← Latinum Institute Latin Reading Course
130.1 Vōs you (pl.) omnēs all ad to forum forum venīte come
130.2 Magister teacher vōbīs to you (pl.) librōs books dat gives
130.3 Vestrum of you (pl.) nēmō no one hoc this scit knows
130.4 Ego I vōs you (pl.) exspectō await in in templō temple
130.5 Vestrī of you (pl.) memoriā memory semper always tenēbō I will hold
130.6 Rēx king vōbīs to you (pl.) praemia rewards magna great prōmittit promises
130.7 Quid what vōs you (pl.) dē about hāc this rē matter sentītis think
130.8 Omnēs all vōbīscum with you (pl.) iter journey facere to make volunt wish
130.9 Vestrum of you (pl.) plūrimī very many mīlitēs soldiers fortēs brave sunt are
130.10 Pater father vōs you (pl.) domum home celeriter quickly vocāvit called
130.11 Nōlīte do not wish vōs you (pl.) ipsī yourselves dēcipere to deceive
130.12 Vestrī of you (pl.) causā for sake haec these things fēcimus we did
130.13 Ducēs leaders vōbīs to you (pl.) imperāvērunt commanded ut that pugnārētis you might fight
130.14 Vōs you (pl.) estis are cīvēs citizens optimī best reī of state pūblicae public
130.15 Inter among vōs you (pl.) pāx peace sit may be perpetua everlasting
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130.1 Vōs omnēs ad forum venīte. All of you, come to the forum.
130.2 Magister vōbīs librōs dat. The teacher gives you books.
130.3 Vestrum nēmō hoc scit. None of you knows this.
130.4 Ego vōs in templō exspectō. I await you in the temple.
130.5 Vestrī memoriā semper tenēbō. I will always hold the memory of you.
130.6 Rēx vōbīs magna praemia prōmittit. The king promises you great rewards.
130.7 Quid vōs dē hāc rē sentītis? What do you think about this matter?
130.8 Omnēs vōbīscum iter facere volunt. Everyone wishes to make the journey with you.
130.9 Vestrum plūrimī fortēs mīlitēs sunt. Very many of you are brave soldiers.
130.10 Pater vōs domum celeriter vocāvit. Father quickly called you home.
130.11 Nōlīte vōs ipsī dēcipere. Do not deceive yourselves.
130.12 Vestrī causā haec fēcimus. We did these things for your sake.
130.13 Ducēs vōbīs imperāvērunt ut pugnārētis. The leaders commanded you to fight.
130.14 Vōs estis optimī cīvēs reī pūblicae. You are the best citizens of the state.
130.15 Inter vōs pāx perpetua sit. May there be everlasting peace among you.
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130.1 Vōs omnēs ad forum venīte.
130.2 Magister vōbīs librōs dat.
130.3 Vestrum nēmō hoc scit.
130.4 Ego vōs in templō exspectō.
130.5 Vestrī memoriā semper tenēbō.
130.6 Rēx vōbīs magna praemia prōmittit.
130.7 Quid vōs dē hāc rē sentītis?
130.8 Omnēs vōbīscum iter facere volunt.
130.9 Vestrum plūrimī fortēs mīlitēs sunt.
130.10 Pater vōs domum celeriter vocāvit.
130.11 Nōlīte vōs ipsī dēcipere.
130.12 Vestrī causā haec fēcimus.
130.13 Ducēs vōbīs imperāvērunt ut pugnārētis.
130.14 Vōs estis optimī cīvēs reī pūblicae.
130.15 Inter vōs pāx perpetua sit.
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For English speakers learning Latin, understanding "vōs" requires mastering its multiple forms and uses: -
Forms of vōs: -
Nominative: vōs (you as subject) -
Genitive: vestrum (partitive)/vestrī (objective) -
Dative: vōbīs (to/for you) -
Accusative: vōs (you as object) -
Ablative: vōbīs (by/with/from you) -
Special form: vōbīscum (with you) -
Key Distinctions: -
Unlike English, Latin distinguishes singular "tū" from plural "vōs" -
Two genitive forms with different uses: -
vestrum: partitive ("of you" - part of group) -
vestrī: objective ("of you" - possession/concern) -
Common Constructions: -
With imperatives: "Vōs omnēs venīte" (plural command) -
Emphatic use: "vōs ipsī" (you yourselves) -
With prepositions: "inter vōs" (among you) -
Word Order Flexibility: -
Can begin sentences for emphasis -
Often placed after verb in questions -
Position affects meaning nuance
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For English speakers, understanding how Romans used "vōs" reveals important cultural values: -
Social Hierarchy: -
Used for addressing groups -
Could show respect when addressing one person formally -
Essential in public speaking and rhetoric -
Political Context: -
Crucial in Senate addresses -
Used in legal proceedings -
Important for military commands -
Religious Usage: -
Plural prayers to multiple deities -
Addressing congregations -
Ritual formulas requiring precision -
Modern Relevance: -
Romance languages inherited this distinction -
Helps understand formal/informal address -
Essential for reading classical texts
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From Cicero's First Catiline Oration (1.1):
Part F-A (Interleaved Text)
Quō to where ūsque finally tandem at last abūtēre will you abuse, Catilīna Catiline, patientiā patience nostrā our? Quam how diū long etiam still furor madness iste that tuus your nōs us ēlūdet will mock? Quem to what ad to fīnem end sēsē itself effrēnāta unbridled iactābit will fling audācia boldness?
Quō ūsque tandem abūtēre, Catilīna, patientiā nostrā? Quam diū etiam furor iste tuus nōs ēlūdet? Quem ad fīnem sēsē effrēnāta iactābit audācia?
How far at last will you abuse our patience, Catiline? How long will that madness of yours still mock us? To what end will your unbridled boldness fling itself?
