For autodidact students of Korean, 뒤로 (dwiro) is "back, backward, to the back": the word for movement toward the rear. It is made of two small parts, the noun 뒤 (dwi), "the back, the rear, what is behind, what comes after," and the direction particle 로 (ro), "toward." 차가 뒤로 가요 (the car goes backward). 의자를 뒤로 밀어요 (I push the chair back). 한 걸음 뒤로 물러나세요 (Please step back one step).
The word list gives "back" as an adverb of direction, with the note "return/rear." English "back" carries both ideas in one syllable, and Korean splits them. Toward the rear is 뒤로. Returning to where one began is a different group of words, and the lesson sets the two side by side: - 뒤로 (dwiro): toward the back, backward. The direction of a movement or a thing. 뒤로 가요 (it goes backward). - 돌아가다 (doragada): to go back, to return to where one belongs or began. 집으로 돌아가요 (I go back home). - 돌아오다 (doraoda): to come back, to return toward the speaker. 한국에 돌아왔어요 (I came back to Korea). - 도로 (doro): back again, in the reverse direction or to the former state. It is less common in speech than 다시, and Section F has it in a poem: 도로 가 들여다보니 (going back and looking in again). - 되- (doe-), 돌려- (dollyeo-): the prefixes of "back" in verbs: 되돌아가다 (turn back and go), 되찾다 (get back what was lost), 돌려주다 (give back), 돌려받다 (get back, receive in return). - 다시 (dasi): "again," and so the "back" of "call back": 다시 전화할게요 (I will call back). - 등 (deung): the back of the body. It is not 뒤: 등이 아파요 (My back hurts).
The noun 뒤 has a place form and a motion form, and the difference matters from the first day. 뒤에 (dwie) says where something is: 문 뒤에 있어요 (It is behind the door). 뒤로 (dwiro) says where something goes: 문 뒤로 숨었어요 (It hid behind the door; it went there and hid). The same 뒤로 also looks at time: 그 뒤로 (geu dwiro) is "since then, from then on."
Script note: 뒤 is a single syllable block, ㄷ + ㅟ, and 로 is ㄹ + ㅗ. The particle is 로, not 으로, because 뒤 ends in a vowel (after a consonant it is 으로: 안으로, 앞으로). The ㄷ at the start of 뒤 is plain, and the ㄹ between two vowels is a quick tap of the tongue. The Revised Romanization of this course spells it dwiro, and the pronunciation respelling is DWEE-ro. Do not confuse 뒤 (dwi, back) with 위 (wi, above, up): only the first letter differs.
Key Takeaways: - 뒤로 (dwiro): backward, to the back. 뒤 (back, rear) + 로 (toward) - 뒤로 is for movement and direction; 뒤에 is for place (behind, at the back, after) - 앞으로 is its opposite: forward, and also "from now on" - 그 뒤로: since then. 뒤로 미루다: put off, postpone. 뒤로하다: leave behind - "Back" as return is not 뒤로: 돌아가다 (go back), 돌아오다 (come back), 돌려주다 (give back), 되찾다 (get back) - The back of the body is 등. The back door is 뒷문, the back seat 뒷자리 - 뒤로 takes 는, 만 and 도: 뒤로는, 뒤로만, 뒤로도
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55.1a 뒤로 backward 가요 go
55.1b dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR gayo (GA-yo) go-POLITE
55.2a 뒤로 to-the-back 오세요 please-come
55.2b dwiro (DWEE-ro) back-DIR oseyo (O-seh-yo) come-HONORIFIC.POLITE
55.3a 한 one 걸음 step 뒤로 backward 물러나세요 please-step-away
55.3b han (HAN) one georeum (GUH-reum) step dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR mulleonaseyo (MOOL-luh-na-seh-yo) step-away-HONORIFIC.POLITE
55.4a 차가 car 천천히 slowly 뒤로 backward 가요 goes
55.4b chaga (CHA-ga) car-SUBJ cheoncheonhi (CHUN-chun-hee) slowly dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR gayo (GA-yo) go-POLITE
55.5a 의자를 chair 뒤로 backward 밀어요 push
55.5b uijareul (UI-ja-reul) chair-OBJ dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR mireoyo (MI-ruh-yo) push-POLITE
55.6a 고양이가 cat 문 door 뒤로 behind 숨었어요 hid
55.6b goyangiga (GO-yang-i-ga) cat-SUBJ mun (MOON) door dwiro (DWEE-ro) back-DIR sumeosseoyo (SOO-muh-ssuh-yo) hide-PAST.POLITE
55.7a 머리를 hair 뒤로 backward 묶었어요 tied
55.7b meorireul (MUH-ri-reul) hair-OBJ dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR mukkeosseoyo (MOO-kkuh-ssuh-yo) tie-PAST.POLITE
55.8a 그는 he 고개를 head 뒤로 backward 젖히고 tilting 웃었어요 laughed
55.8b geuneun (GEU-neun) he-TOP gogaereul (GO-gae-reul) head-OBJ dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR jeochigo (JUH-chi-go) tilt-AND useosseoyo (OO-suh-ssuh-yo) laugh-PAST.POLITE
55.9a 아이가 child 의자에서 chair-from 뒤로 backward 넘어졌어요 fell-over
55.9b aiga (A-i-ga) child-SUBJ uijaeseo (UI-ja-eh-suh) chair-FROM dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR neomeojyeosseoyo (NUH-muh-jyuh-ssuh-yo) fall-over-PAST.POLITE
55.10a 그 that 뒤로 after-since 비가 rain 계속 continuously 왔어요 came
55.10b geu (GEU) that dwiro (DWEE-ro) after-SINCE biga (BI-ga) rain-SUBJ gyesok (GYEH-sok) continuously wasseoyo (WASS-suh-yo) come-PAST.POLITE
55.11a 앞으로 forward 세 three 걸음 step 가고 go-and 뒤로 backward 두 two 걸음 step 가세요 please-go
55.11b apeuro (A-peu-ro) forward-DIR se (SEH) three georeum (GUH-reum) step gago (GA-go) go-AND dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR du (DOO) two georeum (GUH-reum) step gaseyo (GA-seh-yo) go-HONORIFIC.POLITE
55.12a 사진을 photo 찍으려고 in-order-to-take 모두 everyone 뒤로 backward 한 one 걸음씩 step-each 물러섰어요 stepped-back
