Lesson 1

Part A (Interleaved English and Latin)

1.1 Marcus Marcus et and Tullia Tullia in in forō forum ambulant walk

1.2 Iūdex judge et and advocātus advocate causam case tractant handle

1.3 Testāmentum will et and cōdicillī codicils in in tabulāriō archive sunt are

1.4 Servus slave tābulās tablets et and stilum stylus portat carries

1.5 Notārius notary signum seal et and cēram wax habet has

1.6 Lēx law et and cōnsuētūdō custom cīvitātem state regunt rule

1.7 Testis witness et and reus defendant in in iūdiciō court sunt are

1.8 Tōgātus lawyer librōs books et and chartās papers legit reads

1.9 Praetor praetor ēdictum edict et and decreta decrees scrībit writes

1.10 Līctor lictor et and scrība scribe magistrātum magistrate sequuntur follow

1.11 Hērēs heir pecūniam money et and fundōs estates accipit receives

1.12 Actor plaintiff et and dēfēnsor defender ante before iūdicem judge stant stand

1.13 Senātus senate lēgēs laws et and plēbīscīta plebiscites cōnfirmat confirms

1.14 Cōnsulēs consuls et and cēnsōrēs censors cīvēs citizens regunt govern

1.15 Contractus contract et and stīpulātiō stipulation valida valid sunt are

Part B (Complete Sentences)

1.1 Marcus et Tullia in forō ambulant. Marcus and Tullia walk in the forum.

1.2 Iūdex et advocātus causam tractant. The judge and advocate handle the case.

1.3 Testāmentum et cōdicillī in tabulāriō sunt. The will and codicils are in the archive.

1.4 Servus tābulās et stilum portat. The slave carries tablets and a stylus.

1.5 Notārius signum et cēram habet. The notary has a seal and wax.

1.6 Lēx et cōnsuētūdō cīvitātem regunt. Law and custom rule the state.

1.7 Testis et reus in iūdiciō sunt. The witness and defendant are in court.

1.8 Tōgātus librōs et chartās legit. The lawyer reads books and papers.

1.9 Praetor ēdictum et decreta scrībit. The praetor writes an edict and decrees.

1.10 Līctor et scrība magistrātum sequuntur. The lictor and scribe follow the magistrate.

1.11 Hērēs pecūniam et fundōs accipit. The heir receives money and estates.

1.12 Actor et dēfēnsor ante iūdicem stant. The plaintiff and defender stand before the judge.

1.13 Senātus lēgēs et plēbīscīta cōnfirmat. The senate confirms laws and plebiscites.

1.14 Cōnsulēs et cēnsōrēs cīvēs regunt. Consuls and censors govern the citizens.

1.15 Contractus et stīpulātiō valida sunt. The contract and stipulation are valid.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

1.1 Marcus et Tullia in forō ambulant.

1.2 Iūdex et advocātus causam tractant.

1.3 Testāmentum et cōdicillī in tabulāriō sunt.

1.4 Servus tābulās et stilum portat.

1.5 Notārius signum et cēram habet.

1.6 Lēx et cōnsuētūdō cīvitātem regunt.

1.7 Testis et reus in iūdiciō sunt.

1.8 Tōgātus librōs et chartās legit.

1.9 Praetor ēdictum et decreta scrībit.

1.10 Līctor et scrība magistrātum sequuntur.

1.11 Hērēs pecūniam et fundōs accipit.

1.12 Actor et dēfēnsor ante iūdicem stant.

1.13 Senātus lēgēs et plēbīscīta cōnfirmat.

1.14 Cōnsulēs et cēnsōrēs cīvēs regunt.

1.15 Contractus et stīpulātiō valida sunt.

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Part D (Grammar Explanation)

"Et" is one of the most common Latin conjunctions. For English speakers, key points include: -

Basic Function: -

Connects words, phrases, or clauses -

Similar to English "and" -

Cannot be used at the beginning of a sentence -

Agreement: -

When joining subjects, the verb agrees with plural number -

Example: "Marcus et Tullia ambulant" (both walk) -

With mixed genders, masculine takes precedence -

Word Order: -

Usually placed between items being joined -

Can join more than two items -

Each "et" requires its own item -

Legal Usage: -

Frequently used in legal formulas -

Joins related legal concepts -

Important in stipulations and contracts -

Special Cases: -

"Et...et..." means "both...and..." -

Different from "-que" (enclitic "and") -

Cannot be used for "also" (use "etiam")

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Part E (Cultural Context)

Understanding "et" requires awareness of Roman legal and cultural practices: -

Roman Legal Documents: -

Precise language was crucial -

Multiple items commonly listed -

Formal patterns of conjunction -

Social Context: -

Hierarchical relationships -

Formal vs informal usage -

Legal partnerships and relationships -

Historical Development: -

Indo-European origins -

Evolution in legal Latin -

Medieval legal usage -

Modern Legal Usage: -

Survival in modern legal Latin -

Formal documentation practices -

Notarial conventions

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Part F (Literary Citation)

Part F-A (Interleaved Text)

From Cicero's "De Officiis" (1.23):

Iūstitia justice et and fidēs good faith fundāmentum foundation iūris of law sunt are

Part F-B (Complete Translation)

Iūstitia et fidēs fundāmentum iūris sunt. Justice and good faith are the foundation of law.

