29a 내려오는 coming-down 길에도 road-on-also 만나는 meeting 사람마다 person-every 인사를 greeting 한다 does
54.29b naeryeooneun (NEH-ryuh-o-neun) come-down-ADNOMINAL giredo (GI-reh-do) road-LOC.ALSO mannaneun (MAN-na-neun) meet-ADNOMINAL sarammada (SA-ram-ma-da) person-EVERY insareul (IN-sa-reul) greeting-OBJ handa (HAN-da) do-PLAIN
54.30a 집에 home-to 돌아온 returned 지우는 Jiu 피곤한데도 though-tired 웃음이 smile 나고 emerges-and 다음 next 주에도 week-in-also 또 again 오고 coming 싶다고 wanting-that 생각한다 thinks
54.30b jibe (JEE-beh) home-LOC doraon (DO-ra-on) return-PAST.ADNOMINAL jiuneun (JEE-oo-neun) Jiu-TOP pigonhandedo (PI-gon-han-deh-do) tired-THOUGH.EVEN useumi (OO-seu-mi) smile-SUBJ nago (NA-go) emerge-AND daeum (DA-eum) next juedo (JOO-eh-do) week-LOC.ALSO tto (TTO) again ogo (O-go) come-AND sipdago (SHIP-dda-go) want-PLAIN.QUOTE saenggakanda (SENG-ga-kan-da) think-PLAIN
54.16 새벽 다섯 시에 지우도 민준도 배낭을 메고 집을 나선다. (saebyeok daseot sie jiudo minjundo baenangeul mego jibeul nasonda.) "At five in the morning both Jiu and Minjun shoulder their rucksacks and step out of the house." 54.17 정류장에는 옆집 할아버지도 서 계신다. (jeongnyujangeneun yeopjip harabeojido seo gyesinda.) "At the bus stop the old man from next door is standing too." 54.18 버스 안에서도 세 사람은 말도 없이 창밖만 바라본다. (beoseu aneseodo se sarameun maldo eopsi changbangman barabonda.) "Even on the bus the three of them say not a word and only gaze out of the window." 54.19 산 입구에 내리자 찬 바람이 분다. 지우는 장갑도 목도리도 꺼낸다. (san ipgue naerija chan barami bunda. jiuneun janggapdo mokdorido kkeonaenda.) "As they get off at the foot of the mountain a cold wind blows. Jiu takes out both her gloves and her scarf." 54.20 민준은 물도 간식도 넉넉히 챙겨 왔다고 자랑한다. (minjuneun muldo gansikdo neongneoki chaenggyeo watdago jaranghanda.) "Minjun boasts that he has brought plenty of water and snacks too." 54.21 길은 가파르고 돌도 많아서 걷기가 쉽지 않다. (gireun gapareugo doldo manaseo geotgiga swipji anta.) "The path is steep and has many stones as well, so it is not easy to walk." 54.22 할아버지도 숨이 차신지 자주 걸음을 멈춘다. (harabeojido sumi chasinji jaju georeumeul meomchunda.) "The old man too, perhaps because he is out of breath, often stops walking." 54.23 어느새 지우의 다리도 아프기 시작한다. (eoneusae jiuui darido apeugi sijakanda.) "Before long Jiu's legs begin to hurt too." 54.24 그래도 아무도 돌아가자고 말하지 않는다. (geuraedo amudo doragajago malhaji anneunda.) "Even so, nobody says, 'Let's turn back.'" 54.25 정상에 오르니 구름이 걷히고 해가 떠오른다. 또한 바람도 조금씩 잦아든다. (jeongsange oreuni gureumi geochigo haega tteooreunda. ttohan baramdo jogeumssik jajadeunda.) "At the summit the clouds clear and the sun rises. Moreover, the wind too drops little by little." 54.26 민준이 "오늘도 역시 오길 잘했어."라고 말한다. (minjuni "oneuldo yeoksi ogil jalhaesseo." rago malhanda.) "Minjun says, 'Today again, as I expected, we were right to come.'" 54.27 할아버지도 "나도 같은 생각이야."라고 웃으며 말씀하신다. (harabeojido "nado gateun saenggagiya." rago useumyeo malsseumhasinda.) "The old man, too, says with a smile, 'I think the same.'" (literally: "I too am of the same thought") 54.28 세 사람은 김밥을 나눠 먹는다. 식은 김밥도 보리차도 꿀맛이다. (se sarameun gimbabeul nanwo meongneunda. sigeun gimbapdo borichado kkulmasida.) "The three share the kimbap. Even the cold kimbap and the barley tea taste like honey." 54.29 내려오는 길에도 만나는 사람마다 인사를 한다. (naeryeooneun giredo mannaneun sarammada insareul handa.) "On the way down, too, they greet every person they meet." 54.30 집에 돌아온 지우는 피곤한데도 웃음이 나고, 다음 주에도 또 오고 싶다고 생각한다. (jibe doraon jiuneun pigonhandedo useumi nago, daeum juedo tto ogo sipdago saenggakanda.) "Back home, Jiu smiles in spite of being tired, and thinks that she would like to come again next week too."