55.12b sajineul (SA-ji-neul) photo-OBJ jjigeuryeogo (JJI-geu-ryuh-go) take-IN.ORDER.TO modu (MO-doo) everyone dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR han (HAN) one georeumssik (GUH-reum-ssik) step-EACH mulleoseosseoyo (MOOL-luh-suh-ssuh-yo) step-back-PAST.POLITE
55.13a 차를 car 뒤로 backward 빼 pull 주셔야 give-only-if 트럭이 truck 지나갈 pass 수 way 있어요 exists
55.13b chareul (CHA-reul) car-OBJ dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR ppae (PPEH) pull-CONN jusyeoya (JOO-shuh-ya) give-HONORIFIC-ONLY.IF teureogi (TEU-ruh-gi) truck-SUBJ jinagal (JI-na-gal) pass-PROSPECTIVE su (SOO) way isseoyo (EESS-suh-yo) exist-POLITE
55.14a 그 that 사람은 person 앞에서는 front-at-TOP 웃으면서 smiling-while 뒤로는 back-TOP 다른 different 말을 words 해요 say
55.14b geu (GEU) that sarameun (SA-ra-meun) person-TOP apeseoneun (A-peh-suh-neun) front-AT.TOP useumyeonseo (OO-seu-myuhn-suh) smile-WHILE dwironeun (DWEE-ro-neun) back-DIR.TOP dareun (DA-reun) different-ADNOMINAL mareul (MA-reul) word-OBJ haeyo (HEH-yo) say-POLITE
55.15a 한 one 번 time 뒤로 back 미루면 postpone-if 계속 continuously 미루게 postponing 돼요 become
55.15b han (HAN) one beon (BUHN) time dwiro (DWEE-ro) back-DIR mirumyeon (MI-ru-myuhn) postpone-IF gyesok (GYEH-sok) continuously miruge (MI-ru-ge) postpone-ADV dwaeyo (DWEH-yo) become-POLITE
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55.1 뒤로 가요. (dwiro gayo) "It goes backward." (or "I go backward.") 55.2 뒤로 오세요. (dwiro oseyo) "Please come to the back." 55.3 한 걸음 뒤로 물러나세요. (han georeum dwiro mulleonaseyo) "Please step back one step." 55.4 차가 천천히 뒤로 가요. (chaga cheoncheonhi dwiro gayo) "The car goes backward slowly." 55.5 의자를 뒤로 밀어요. (uijareul dwiro mireoyo) "I push the chair back." 55.6 고양이가 문 뒤로 숨었어요. (goyangiga mun dwiro sumeosseoyo) "The cat hid behind the door." 55.7 머리를 뒤로 묶었어요. (meorireul dwiro mukkeosseoyo) "I tied my hair back." 55.8 그는 고개를 뒤로 젖히고 웃었어요. (geuneun gogaereul dwiro jeochigo useosseoyo) "He threw his head back and laughed." 55.9 아이가 의자에서 뒤로 넘어졌어요. (aiga uijaeseo dwiro neomeojyeosseoyo) "The child fell over backward off the chair." 55.10 그 뒤로 비가 계속 왔어요. (geu dwiro biga gyesok wasseoyo) "Since then it has kept raining." 55.11 앞으로 세 걸음 가고 뒤로 두 걸음 가세요. (apeuro se georeum gago dwiro du georeum gaseyo) "Go three steps forward and two steps back." 55.12 사진을 찍으려고 모두 뒤로 한 걸음씩 물러섰어요. (sajineul jjigeuryeogo modu dwiro han georeumssik mulleoseosseoyo) "To take the photograph, everyone stepped back one step each." 55.13 차를 뒤로 빼 주셔야 트럭이 지나갈 수 있어요. (chareul dwiro ppae jusyeoya teureogi jinagal su isseoyo) "The truck can pass only if you back the car up." 55.14 그 사람은 앞에서는 웃으면서 뒤로는 다른 말을 해요. (geu sarameun apeseoneun useumyeonseo dwironeun dareun mareul haeyo) "That person smiles to your face but says something different behind your back." 55.15 한 번 뒤로 미루면 계속 미루게 돼요. (han beon dwiro mirumyeon gyesok miruge dwaeyo) "Once you put something off, you keep putting it off."
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55.1 뒤로 가요. 55.2 뒤로 오세요. 55.3 한 걸음 뒤로 물러나세요. 55.4 차가 천천히 뒤로 가요. 55.5 의자를 뒤로 밀어요. 55.6 고양이가 문 뒤로 숨었어요. 55.7 머리를 뒤로 묶었어요. 55.8 그는 고개를 뒤로 젖히고 웃었어요. 55.9 아이가 의자에서 뒤로 넘어졌어요. 55.10 그 뒤로 비가 계속 왔어요. 55.11 앞으로 세 걸음 가고 뒤로 두 걸음 가세요. 55.12 사진을 찍으려고 모두 뒤로 한 걸음씩 물러섰어요. 55.13 차를 뒤로 빼 주셔야 트럭이 지나갈 수 있어요. 55.14 그 사람은 앞에서는 웃으면서 뒤로는 다른 말을 해요. 55.15 한 번 뒤로 미루면 계속 미루게 돼요.
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These are the grammar rules for 뒤로 (dwiro), "back, backward."
How 뒤로 is built. 뒤 is a noun: "the back, the rear, the place behind, the time after." 로 is the particle of direction and means. After a vowel or ㄹ it is 로, and after any other consonant it is 으로. 뒤 ends in a vowel, so the form is 뒤로. 뒤로 is therefore a noun with a particle, and not a free adverb, which is why it can take the other particles that come after a direction word: - 뒤로는 (dwironeun), topic or contrast: 앞에서는 웃으면서 뒤로는 다른 말을 해요 (55.14). - 뒤로만 (dwiroman), "only backward": 차가 뒤로만 가요 (the car only goes backward). - 뒤로도 (dwirodo), "backward too," with the 도 of Lesson 54: 이 차는 뒤로도 빨리 가요 (This car goes quickly backward too).
The forms of 뒤. Each particle gives a different reading: - 뒤 (dwi): back, rear, behind, later. - 뒤에 (dwie): at the back, behind, after. The place or the time. 문 뒤에 있어요 (It is behind the door). 일주일 뒤에 (a week later). - 뒤에서 (dwieseo): at the back, where an action takes place, or from behind. 뒤에서 기다려요 (I wait at the back). 뒤에서 밀어요 (I push from behind). - 뒤로 (dwiro): toward the back, backward. The direction of a movement (55.1 to 55.13). - 뒤를 (dwireul): the object. 뒤를 봐요 (I look behind). 뒤를 따라가요 (I follow behind). - 뒤쪽 (dwijjok): the rear side. 뒷- (dwit-) before a noun: 뒷문 (dwinmun, the back door), 뒷자리 (dwitjari, the back seat), 뒷마당 (dwinmadang, the backyard). Never *뒤문.
뒤로 or 뒤에. Choose by whether something moves. 뒤에 answers "where is it?" and 뒤로 answers "where does it go?": - 차가 뒤로 가요 (the car goes backward); not *차가 뒤에 가요. - 의자를 뒤로 밀어요 (I push the chair back, 55.5); 의자는 책상 뒤에 있어요 (The chair is behind the desk). - With a verb of hiding, either is natural, and the difference is small: 문 뒤에 숨어 있어요 (it is hidden behind the door, a state), 문 뒤로 숨었어요 (it went behind the door and hid, 55.6).