Part F-C (Literary Analysis)

This quote demonstrates the fundamental Roman legal principles, using "et" to join two essential concepts of Roman law.

Part F-D (Grammatical Notes)

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"et" joins two nominative singular subjects -

Verb "sunt" is plural due to compound subject -

Word order emphasizes the subjects

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Genre Section: Legal Documents

Part A (Interleaved Text)

1.16 Testātor testator manū by hand et and sigillō seal testāmentum will subscrībit signs

1.17 Tābellīo notary documentum document et and testimōnium testimony cōnficit prepares

1.18 Emptōrēs buyers et and venditōrēs sellers contrāctum contract signant sign

1.19 Hērēs heir iūra rights et and obligātiōnēs obligations suscipit undertakes

1.20 Testēs witnesses nōmina names et and sigilla seals appōnunt affix

1.21 Prōcūrātor procurator mandātum mandate et and potestātem power accipit receives

1.22 Iūdex judge causam case et and probātiōnēs proofs exāminat examines

1.23 Crēditōrēs creditors et and dēbitōrēs debtors pactum agreement faciunt make

1.24 Tūtor guardian pūpillum ward et and bonā goods cūrat manages

1.25 Arbiter arbitrator lītem dispute et and contrōversiam controversy compōnit settles

1.26 Locātor lessor aedēs building et and hortum garden locat leases

1.27 Mancipium formal purchase et and trāditiō delivery valida valid sunt are

1.28 Fidēiussōrēs sureties et and spōnsōrēs guarantors obligantur are bound

1.29 Servitūtēs easements et and iūra rights praediōrum of lands cōnstituuntur are established

1.30 Magistrātus magistrate dēcrētum decree et and sententiam judgment prōnūntiat pronounces

Part B (Complete Sentences)

1.16 Testātor manū et sigillō testāmentum subscrībit. The testator signs the will by hand and seal.

1.17 Tābellīo documentum et testimōnium cōnficit. The notary prepares the document and testimony.

1.18 Emptōrēs et venditōrēs contrāctum signant. The buyers and sellers sign the contract.

1.19 Hērēs iūra et obligātiōnēs suscipit. The heir undertakes rights and obligations.

1.20 Testēs nōmina et sigilla appōnunt. The witnesses affix names and seals.

1.21 Prōcūrātor mandātum et potestātem accipit. The procurator receives mandate and power.

1.22 Iūdex causam et probātiōnēs exāminat. The judge examines the case and proofs.

1.23 Crēditōrēs et dēbitōrēs pactum faciunt. The creditors and debtors make an agreement.

1.24 Tūtor pūpillum et bonā cūrat. The guardian manages the ward and goods.

1.25 Arbiter lītem et contrōversiam compōnit. The arbitrator settles the dispute and controversy.

1.26 Locātor aedēs et hortum locat. The lessor leases the building and garden.

1.27 Mancipium et trāditiō valida sunt. The formal purchase and delivery are valid.

1.28 Fidēiussōrēs et spōnsōrēs obligantur. The sureties and guarantors are bound.

1.29 Servitūtēs et iūra praediōrum cōnstituuntur. Easements and rights of lands are established.

1.30 Magistrātus dēcrētum et sententiam prōnūntiat. The magistrate pronounces the decree and judgment.

Part C (Latin Text Only)

1.16 Testātor manū et sigillō testāmentum subscrībit.

1.17 Tābellīo documentum et testimōnium cōnficit.

1.18 Emptōrēs et venditōrēs contrāctum signant.

1.19 Hērēs iūra et obligātiōnēs suscipit.

1.20 Testēs nōmina et sigilla appōnunt.

1.21 Prōcūrātor mandātum et potestātem accipit.

1.22 Iūdex causam et probātiōnēs exāminat.

1.23 Crēditōrēs et dēbitōrēs pactum faciunt.

1.24 Tūtor pūpillum et bonā cūrat.

1.25 Arbiter lītem et contrōversiam compōnit.

1.26 Locātor aedēs et hortum locat.

1.27 Mancipium et trāditiō valida sunt.

1.28 Fidēiussōrēs et spōnsōrēs obligantur.

1.29 Servitūtēs et iūra praediōrum cōnstituuntur.

1.30 Magistrātus dēcrētum et sententiam prōnūntiat.

Part D (Grammar Analysis of Legal Documents Section)

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Technical Legal Terms: -

Pairs of related legal concepts joined by "et" -

Special legal vocabulary in parallel constructions -

Formal document structure reflected in grammar -

Verb Forms in Legal Context: -

Present tense for ongoing legal validity -

Passive voice for formal actions -

Deponent verbs in legal processes -

Case Usage: -

Nominative for legal actors -

Accusative for objects of legal actions -

Ablative for means and instruments -

Word Order: -

More rigid than regular Latin -

Emphasis on clarity and precision -

Standard legal formulas -

Special Constructions: -

Parallel phrases -

Technical terminology -

Formal documentation patterns

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