54.16 새벽 다섯 시에 지우도 민준도 배낭을 메고 집을 나선다. 54.17 정류장에는 옆집 할아버지도 서 계신다. 54.18 버스 안에서도 세 사람은 말도 없이 창밖만 바라본다. 54.19 산 입구에 내리자 찬 바람이 분다. 지우는 장갑도 목도리도 꺼낸다. 54.20 민준은 물도 간식도 넉넉히 챙겨 왔다고 자랑한다. 54.21 길은 가파르고 돌도 많아서 걷기가 쉽지 않다. 54.22 할아버지도 숨이 차신지 자주 걸음을 멈춘다. 54.23 어느새 지우의 다리도 아프기 시작한다. 54.24 그래도 아무도 돌아가자고 말하지 않는다. 54.25 정상에 오르니 구름이 걷히고 해가 떠오른다. 또한 바람도 조금씩 잦아든다. 54.26 민준이 "오늘도 역시 오길 잘했어."라고 말한다. 54.27 할아버지도 "나도 같은 생각이야."라고 웃으며 말씀하신다. 54.28 세 사람은 김밥을 나눠 먹는다. 식은 김밥도 보리차도 꿀맛이다. 54.29 내려오는 길에도 만나는 사람마다 인사를 한다. 54.30 집에 돌아온 지우는 피곤한데도 웃음이 나고, 다음 주에도 또 오고 싶다고 생각한다.
도…도 and the plain style (54.16, 54.19, 54.20). 지우도 민준도 (both Jiu and Minjun) takes one verb, in the same form as for one subject: 메고 … 나선다. 장갑도 목도리도 꺼낸다 and 물도 간식도 챙겨 왔다 do the same for objects, where 도 stands in the place of 을/를. A list of items is the commonest home of 도…도.
도 after 에서, 에, 에는 (54.17, 54.18, 54.29, 54.30). 정류장에는 sets the stage with 에는 (the topic form). 안에서도, 길에도 and 주에도 show 도 following the place and time particles. A time word can take 도 to mean "as well, again": 다음 주에도 (next week too).
말도 없이 (54.18). 말도 없이 is "without even a word": 도 picks the least that could have been said. The usual form in speech is 아무 말도 없이, with 아무 (any) in front. 창밖만 is "only the window outside": 만 is the "only" that is the opposite number of 도.
-(으)ㄴ지 (54.22). 숨이 차신지 is "perhaps because he is out of breath" (the 신 is the honorific). After a clause -(으)ㄴ지 can give a guess about the reason, and the narrator uses it for what cannot be known from outside. The old man's 도 says that he too is struggling, as Jiu will be in 54.23.
-기 시작하다 (54.23). 아프기 시작한다 is "begins to hurt": the verb stem + -기 + 시작하다. 다리도 is "legs too," on top of the old man's.
아무도 … 않는다 (54.24). 아무도 needs a negative verb, here 않는다 (the plain form of 않다). 돌아가자고 말하지 않는다 is "does not say 'let's go back.'" -자고 quotes a proposal.
또한 and 도 (54.25). 또한 opens the second sentence and links it to the first: moreover. 바람도 then says that the wind too is a part of the change on the summit, with the cloud and the sun. 또한 is a feature of written style and suits a narrator.
역시 (54.26). 오늘도 역시 오길 잘했어: "today again, as ever, we were right to come." 역시 here is "as expected." 오길 is the shortened form of 오기를 (the act of coming, as object). 오기를 잘했다 is "we did well to come, we were right to come."
Speech inside a plain narration (54.26, 54.27). The quoted speech is in the plain-informal ending (-어, -야), and the narrator's sentence is in the plain style (-ㄴ다). 나도 같은 생각이야 is "I too am of the same thought" (생각이야 is 생각이다 in the informal style). The old man speaks to people younger than he is, in the plain informal. 말씀하신다 honours the speaker.
식은 김밥도 (54.28). 식은 is the past adnominal of 식다, "to cool." 식은 김밥도 꿀맛이다 is "even the cooled kimbap is honey-tasting": the 도 picks the least likely case. 보리차도 adds the tea. 꿀맛 (honey-taste) is a figure for "very good."
사람마다 (54.29). 마다 is "every, each": 사람마다 is "every single person." 만나는 사람마다 is "each person one meets."
-(으)ㄴ데도 (54.30). 피곤한데도 is "although tired" and "in spite of being tired": the ending -(으)ㄴ데 + 도. It is the clause form of the particle's "even." 또 오고 싶다고 생각한다 closes the story with a quoted thought: -고 싶다 + -다고 생각하다.
Plain-style endings. Verb stems take -ㄴ다 / -는다 (나선다, 먹는다); adjectives and the copula take -다 (않다 in 쉽지 않다, 꿀맛이다); -ㄴ다 after a vowel, -는다 after a consonant, and a final ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ becomes a nasal before the ㄴ of -는다: 먹는다 is said [멍는다].