The verbs that 뒤로 goes with. 가다 (go), 오다 (come), 물러나다 and 물러서다 (step back, withdraw), 밀다 (push), 빼다 (pull out, back up), 묶다 (tie), 젖히다 (tilt back), 넘어지다 (fall over), 움직이다 (move), 기대다 (lean), 돌다 and 돌리다 (turn). Fixed phrases: - 뒤로 돌다 / 뒤로 돌아! (dwiro dora): turn right round, "About face!" - 뒤로 미루다 (dwiro miruda): to put off, to postpone. 55.15. The sources consulted gloss it as "postpone, put off." - 뒤로하다 (dwirohada): to leave behind, written as one word. 고향을 뒤로하고 떠났어요 (I left my hometown behind me).
Time: 그 뒤로 (55.10). 뒤 means "what comes after," and 뒤로 gives the sense "from then on, since": 그 뒤로 비가 계속 왔어요 (Since then it has kept raining). 그 후로 (geu huro) says the same, and is slightly more formal. 뒤에 gives a point in time: 삼 일 뒤에 (three days later). Do not use 뒤로 for "three days later."
앞으로, the opposite number. 앞으로 (apeuro) is "forward" (55.11: 앞으로 세 걸음). It is also "from now on, in the future": 앞으로 잘 부탁드립니다 (Please take care of me from now on). The two meanings are not confused in practice: the context shows if someone is walking or planning. Notice the pair in 55.11: 앞으로 … 뒤로 … is the way to give a route forward and backward.
The pair 앞에서는 … 뒤로는 … (55.14). 앞에서는 is "in front (of people)," 뒤로는 is "at the back, out of sight." The pair describes someone whose manner and acts differ. It stands in the proverb 뒤로 호박씨 깐다 (Section E).
"Back" as return: the other words. None of these is 뒤로: - 돌아가다 (doragada): to go back to where one belongs or began. It is 돌다 (to turn) + 가다 (to go). The place takes 으로 or 에: 집으로 돌아가요 (I go back home). 돌아가세요 is the polite "Please go back (home)." - 돌아오다 (doraoda): to come back, toward the speaker. 집에 돌아왔어요 (I have come back home). Choose 가다 or 오다 as English chooses between "go back" and "come back." - 되돌아가다 / 되돌아오다 (doedoragada / doedoraoda): to turn round and go back, the way one came. - 돌려주다 (dollyeojuda): to give back. 책을 돌려주세요 (Please give the book back). 돌려받다 (dollyeobatda): to get back, to receive in return. - 되찾다 (doechatda): to get back what was lost. 지갑을 되찾았어요 (I got my wallet back). - 도로 (doro): back, back again, as in the poem of Section F. It is less common in everyday speech than 다시. (There is also a noun 도로, "road," a different word.) - 다시 (dasi): again. 다시 전화할게요 (I will call back); 다시 올게요 (I will come back, I will come again). - 답장 (dapjang): a written reply, "writing back": 답장을 썼어요 (I wrote back).
돌아가다, "to die." 돌아가다 has a second sense: in its honorific form 돌아가시다 it is the verb for the death of an elder, as in 할아버지께서 돌아가셨어요 (Grandfather has passed away). When a place is named, the sense is plain: 집으로 돌아가세요 is "Please go back home."
Common Mistakes: - Using 뒤에 for motion. *차가 뒤에 가요 is wrong. Write 차가 뒤로 가요. - Using 뒤로 for return. *집에 뒤로 가요 is wrong. Say 집에 돌아가요 or just 집에 가요. - Using 뒤 alone as an adverb. *뒤 가요 is wrong. Write 뒤로 가요. - Writing 뒤으로. After a vowel the particle is 로. (For a consonant: 안으로, 앞으로.) - Confusing 뒤 (back) with 위 (above). Check the first vowel. - Writing 뒤문, 뒤자리. Before a noun the form is 뒷-: 뒷문, 뒷자리. - Translating "my back hurts" as *뒤가 아파요. The body part is 등: 등이 아파요 (or 허리가 아파요 for the lower back). - Using 뒤로 to mean "later." 일주일 뒤에 is "a week later"; 뒤로 gives "since then." - Using 뒤로 for "go back to the beginning." Say 처음으로 돌아가요.
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앞으로 잘 부탁드립니다 (From now on, I ask for your good care) is one of the standard sentences of meeting: a new colleague, a new class, a new neighbour. It uses the "future" sense of 앞으로, and it sets up the picture of Section D: 앞 is what lies ahead, and 뒤 is what lies behind. In sentences about the past, 그 뒤로 (since then) looks back along the same line.
The drill commands of school sports days and the army are familiar to most Koreans: 앞으로 가! (forward, march!) and 뒤로 돌아! (about face!). 뒤로 돌아 is the whole turn through half a circle, and it is a good phrase to learn for its rhythm: dwiro dora.
On a phone or a computer, "Back" is 뒤로 가기 (dwiro gagi, "going back"): the button on a browser or an app. 뒤로 is the word of the arrow that takes you to the screen before.
뒤로하다 is a phrase of the written language, in the news and in literature, for leaving something behind with a feeling attached: 고향을 뒤로하고 (leaving one's hometown behind), 부모님의 염려를 뒤로하고 (setting aside the parents' worry). It is the word for a departure that costs something.
The proverb 뒤로 호박씨 깐다 is said of a person who seems quiet and well-behaved but does something quite different where nobody can see: "to shell pumpkin seeds behind one's back." The dictionaries and proverb sources consulted give the sense "the outside differs from the inside," and note that the older form was 뒤로 and the later form 뒷구멍으로 (by the back way), which has attracted speculation about its origin. Section A, 55.14, is the plain-speech version of the same thought.
Putting something off is 뒤로 미루다. It is the Korean phrase for procrastination, and 55.15 states the usual complaint about it. A teacher or a parent will say 숙제를 뒤로 미루지 마세요 (Don't put your homework off).
Register: 뒤로 is neutral and is safe at every level. 뒤로하다 and 그 후로 belong to the written and formal language, 그 뒤로 to speech and writing alike.
The poem of Section F does not contain 뒤로. It is chosen for the other half of English "back," the return: 돌아가다 three times and 도로 once, in a short poem whose whole movement is going back to a well and coming away again.
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윤동주 (Yun Dong-ju, 1917–1945), 〈자화상〉 — "Self-Portrait," dated September 1939 in the sources consulted and printed in 《하늘과 바람과 별과 시》 (Sky, Wind, Stars and Poems), 1948
The whole poem, in modern spacing:
산모퉁이를 돌아 논가 외딴 우물을 홀로 찾아가선 가만히 들여다봅니다. 우물 속에는 달이 밝고 구름이 흐르고 하늘이 펼치고 파아란 바람이 불고 가을이 있습니다.