Cicero uses "nōs" (first person plural) rather than "vōs" here to include himself with the Senate, creating solidarity against Catiline. This rhetorical choice emphasizes collective Roman outrage.
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"nōs" as direct object of "ēlūdet" -
Questions build intensity through repetition -
Future tense verbs express exasperation -
Word order emphasizes key concepts
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130.16 Marcus Marcus et and Gāius Gaius vōbīs to you (pl.) omnibus all salūtem greeting plūrimam very much dīcunt say
130.17 Spērāmus we hope vōs you (pl.) omnēs all bene well valēre to be
130.18 Nōs we hīc here Athēnīs in Athens vōs you (pl.) cotīdiē daily recordāmur remember
130.19 Vestrum of you (pl.) litterās letters avidē eagerly exspectāmus we await
130.20 Quandō when vōs you (pl.) Rōmam to Rome reditūrī about to return estis are
130.21 Vōbīs to you (pl.) nūntiāmus we announce nōs we philosophiam philosophy studēre to study
130.22 Magister teacher noster our dē about vōbīs you (pl.) saepe often quaerit asks
130.23 Vestrī of you (pl.) grātiā for sake multās many rēs things pulchrās beautiful emimus we buy
130.24 Rogāmus we ask ut that vōs you (pl.) parentibus to parents nostrīs our salūtem greeting dētis give
130.25 Vōbīscum with you (pl.) mox soon in in patriā fatherland esse to be cupimus we desire
130.26 Scrībite write vōs you (pl.) ipsī yourselves quid what agātis you are doing
130.27 Vestrum of you (pl.) omnium all vultūs faces cārōs dear vidēre to see gestīmus we long
130.28 Mittimus we send vōbīs to you (pl.) hanc this epistulam letter per through amīcum friend fidēlem faithful
130.29 Curāte take care ut that vōs you (pl.) valeātis you be well et and nōs us amētis you love
130.30 Valete farewell vōs you (pl.) omnēs all cārissimī dearest amīcī friends
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130.16 Marcus et Gāius vōbīs omnibus salūtem plūrimam dīcunt. Marcus and Gaius send warmest greetings to all of you.
130.17 Spērāmus vōs omnēs bene valēre. We hope you are all well.
130.18 Nōs hīc Athēnīs vōs cotīdiē recordāmur. Here in Athens we remember you daily.
130.19 Vestrum litterās avidē exspectāmus. We eagerly await letters from you.
130.20 Quandō vōs Rōmam reditūrī estis? When are you going to return to Rome?
130.21 Vōbīs nūntiāmus nōs philosophiam studēre. We inform you that we are studying philosophy.
130.22 Magister noster dē vōbīs saepe quaerit. Our teacher often asks about you.
130.23 Vestrī grātiā multās rēs pulchrās emimus. For your sake we are buying many beautiful things.
130.24 Rogāmus ut vōs parentibus nostrīs salūtem dētis. We ask that you give our greetings to our parents.
130.25 Vōbīscum mox in patriā esse cupimus. We desire to be with you soon in our homeland.
130.26 Scrībite vōs ipsī quid agātis. Write yourselves what you are doing.
130.27 Vestrum omnium vultūs cārōs vidēre gestīmus. We long to see the dear faces of all of you.
130.28 Mittimus vōbīs hanc epistulam per amīcum fidēlem. We are sending you this letter through a faithful friend.
130.29 Curāte ut vōs valeātis et nōs amētis. Take care that you be well and that you love us.
130.30 Valete, vōs omnēs cārissimī amīcī. Farewell, all you dearest friends.
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130.16 Marcus et Gāius vōbīs omnibus salūtem plūrimam dīcunt.
130.17 Spērāmus vōs omnēs bene valēre.
130.18 Nōs hīc Athēnīs vōs cotīdiē recordāmur.
130.19 Vestrum litterās avidē exspectāmus.
130.20 Quandō vōs Rōmam reditūrī estis?
130.21 Vōbīs nūntiāmus nōs philosophiam studēre.
130.22 Magister noster dē vōbīs saepe quaerit.
130.23 Vestrī grātiā multās rēs pulchrās emimus.
130.24 Rogāmus ut vōs parentibus nostrīs salūtem dētis.
130.25 Vōbīscum mox in patriā esse cupimus.
130.26 Scrībite vōs ipsī quid agātis.
130.27 Vestrum omnium vultūs cārōs vidēre gestīmus.
130.28 Mittimus vōbīs hanc epistulam per amīcum fidēlem.
130.29 Curāte ut vōs valeātis et nōs amētis.
130.30 Valete, vōs omnēs cārissimī amīcī.
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Letter writing in Latin showcases special uses of "vōs" and related forms: -
Epistolary Formulas: -
Opening: "vōbīs salūtem dīcunt" (they send greetings to you) -
Closing: "valete" (farewell - plural imperative) -
Well-wishes: "curāte ut valeātis" (take care that you be well) -
Genitive Usage in Letters: -
Partitive: "vestrum litterās" (letters from you) -
Objective: "vestrī grātiā" (for your sake) -
With omnium: "vestrum omnium" (of all of you) -
Subjunctive with vōs: -
Purpose clauses: "rogāmus ut vōs...dētis" (we ask that you give) -
Indirect questions: "quid agātis" (what you are doing) -
Wishes: "ut valeātis" (that you be well) -
Emphatic Constructions: -
"vōs ipsī" (you yourselves) for emphasis -
"vōs omnēs" (all of you) for inclusivity -
"vōbīscum" (with you) showing togetherness -
Word Order in Letters: -
Formal addresses often begin with recipient -
Emotional expressions vary placement for effect -
Questions may place "vōs" prominently
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