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도 (do) — IPA: /to/ — One syllable. The ㄷ is a plain, soft consonant: [t] at the start of a word, [d] between vowels or after a nasal or ㄹ. The vowel ㅗ is a rounded "oh," as in "go" but shorter and without the glide. 저도 (jeodo) — IPA: /tɕʌ.do/ — Voiced [d], with no tense sound: [저도]. In the same way 내일도, 어제도 and 오늘도 are said with a soft [d]. 물도 (muldo) — IPA: /mul.do/ — After ㄹ the ㄷ stays soft: [물도]. Likewise 사람도 /sa.ɾam.do/ after ㅁ, and 한 번도 /han.bʌn.do/ after ㄴ. 이것도 (igeotdo) — IPA: /i.ɡʌt̚.t͈o/ — The final ㅅ of 것 is said as a closed /t̚/, and the ㄷ after it is tense: [이걷또]. 책도 (chaekdo) — IPA: /tɕʰɛk̚.t͈o/ — ㄷ after a final ㄱ is tense: [책또]. In the same way 밥도 /pap̚.t͈o/ is [밥또], 꽃도 /k͈ot̚.t͈o/ is [꼳또], 부엌도 /pu.ʌk̚.t͈o/ is [부억또]. 장갑도 (janggapdo) — IPA: /tɕaŋ.ɡap̚.t͈o/ — [장갑또]. 간식도 (gansikdo) /kan.ɕik̚.t͈o/ is [간식또], 목도리도 (mokdorido) /mok̚.t͈o.ɾi.do/ is [목또리도], 김밥도 (gimbapdo) is [김밥또]. 먹지도 (meokjido) — IPA: /mʌk̚.t͈ɕi.do/ — ㅈ after the final ㄱ is tense: [먹찌도]. The 도 itself is soft. 에서도 (eseodo) — IPA: /e.sʌ.do/ — Soft [d]: [에서도]. 에도 /e.do/, 에게도 /e.ɡe.do/ and 길에도 /ki.ɾe.do/ ([기레도], the ㄹ moves across to the vowel) are the same. 아무도 (amudo) — IPA: /a.mu.do/ — [아무도]. 아무것도 (amugeotdo) /a.mu.ɡʌt̚.t͈o/ is [아무건또]. 또한 (ttohan) — IPA: /t͈o.han/ — ㄸ is a tense consonant: the air is held and released at once, with no puff: [또한]. 역시 (yeoksi) — IPA: /jʌk̚.ɕ͈i/ — ㅅ after a final ㄱ is tense: [역씨]. 같아요 (gatayo) — IPA: /ka.tʰa.jo/ — ㅌ is said as one aspirated sound: [가타요]. After 것 the ㄱ is tense: 것 같아요 /kʌt̚.k͈a.tʰa.jo/, [걷까타요]. 많아서 (manaseo) — IPA: /ma.na.sʌ/ — The ㅎ of ㅀ falls silent between vowels: [마나서]. 걷기가 (geotgiga) — IPA: /kʌt̚.k͈i.ɡa/ — ㄱ after the final ㄷ is tense: [걷끼가]. 넉넉히 (neongneoki) — IPA: /nʌŋ.nʌ.kʰi/ — ㄱ of 넉 becomes /ŋ/ before ㄴ, and ㄱ and ㅎ fuse into aspirated /kʰ/: [넝너키]. 창밖만 (changbangman) — IPA: /tɕʰaŋ.baŋ.man/ — The final ㄲ is said as ㄱ, which becomes /ŋ/ before ㅁ: [창방만]. 옆집 (yeopjip) — IPA: /jʌp̚.t͈ɕip̚/ — The final ㅍ is said as /p̚/ and the ㅈ after it is tense: [엽찝]. 입구에 (ipgue) — IPA: /ip̚.k͈u.e/ — ㄱ after a final ㅂ is tense: [입꾸에]. 정류장 (jeongnyujang) — IPA: /tɕʌŋ.nju.dʑaŋ/ — ㄹ after ㅇ is said as ㄴ: [정뉴장]. 웃으며 (useumyeo) — IPA: /u.sɯ.mjʌ/ — The ㅅ of 웃 moves across to the vowel of 으: [우스며]. 꿀맛이다 (kkulmasida) — IPA: /k͈ul.ma.ɕi.da/ — The ㅅ of 맛 moves across to the vowel of 이: [꿀마시다]. 먹는다 (meongneunda) — IPA: /mʌŋ.nɯn.da/ — ㄱ before ㄴ becomes ㅇ: [멍는다]. 피곤한데도 (pigonhandedo) — IPA: /pʰi.ɡon.han.de.do/ — Every ㄷ is soft: [피곤한데도]. 원숭이도 (wonsungido) — IPA: /wʌn.suŋ.i.do/ — [원숭이도].
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