그리고 한 사나이가 있습니다.
어쩐지 그 사나이가 미워져 돌아갑니다. 돌아가다 생각하니 그 사나이가 가엾어집니다. 도로 가 들여다보니 사나이는 그대로 있습니다.
다시 그 사나이가 미워져 돌아갑니다. 돌아가다 생각하니 그 사나이가 그리워집니다.
우물 속에는 달이 밝고 구름이 흐르고 하늘이 펼치고 파아란 바람이 불고 가을이 있고 추억처럼 사나이가 있습니다.
F-A: Interlinear
F.1a 산모퉁이를 mountain-corner 돌아 turning 논가 paddy-edge 외딴 lonely 우물을 well 홀로 alone 찾아가선 seeking-out 가만히 quietly 들여다봅니다 look-into
F.1b sanmotungireul (SAN-mo-toong-i-reul) mountain-bend-OBJ dora (DO-ra) turn-CONN nonga (NON-ga) paddy-edge oettan (WEH-ttan) lonely-ADNOMINAL umureul (OO-moo-reul) well-OBJ hollo (HOL-lo) alone chajagaseon (CHA-ja-ga-suhn) seek-go-CONN.TOP gamanhi (GA-man-hi) quietly deuryeodabomnida (DEU-ryuh-da-bom-ni-da) look-into-FORMAL.POLITE
F.2a 우물 well 속에는 inside-TOP 달이 moon 밝고 bright-and 구름이 cloud 흐르고 flowing-and 하늘이 sky 펼치고 spreading-and 파아란 blue 바람이 wind 불고 blowing-and 가을이 autumn 있습니다 exists
F.2b umul (OO-mool) well sogeneun (SO-geh-neun) inside-LOC.TOP dari (DA-ri) moon-SUBJ balgo (BAL-go) bright-AND gureumi (GOO-reu-mi) cloud-SUBJ heureugo (HEU-reu-go) flow-AND haneuri (HA-neu-ri) sky-SUBJ pyeolchigo (PYUHL-chi-go) spread-AND paaran (PA-a-ran) blue-ADNOMINAL barami (BA-ra-mi) wind-SUBJ bulgo (BOOL-go) blow-AND gaeuri (GA-eu-ri) autumn-SUBJ isseumnida (ISS-seum-ni-da) exist-FORMAL.POLITE
F.3a 그리고 and 한 one 사나이가 man 있습니다 exists
F.3b geurigo (GEU-ri-go) and han (HAN) one sanaiga (SA-na-i-ga) man-SUBJ isseumnida (ISS-seum-ni-da) exist-FORMAL.POLITE
F.4a 어쩐지 somehow 그 that 사나이가 man 미워져 hateful-becoming 돌아갑니다 go-back
F.4b eojjeonji (UH-jjuhn-ji) somehow geu (GEU) that sanaiga (SA-na-i-ga) man-SUBJ miwojyeo (MI-wuh-jyuh) hateful-BECOME-CONN doragamnida (DO-ra-gam-ni-da) go-back-FORMAL.POLITE
F.5a 돌아가다 going-back 생각하니 thinking-upon 그 that 사나이가 man 가엾어집니다 pitiable-becomes
F.5b doragada (DO-ra-ga-da) go-back-WHILE saenggakani (SENG-ga-ka-ni) think-UPON geu (GEU) that sanaiga (SA-na-i-ga) man-SUBJ gayeopseojimnida (GA-yuhp-ssuh-jim-ni-da) pitiable-BECOME-FORMAL.POLITE
F.6a 도로 back 가 going 들여다보니 looking-into-upon 사나이는 man 그대로 as-it-was 있습니다 exists
F.6b doro (DO-ro) back ga (GA) go-CONN deuryeodaboni (DEU-ryuh-da-bo-ni) look-into-UPON sanaineun (SA-na-i-neun) man-TOP geudaero (GEU-dae-ro) as-it-was isseumnida (ISS-seum-ni-da) exist-FORMAL.POLITE
F.7a 다시 again 그 that 사나이가 man 미워져 hateful-becoming 돌아갑니다 go-back
F.7b dasi (DA-si) again geu (GEU) that sanaiga (SA-na-i-ga) man-SUBJ miwojyeo (MI-wuh-jyuh) hateful-BECOME-CONN doragamnida (DO-ra-gam-ni-da) go-back-FORMAL.POLITE
F.8a 돌아가다 going-back 생각하니 thinking-upon 그 that 사나이가 man 그리워집니다 longed-for-becomes
F.8b doragada (DO-ra-ga-da) go-back-WHILE saenggakani (SENG-ga-ka-ni) think-UPON geu (GEU) that sanaiga (SA-na-i-ga) man-SUBJ geuriwojimnida (GEU-ri-wo-jim-ni-da) longed-for-BECOME-FORMAL.POLITE
F.9a 우물 well 속에는 inside-TOP 달이 moon 밝고 bright-and 구름이 cloud 흐르고 flowing-and 하늘이 sky 펼치고 spreading-and 파아란 blue 바람이 wind 불고 blowing-and 가을이 autumn 있고 exists-and 추억처럼 memory-like 사나이가 man 있습니다 exists
F.9b umul (OO-mool) well sogeneun (SO-geh-neun) inside-LOC.TOP dari (DA-ri) moon-SUBJ balgo (BAL-go) bright-AND gureumi (GOO-reu-mi) cloud-SUBJ heureugo (HEU-reu-go) flow-AND haneuri (HA-neu-ri) sky-SUBJ pyeolchigo (PYUHL-chi-go) spread-AND paaran (PA-a-ran) blue-ADNOMINAL barami (BA-ra-mi) wind-SUBJ bulgo (BOOL-go) blow-AND gaeuri (GA-eu-ri) autumn-SUBJ itgo (IT-kko) exist-AND chueokcheoreom (CHOO-uk-chuh-reom) memory-LIKE sanaiga (SA-na-i-ga) man-SUBJ isseumnida (ISS-seum-ni-da) exist-FORMAL.POLITE
F-B: Original and Translation
산모퉁이를 돌아 논가 외딴 우물을 홀로 찾아가선 가만히 들여다봅니다. 우물 속에는 달이 밝고 구름이 흐르고 하늘이 펼치고 파아란 바람이 불고 가을이 있습니다. / 그리고 한 사나이가 있습니다. / 어쩐지 그 사나이가 미워져 돌아갑니다. 돌아가다 생각하니 그 사나이가 가엾어집니다. 도로 가 들여다보니 사나이는 그대로 있습니다. / 다시 그 사나이가 미워져 돌아갑니다. 돌아가다 생각하니 그 사나이가 그리워집니다. / 우물 속에는 달이 밝고 구름이 흐르고 하늘이 펼치고 파아란 바람이 불고 가을이 있고 추억처럼 사나이가 있습니다.
