Lesson 35

Part A (Interleaved English and Latin Text)

35.1 Pater father atque and māter mother templum temple petunt seek

35.2 Ducem leader atque and mīlitēs soldiers laudāmus we praise

35.3 Ac and subitō suddenly hostēs enemies urbem city oppugnant attack

35.4 Senex old man atque and puer boy in in viā road ambulant walk

35.5 Rōmānī Romans atque and Gallī Gauls pacem peace faciunt make

35.6 Ac and statim immediately legiōnēs legions castra camp mūniunt fortify

35.7 Servī slaves atque and ancillae maidservants cēnam dinner parant prepare

35.8 Discipulī students librōs books atque and stilōs pens portant carry

35.9 Vēr spring atque and aestās summer agricolīs to farmers grāta pleasing sunt are

35.10 Ac and nunc now omnēs all deōs gods precāmur we pray to

35.11 Nautae sailors mare sea atque and ventōs winds timent fear

35.12 Poētae poets carmina songs atque and fābulās stories nārrant tell

35.13 Ac and paulātim gradually nox night caelum sky complectitur embraces

35.14 Mercātōrēs merchants aurum gold atque and argentum silver vendunt sell

35.15 Templum temple novum new atque and pulchrum beautiful videō I see

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Part B (Complete Sentences)

35.1 Pater atque māter templum petunt. Father and mother seek the temple.

35.2 Ducem atque mīlitēs laudāmus. We praise the leader and the soldiers.

35.3 Ac subitō hostēs urbem oppugnant. And suddenly the enemies attack the city.

35.4 Senex atque puer in viā ambulant. The old man and boy walk on the road.

35.5 Rōmānī atque Gallī pacem faciunt. The Romans and Gauls make peace.

35.6 Ac statim legiōnēs castra mūniunt. And immediately the legions fortify the camp.

35.7 Servī atque ancillae cēnam parant. The slaves and maidservants prepare dinner.

35.8 Discipulī librōs atque stilōs portant. The students carry books and pens.

35.9 Vēr atque aestās agricolīs grāta sunt. Spring and summer are pleasing to the farmers.

35.10 Ac nunc omnēs deōs precāmur. And now we pray to all the gods.

35.11 Nautae mare atque ventōs timent. The sailors fear the sea and winds.

35.12 Poētae carmina atque fābulās nārrant. The poets tell songs and stories.

35.13 Ac paulātim nox caelum complectitur. And gradually night embraces the sky.

35.14 Mercātōrēs aurum atque argentum vendunt. The merchants sell gold and silver.

35.15 Templum novum atque pulchrum videō. I see a new and beautiful temple.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

35.1 Pater atque māter templum petunt.

35.2 Ducem atque mīlitēs laudāmus.

35.3 Ac subitō hostēs urbem oppugnant.

35.4 Senex atque puer in viā ambulant.

35.5 Rōmānī atque Gallī pacem faciunt.

35.6 Ac statim legiōnēs castra mūniunt.

35.7 Servī atque ancillae cēnam parant.

35.8 Discipulī librōs atque stilōs portant.

35.9 Vēr atque aestās agricolīs grāta sunt.

35.10 Ac nunc omnēs deōs precāmur.

35.11 Nautae mare atque ventōs timent.

35.12 Poētae carmina atque fābulās nārrant.

35.13 Ac paulātim nox caelum complectitur.

35.14 Mercātōrēs aurum atque argentum vendunt.

35.15 Templum novum atque pulchrum videō.

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Part D (Grammar Explanation)

For English speakers learning Latin, understanding "atque/ac" involves several key points: -

Basic Usage: -

Atque and ac are synonyms meaning "and" -

Generally stronger than et, implying "and also" or "and in addition" -

Ac is used only before consonants -

Atque can be used before vowels or consonants -

Position in Sentence: -

Usually appears between the items being connected -

Can start a sentence when adding a new thought -

Never appears at the end of a sentence -

Types of Connection: -

Can join single words (nouns, adjectives, verbs) -

Can join phrases -

Can join clauses -

Often used in pairs of related items -

Differences from English: -

More emphatic than simple "and" -

Can't be used in lists of three or more items -

Has stylistic implications not present in English "and" -

Often indicates items are closely related or form a natural pair -

Common Patterns: -

Joining similar or contrasting pairs -

Adding important additional information -

Introducing sudden or significant events -

Connecting related but distinct concepts

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Part E (Cultural Context)

Understanding atque/ac requires appreciation of Roman rhetorical style: -

In Roman Oratory: -

Used for emphasis in speeches -

Creates rhythmic patterns -

Signals important additions to arguments -

Helps build to climactic points -

In Literature: -

Common in poetry for meter -

Used in prose for emphasis -

Helps create formal tone -

Indicates logical connections -

In Daily Life: -

Used in legal formulas -

Found in religious ritual language -

Common in formal announcements -

Part of political discourse -

Modern Relevance: -

Similar to formal English "furthermore" -

Helps understand Latin text structure -

Important in legal terminology -

Shows Roman precision in language

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Part F (Literary Citation)

Part F-A (Interleaved Text)

Part F-A (Interleaved Text)

From Cicero's "De Amicitia" (On Friendship):

Virtūs virtue amīcitiam friendship et and gignit begets atque and also continet maintains

Part F-B (Complete Translation)

Virtūs amīcitiam et gignit atque continet. Virtue both begets and also maintains friendship.

Part F-C (Literary Analysis)

Cicero uses both et and atque to show the two roles of virtue: creating and maintaining friendship. The atque emphasizes that maintaining friendship is as important as creating it.

Part F-D (Grammatical Notes)

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Virtūs is nominative singular subject -

Amīcitiam is accusative singular direct object -

Et...atque form a correlative pair ("both...and also") -

Gignit and continet are present tense verbs -

Word order emphasizes virtue's central role

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