"I turn round the bend of the mountain, go alone to the lonely well at the edge of the paddy, and quietly look into it. In the well the moon is bright, the clouds drift, the sky spreads, a blue wind blows, and there is autumn. / And there is a man. / For some reason I come to hate the man, and I go back. As I go back I think of him, and I begin to pity him. I go back to the well and look in, and the man is there, just as he was. / Again I come to hate the man, and I go back. As I go back I think of him, and I begin to long for him. / In the well the moon is bright, the clouds drift, the sky spreads, a blue wind blows, and there is autumn, and, like a memory, there is a man." (Translation: Latinum Institute.)
F-C: Original
산모퉁이를 돌아 논가 외딴 우물을 홀로 찾아가선 가만히 들여다봅니다. 우물 속에는 달이 밝고 구름이 흐르고 하늘이 펼치고 파아란 바람이 불고 가을이 있습니다.
그리고 한 사나이가 있습니다.
어쩐지 그 사나이가 미워져 돌아갑니다. 돌아가다 생각하니 그 사나이가 가엾어집니다. 도로 가 들여다보니 사나이는 그대로 있습니다.
다시 그 사나이가 미워져 돌아갑니다. 돌아가다 생각하니 그 사나이가 그리워집니다.
우물 속에는 달이 밝고 구름이 흐르고 하늘이 펼치고 파아란 바람이 불고 가을이 있고 추억처럼 사나이가 있습니다.
F-D: Grammar and Literary Commentary
The poem is dated September 1939 in the sources consulted, and it stands in the posthumous collection of 1948. Yun Dong-ju died in 1945, and the poem is in the public domain. The sources agree on the wording, and they differ in layout: the poem is printed in different line breaks on different pages, and the version above is the common stanza layout. One printing seen has 어쩌지 for 어쩐지 in line F.4, and it is taken for a misprint, since the other printings read 어쩐지. 파아란 is the lengthened, poetic form of 파란 (blue), as printed. 하늘이 펼치고 is printed in every source consulted; the verb 펼치다 is normally transitive ("to spread out"), and the poet's use of it with 하늘이 as subject is kept as printed.
The lesson's word is in the poem in its other half. 뒤로 itself does not occur, but the English "back" of the headword does: 돌아가다 appears three times and 도로 once, and the poem is built on going back. The speaker walks to the well, looks in, goes back, thinks, goes back to the well, goes back again, and the last stanza returns to the picture of the first, so that the poem ends where it began.
돌아갑니다 (F.4, F.7) is 돌아가다 in the formal polite ending -ㅂ니다: "I go back." The place the speaker goes back to is not named, and it need not be. 돌아가다 (F.5, F.8) is the same verb in the form -다(가), the short form of -다가: it marks an action broken off by another. "Going back, I think of him" is "while going back, I think of him." The next clause follows with -니, "upon thinking," which says what the thought brought: 가엾어집니다, "he becomes pitiable (to me)," and the second time 그리워집니다, "he becomes longed-for." -아/어지다 is "to become," and it is the verb of change that carries the poem: 미워져 (become hateful), 가엾어집니다 (become pitiable), 그리워집니다 (become longed-for). The feeling moves from hatred to pity to longing in three small forms of one ending.
도로 가 들여다보니 (F.6) is the center of the poem. 도로 is "back, back again," the adverb of going back to a former place or state, and 가 is the connective form of 가다, "go." The sources consulted gloss 도로 as returning to the earlier place or state. The speaker does not say 다시 가서 (go again). 도로 says that he returns to what he left, and it is the word the lesson sets beside 뒤로 in Section D. Then 들여다보니 (looking into, upon looking) leads to the discovery: 사나이는 그대로 있습니다, the man is "as he was." 그대로 is the opposite of change, and it stands after three verbs of change.
The poem is in the formal polite style (-ㅂ니다 / -습니다), the style of speaking to an audience, which the poet keeps throughout. The second line of the first stanza and the last stanza are almost the same sentence: the last adds 추억처럼 (like a memory) and 가을이 있고 (and there is autumn), so that the man who was hated, pitied and longed for becomes a memory. A reader may take the second well as the poem's answer to the first, but that is a reading, and the text does not say so.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
Jiu practises driving backward in an empty car park, with her father beside her and Minjun outside. The narrative is in the plain written style (-ㄴ다 / -다) and in the present tense, as in the previous lessons. Every sentence group uses 뒤로.
55.16a 일요일 Sunday 아침 morning 지우는 Jiu 빈 empty 주차장에서 car-park-at 차를 car 뒤로 backward 빼는 pulling 연습을 practice 한다 does
55.16b iryoil (I-ryo-il) Sunday achim (A-chim) morning jiuneun (JEE-oo-neun) Jiu-TOP bin (BIN) empty-ADNOMINAL juchajangeseo (JOO-cha-jang-eh-suh) car-park-AT chareul (CHA-reul) car-OBJ dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR ppaeneun (PPEH-neun) pull-ADNOMINAL yeonseubeul (YUN-seu-beul) practice-OBJ handa (HAN-da) do-PLAIN
55.17a 아버지는 father 핸들을 steering-wheel 천천히 slowly 돌리면서 turning 뒤로 backward 가 go 라고 that 말한다 says
55.17b abeojineun (A-buh-ji-neun) father-TOP haendeureul (HEN-deu-reul) steering-wheel-OBJ cheoncheonhi (CHUN-chun-hee) slowly dollimyeonseo (DOL-li-myuhn-suh) turn-WHILE dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR ga (GA) go-INFORMAL.IMPERATIVE rago (RA-go) QUOTE malhanda (MAL-han-da) say-PLAIN
55.18a 지우가 Jiu 브레이크에서 brake-from 발을 foot 떼자 lifting 차가 car 뒤로 backward 천천히 slowly 움직인다 moves
55.18b jiuga (JEE-oo-ga) Jiu-SUBJ beureikeueseo (BEU-rei-keu-eh-suh) brake-FROM bareul (BA-reul) foot-OBJ tteja (TTEH-ja) lift-AS.SOON.AS chaga (CHA-ga) car-SUBJ dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR cheoncheonhi (CHUN-chun-hee) slowly umjiginda (OOM-ji-gin-da) move-PLAIN
55.19a 뒤로 backward 가는 going 동안 while 지우는 Jiu 고개를 head 돌려 turning 뒤쪽을 rear-side 본다 looks
55.19b dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR ganeun (GA-neun) go-ADNOMINAL dongan (DONG-an) while jiuneun (JEE-oo-neun) Jiu-TOP gogaereul (GO-gae-reul) head-OBJ dollyeo (DOL-lyuh) turn-CONN dwijjogeul (DWEE-jjo-geul) rear-side-OBJ bonda (BON-da) see-PLAIN
55.20a 뒤로 backward 가던 going 차가 car 하얀 white 선 line 앞에서 front-at 멈춘다 stops
55.20b dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR gadeon (GA-deon) go-RETROSPECTIVE.ADNOMINAL chaga (CHA-ga) car-SUBJ hayan (HA-yan) white-ADNOMINAL seon (SUN) line apeseo (A-peh-suh) front-AT meomchunda (MUM-choon-da) stop-PLAIN
55.21a 차가 car 조금 a-little 비뚤어져서 crooked-becoming-so 지우는 Jiu 앞으로 forward 갔다가 going-and-then 다시 again 뒤로 backward 간다 goes
55.21b chaga (CHA-ga) car-SUBJ jogeum (JO-geum) a-little bittureojyeoseo (BI-ttoo-ruh-jyuh-suh) crooked-BECOME-SO jiuneun (JEE-oo-neun) Jiu-TOP apeuro (A-peu-ro) forward-DIR gatdaga (GAT-dda-ga) go-AND.THEN dasi (DA-si) again dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR ganda (GAN-da) go-PLAIN
55.22a 민준이 Minjun 달려와 running-coming 차 car 뒤로 behind 가서 going 선다 stands
55.22b minjuni (MIN-joo-ni) Minjun-SUBJ dallyeowa (DAL-lyuh-wa) run-come-CONN cha (CHA) car dwiro (DWEE-ro) back-DIR gaseo (GA-suh) go-AND seonda (SUN-da) stand-PLAIN
55.23a 민준은 Minjun 두 two 손을 hand 들고 raising 뒤로 backward 뒤로 backward 조금만 a-little-only 더 more 라고 that 외친다 shouts
55.23b minjuneun (MIN-joo-neun) Minjun-TOP du (DOO) two soneul (SO-neul) hand-OBJ deulgo (DEUL-go) raise-AND dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR jogeumman (JO-geum-man) a-little-ONLY deo (DUH) more rago (RA-go) QUOTE oechinda (WEH-chin-da) shout-PLAIN
55.24a 지우는 Jiu 거울을 mirror 보며 looking 차를 car 조금 a-little 더 more 뒤로 backward 움직인다 moves
55.24b jiuneun (JEE-oo-neun) Jiu-TOP geoureul (GUH-oo-reul) mirror-OBJ bomyeo (BO-myuh) look-WHILE chareul (CHA-reul) car-OBJ jogeum (JO-geum) a-little deo (DUH) more dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR umjiginda (OOM-ji-gin-da) move-PLAIN
55.25a 그때 that-time 공 ball 하나가 one 차 car 뒤로 behind 굴러 rolling 오자 coming-and-then 지우는 Jiu 급히 hurriedly 브레이크를 brake 밟는다 steps-on
55.25b geuttae (GEU-ttae) that-time gong (GONG) ball hanaga (HA-na-ga) one-SUBJ cha (CHA) car dwiro (DWEE-ro) back-DIR gulleo (GOOL-luh) roll-CONN oja (O-ja) come-AS.SOON.AS jiuneun (JEE-oo-neun) Jiu-TOP geupi (GEU-pi) hurriedly beureikeureul (BEU-rei-keu-reul) brake-OBJ bamneunda (BAM-neun-da) step-on-PLAIN
55.26a 공을 ball 주운 picked-up 아이가 child 고개를 head 숙이고 lowering 뒤로 backward 물러선다 steps-back
55.26b gongeul (GONG-eul) ball-OBJ juun (JOO-oon) pick-up-PAST.ADNOMINAL aiga (A-i-ga) child-SUBJ gogaereul (GO-gae-reul) head-OBJ sugigo (SOO-gi-go) lower-AND dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR mulleoseonda (MOOL-luh-sun-da) step-back-PLAIN
55.27a 민준은 Minjun 뒤로 backward 갈 going 때는 time 꼭 without-fail 뒤를 rear 봐야 must-look 해 do 라고 that 말한다 says
55.27b minjuneun (MIN-joo-neun) Minjun-TOP dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR gal (GAL) go-PROSPECTIVE ttaeneun (TTEH-neun) time-TOP kkok (KKOK) without-fail dwireul (DWEE-reul) rear-OBJ bwaya (BWA-ya) see-ONLY.IF hae (HEH) do-INFORMAL rago (RA-go) QUOTE malhanda (MAL-han-da) say-PLAIN
55.28a 지우는 Jiu 아직 still 가슴이 heart 뛰지만 pounding-but 다시 again 한 one 번 time 뒤로 backward 가 going 본다 tries
55.28b jiuneun (JEE-oo-neun) Jiu-TOP ajik (A-jik) still gaseumi (GA-seu-mi) chest-SUBJ ttwijiman (TTWEE-ji-man) pound-BUT dasi (DA-si) again han (HAN) one beon (BUHN) time dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR ga (GA) go-CONN bonda (BON-da) try-PLAIN
55.29a 이번에는 this-time 차가 car 선 line 안으로 inside-into 반듯하게 straight 뒤로 backward 들어간다 enters
55.29b ibeoneneun (I-buh-neh-neun) this-time-TOP chaga (CHA-ga) car-SUBJ seon (SUN) line aneuro (A-neu-ro) inside-INTO bandeutage (BAN-deu-ta-ge) straight-ADV dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR deureoganda (DEU-ruh-gan-da) enter-go-PLAIN
55.30a 시동을 engine 끈 turned-off 지우는 Jiu 의자에 seat-on 뒤로 backward 기대어 leaning 크게 big 숨을 breath 내쉰다 exhales 아버지는 father 웃으며 smiling 돌아갈 returning 때는 time 내가 I 운전할게 will-drive 라고 that 말한다 says
55.30b sidongeul (SI-dong-eul) engine-OBJ kkeun (KKEUN) turn-off-PAST.ADNOMINAL jiuneun (JEE-oo-neun) Jiu-TOP uijae (UI-ja-eh) seat-LOC dwiro (DWEE-ro) backward-DIR gidaeo (GI-dae-uh) lean-CONN keuge (KEU-ge) big-ADV sumeul (SOO-meul) breath-OBJ naeswinda (NEH-shwin-da) exhale-PLAIN abeojineun (A-buh-ji-neun) father-TOP useumyeo (OO-seu-myuh) laugh-WHILE doragal (DO-ra-gal) return-PROSPECTIVE ttaeneun (TTEH-neun) time-TOP naega (NEH-ga) I-SUBJ unjeonhalge (OON-juhn-hal-ge) drive-WILL.INFORMAL rago (RA-go) QUOTE malhanda (MAL-han-da) say-PLAIN
55.16 일요일 아침 지우는 빈 주차장에서 차를 뒤로 빼는 연습을 한다. (iryoil achim jiuneun bin juchajangeseo chareul dwiro ppaeneun yeonseubeul handa.) "On Sunday morning Jiu practises backing a car up in an empty car park." 55.17 아버지는 "핸들을 천천히 돌리면서 뒤로 가."라고 말한다. (abeojineun "haendeureul cheoncheonhi dollimyeonseo dwiro ga." rago malhanda.) "Her father says, 'Turn the wheel slowly and back up.'" 55.18 지우가 브레이크에서 발을 떼자 차가 뒤로 천천히 움직인다. (jiuga beureikeueseo bareul tteja chaga dwiro cheoncheonhi umjiginda.) "As soon as Jiu lifts her foot off the brake the car moves slowly backward." 55.19 뒤로 가는 동안 지우는 고개를 돌려 뒤쪽을 본다. (dwiro ganeun dongan jiuneun gogaereul dollyeo dwijjogeul bonda.) "While the car goes backward Jiu turns her head and looks to the rear." 55.20 뒤로 가던 차가 하얀 선 앞에서 멈춘다. (dwiro gadeon chaga hayan seon apeseo meomchunda.) "The car that was going backward stops in front of the white line." 55.21 차가 조금 비뚤어져서 지우는 앞으로 갔다가 다시 뒤로 간다. (chaga jogeum bittureojyeoseo jiuneun apeuro gatdaga dasi dwiro ganda.) "The car is a little crooked, so Jiu goes forward, and then backward again." 55.22 민준이 달려와 차 뒤로 가서 선다. (minjuni dallyeowa cha dwiro gaseo seonda.) "Minjun comes running and goes to stand behind the car." 55.23 민준은 두 손을 들고 "뒤로, 뒤로, 조금만 더!"라고 외친다. (minjuneun du soneul deulgo "dwiro, dwiro, jogeumman deo!" rago oechinda.) "Minjun raises both hands and shouts, 'Back, back, a little more!'" 55.24 지우는 거울을 보며 차를 조금 더 뒤로 움직인다. (jiuneun geoureul bomyeo chareul jogeum deo dwiro umjiginda.) "Looking in the mirror, Jiu moves the car back a little more." 55.25 그때 공 하나가 차 뒤로 굴러 오자 지우는 급히 브레이크를 밟는다. (geuttae gong hanaga cha dwiro gulleo oja jiuneun geupi beureikeureul bamneunda.) "Just then a ball rolls up behind the car, and Jiu brakes hard." 55.26 공을 주운 아이가 고개를 숙이고 뒤로 물러선다. (gongeul juun aiga gogaereul sugigo dwiro mulleoseonda.) "The child who picked up the ball lowers their head and steps back." 55.27 민준은 "뒤로 갈 때는 꼭 뒤를 봐야 해."라고 말한다. (minjuneun "dwiro gal ttaeneun kkok dwireul bwaya hae." rago malhanda.) "Minjun says, 'When you go backward you must always look behind you.'" 55.28 지우는 아직 가슴이 뛰지만 다시 한 번 뒤로 가 본다. (jiuneun ajik gaseumi ttwijiman dasi han beon dwiro ga bonda.) "Jiu's heart is still pounding, but she tries going backward once more." 55.29 이번에는 차가 선 안으로 반듯하게 뒤로 들어간다. (ibeoneneun chaga seon aneuro bandeutage dwiro deureoganda.) "This time the car goes back into the lines, straight." 55.30 시동을 끈 지우는 의자에 뒤로 기대어 크게 숨을 내쉰다. 아버지는 웃으며 "돌아갈 때는 내가 운전할게."라고 말한다. (sidongeul kkeun jiuneun uijae dwiro gidaeo keuge sumeul naeswinda. abeojineun useumyeo "doragal ttaeneun naega unjeonhalge." rago malhanda.) "Jiu turns off the engine, leans back in her seat and lets out a long breath. Her father says with a smile, 'On the way back, I'll drive.'"
55.16 일요일 아침 지우는 빈 주차장에서 차를 뒤로 빼는 연습을 한다. 55.17 아버지는 "핸들을 천천히 돌리면서 뒤로 가."라고 말한다. 55.18 지우가 브레이크에서 발을 떼자 차가 뒤로 천천히 움직인다. 55.19 뒤로 가는 동안 지우는 고개를 돌려 뒤쪽을 본다. 55.20 뒤로 가던 차가 하얀 선 앞에서 멈춘다. 55.21 차가 조금 비뚤어져서 지우는 앞으로 갔다가 다시 뒤로 간다. 55.22 민준이 달려와 차 뒤로 가서 선다. 55.23 민준은 두 손을 들고 "뒤로, 뒤로, 조금만 더!"라고 외친다. 55.24 지우는 거울을 보며 차를 조금 더 뒤로 움직인다. 55.25 그때 공 하나가 차 뒤로 굴러 오자 지우는 급히 브레이크를 밟는다. 55.26 공을 주운 아이가 고개를 숙이고 뒤로 물러선다. 55.27 민준은 "뒤로 갈 때는 꼭 뒤를 봐야 해."라고 말한다. 55.28 지우는 아직 가슴이 뛰지만 다시 한 번 뒤로 가 본다. 55.29 이번에는 차가 선 안으로 반듯하게 뒤로 들어간다. 55.30 시동을 끈 지우는 의자에 뒤로 기대어 크게 숨을 내쉰다. 아버지는 웃으며 "돌아갈 때는 내가 운전할게."라고 말한다.
뒤로 with verbs of driving (55.16, 55.18, 55.24). 뒤로 빼다 (pull out backward), 뒤로 움직이다 (move backward) and 뒤로 가다 (go backward) are the plain driver's verbs. 후진 (hujin) is the noun for reverse, and 후진하다 is the verb "to reverse," but a learner can say all of it with 뒤로 and the verb of movement. 연습을 하다 is "to practise," and the adnominal 빼는 연습 is "practice of backing up."
Quoted commands (55.17, 55.23, 55.27). The father's 가 is the plain-informal command (the bare stem + 아/어: 가 from 가다), and Minjun's 봐야 해 (must look) is the plain-informal of -아/어야 하다. The narrator reports them with -(이)라고 말한다, as in Lesson 54. In 55.23 the shout 뒤로, 뒤로 uses the word alone, with no verb: 뒤로 is enough to be a command, "back!"
-자 (55.18, 55.25). After a verb stem -자 means "as soon as, the moment that": 떼자 (as soon as she lifts), 오자 (as soon as it comes). The second clause happens right after the first, and often as a result of it.
-는 동안 (55.19). 뒤로 가는 동안 is "while going backward": the adnominal + 동안 (the interval). 뒤쪽 is the rear side, and 뒤쪽을 보다 is "look to the rear."
-던 (55.20). 가던 is 가다 + -던, the retrospective: it looks at a movement that had been going on and is now seen coming to a stop. 뒤로 가던 차 is "the car that was going backward."
앞으로 … 뒤로 … (55.21). The pair gives the see-saw of parking: 앞으로 갔다가 (going forward, and then) 다시 뒤로 간다 (backward again). -았/었다가 marks an action that stops and is followed by its opposite. 비뚤어져서 is 비뚤어지다, "to become crooked" (-아/어지다, "become"), with -서 for the reason.
차 뒤로 (55.22, 55.25). 차 뒤로 가서 선다 is "goes behind the car and stands," with 뒤로 as the direction of the going. 차 뒤로 굴러 오자 is "rolls up behind the car," with 굴러 오다 ("come rolling"). Compare 차 뒤에 서 있다 (is standing behind the car): place, with 에.
-(으)며 (55.24, 55.30). 보며 and 웃으며 are the written form of -(으)면서, "while." They suit a narrator.
-(으)ㄴ (55.26, 55.30). 주운 is the past adnominal of 줍다 (to pick up; ㅂ changes to 우 before a vowel: 줍다 → 주운). 끈 is that of 끄다 (to turn off, put out; ㅡ drops: 끄다 → 끈).
-아/어 보다 (55.28). 가 본다 is "tries going," from -아/어 보다. 다시 한 번 is "once more." 기대어 (55.30). 뒤로 기대다 is "to lean back," and 의자에 is the place leaned on. 내쉰다 is "breathes out"; 숨을 내쉬다 is the phrase.
돌아갈 때는 (55.30). 돌아가다 comes back in the last line in its sense of return, at the end of the story: "when we go back, I'll drive." -ㄹ 때는 is "when (we) ...," and -(으)ㄹ게 is the plain-informal promise "I will" (운전할게, "I'll drive"), spoken by the father to his daughter.
Plain-style endings. As in Lesson 54: verb stems take -ㄴ다 / -는다 (한다, 움직인다, 밟는다), and 밟는다 is said [밤는다].
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뒤로 (dwiro) — IPA: /twi.ɾo/ — Two syllables. The ㄷ at the start is plain and unaspirated: [t]. 뒤 is the vowel ㅟ, said as a quick "w" and "ee" together (a pure front rounded [y] is also heard). The ㄹ between two vowels is a single tap of the tongue, [ɾ], like the tt in American "butter"; never an English r. Stress is even. 뒤에 (dwie) — IPA: /twi.e/ — [뒤에]. 뒤에서 (dwieseo) /twi.e.sʌ/ is [뒤에서]. 앞으로 (apeuro) — IPA: /a.pʰɯ.ɾo/ — The final ㅍ moves across to the next syllable: [아프로]. The vowel ㅡ is said with the lips spread, as in "put" with the lips unrounded. 뒷문 (dwinmun) — IPA: /twin.mun/ — The ㅅ of 뒷 is said as a closed /t̚/, and the ㅁ after it turns it into a nasal: [뒨문]. 뒷자리 (dwitjari) /twit̚.t͈ɕa.ɾi/ is [뒫짜리], with a tense ㅈ. 뒤쪽 (dwijjok) — IPA: /twi.t͈ɕok̚/ — ㅉ is a tense consonant: the air is held and released with no puff: [뒤쪽]. 물러나세요 (mulleonaseyo) — IPA: /mul.lʌ.na.se.jo/ — ㄹㄹ is a long "l": [물러나세요]. 물러섰어요 (mulleoseosseoyo) /mul.lʌ.sʌ.s͈ʌ.jo/ is [물러서써요]. 젖히고 (jeochigo) — IPA: /tɕʌ.tɕʰi.ɡo/ — The ㅈ and ㅎ of 젖히 join in one aspirated sound: [저치고]. 묶었어요 (mukkeosseoyo) — IPA: /muk̚.k͈ʌ.s͈ʌ.jo/ — The final ㄲ moves across: [무꺼써요]. 숨었어요 (sumeosseoyo) /su.mʌ.s͈ʌ.jo/ is [수머써요]. 넘어졌어요 (neomeojyeosseoyo) — IPA: /nʌ.mʌ.dʑʌ.s͈ʌ.jo/ — [너머저써요]; the ㅈ + ㅕ is said [저]. 밀어요 (mireoyo) — IPA: /mi.ɾʌ.jo/ — [미러요]. 계속 (gyesok) — IPA: /kje.sok̚/ — [계속] or [게속]: the syllable 계 may be said either way. 미루면 (mirumyeon) — IPA: /mi.ɾu.mjʌn/ — [미루면]. 돌아가다 (doragada) — IPA: /to.ɾa.ɡa.da/ — [도라가다]. The ㄹ is a tap between the vowels. 돌아오다 (doraoda) /to.ɾa.o.da/ is [도라오다]. 돌려주다 (dollyeojuda) — IPA: /tol.ljʌ.dʑu.da/ — ㄹㄹ is a long "l": [돌려주다]. 되돌아가다 (doedoragada) /twe.to.ɾa.ɡa.da/ is [되도라가다]. 도로 (doro) — IPA: /to.ɾo/ — [도로]. 등 (deung) — IPA: /tɯŋ/ — [등]. ㅡ with the lips spread, and the final ㅇ is the sound of "ng." 한 걸음 (han georeum) — IPA: /han.kʌ.ɾɯm/ — [한 거름]. 두 걸음 (du georeum) is [두 거름]. 한 걸음씩 (han georeumssik) — IPA: /han.kʌ.ɾɯm.ɕ͈ik̚/ — [한 거름씩]. 사진을 (sajineul) — IPA: /sa.dʑi.nɯl/ — [사지늘]. 찍으려고 (jjigeuryeogo) /t͈ɕi.ɡɯ.rjʌ.ɡo/ is [찌그려고]. 트럭이 (teureogi) — IPA: /tʰɯ.ɾʌ.ɡi/ — [트러기]. 웃으면서 (useumyeonseo) — IPA: /u.sɯ.mjʌn.sʌ/ — [우스면서]. 주셔야 (jusyeoya) — IPA: /tɕu.ɕʌ.ja/ — [주셔야]. 있어요 (isseoyo) — IPA: /i.s͈ʌ.jo/ — [이써요]. 굴러 (gulleo) — IPA: /kul.lʌ/ — [굴러]. 밟는다 (bamneunda) — IPA: /pam.nɯn.da/ — ㄹ of the cluster ㄼ drops, and the remaining ㅂ becomes ㅁ before ㄴ: [밤는다]. 급히 (geupi) — IPA: /kɯ.pʰi/ — [그피]. 숙이고 (sugigo) — IPA: /su.ɡi.ɡo/ — [수기고]. 반듯하게 (bandeutage) — IPA: /pan.dɯ.tʰa.ɡe/ — ㅅ + ㅎ: [반드타게]. 안으로 (aneuro) — IPA: /a.nɯ.ɾo/ — [아느로]. 내쉰다 (naeswinda) — IPA: /nɛ.ɕwin.da/ — [내쉰다]. 외친다 (oechinda) — IPA: /we.tɕʰin.da/ — [외친다], with ㅚ said close to [we]. 핸들을 (haendeureul) — IPA: /hɛn.dɯ.ɾɯl/ — [핸드를].
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