Lesson 56

Part A (Interleaved English and Latin Text)

56.1 Servus slave tum then dominum master vīdit saw et and salūtāvit greeted

56.2 Mīlitēs soldiers nostrī our tum then castra camp mūnīvērunt fortified

56.3 Urbs city magna great tunc then flōrēbat was flourishing

56.4 Tum then puer boy mātrī to mother litterās letter dedit gave

56.5 Hostēs enemies tunc then fugam flight petīvērunt sought

56.6 Agricola farmer agrōs fields tum then relīquit left

56.7 Tum then tempestās storm magnā great vī with force incipit begins

56.8 Fēmina woman tunc then fīliō to son cibum food parābat was preparing

56.9 Mercātor merchant tum then pecūniam money numerābat was counting

56.10 Tum then vēr spring dulce sweet appropinquābat was approaching

56.11 Senātor senator tunc then populum people monēbat was warning

56.12 Tum then cīvēs citizens templum temple novum new vīdērunt saw

56.13 Sacerdōs priest tunc then deōs gods ōrābat was praying to

56.14 Pāx peace tum then terram land tenēbat was holding

56.15 Tunc then rēx king mīlitēs soldiers laudāvit praised

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Part B (Complete Natural Sentences)

56.1 Servus dominum tum vīdit et salūtāvit. The slave then saw and greeted his master.

56.2 Castra nostra mīlitēs tum mūnīvērunt. Our soldiers then fortified the camp.

56.3 Magna urbs tunc flōrēbat. The great city was then flourishing.

56.4 Tum puer mātrī litterās dedit. Then the boy gave the letter to his mother.

56.5 Hostēs tunc in fugam sē petīvērunt. Then the enemies sought flight.

56.6 Agrōs agricola tum relīquit. Then the farmer left his fields.

56.7 Magnā vī tum tempestās incipit. Then the storm begins with great force.

56.8 Fīliō tunc fēmina cibum parābat. Then the woman was preparing food for her son.

56.9 Pecūniam mercātor tum numerābat. Then the merchant was counting his money.

56.10 Tum dulce vēr appropinquābat. Then sweet spring was approaching.

56.11 Populum tunc senātor monēbat. Then the senator was warning the people.

56.12 Templum novum cīvēs tum vīdērunt. Then the citizens saw the new temple.

56.13 Deōs tunc sacerdōs ōrābat. Then the priest was praying to the gods.

56.14 Terram tum pāx tenēbat. Then peace was holding the land.

56.15 Tunc rēx mīlitēs suōs laudāvit. Then the king praised his soldiers.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

56.1 Servus dominum tum vīdit et salūtāvit.

56.2 Castra nostra mīlitēs tum mūnīvērunt.

56.3 Magna urbs tunc flōrēbat.

56.4 Tum puer mātrī litterās dedit.

56.5 Hostēs tunc in fugam sē petīvērunt.

56.6 Agrōs agricola tum relīquit.

56.7 Magnā vī tum tempestās incipit.

56.8 Fīliō tunc fēmina cibum parābat.

56.9 Pecūniam mercātor tum numerābat.

56.10 Tum dulce vēr appropinquābat.

56.11 Populum tunc senātor monēbat.

56.12 Templum novum cīvēs tum vīdērunt.

56.13 Deōs tunc sacerdōs ōrābat.

56.14 Terram tum pāx tenēbat.

56.15 Tunc rēx mīlitēs suōs laudāvit.

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Part D (Grammar Explanation)

The temporal adverbs "tum" and "tunc" are essential for narrative sequence in Latin. Here are the key points for English speakers: -

Basic Usage: -

Both mean "then" or "at that time" -

Used to show sequence of events -

Can begin or appear within sentences -

Often paired with other temporal markers -

Position in Sentence: -

Initial position emphasizes temporal sequence -

Middle position connects related events -

Can appear after important words for emphasis -

Common Patterns: -

With Perfect tense for completed actions -

With Imperfect for ongoing past actions -

In historical narrative -

In result clauses -

Differences from English: -

More flexible placement than English "then" -

Can be repeated more frequently -

Often implied where English requires it

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Part E (Cultural Context)

For English speakers, understanding how Romans used "tum/tunc" requires cultural context: -

Historical Writing: -

Essential in Roman historiography -

Used to structure narrative sequence -

Important in military accounts -

Key for political speeches -

Daily Life: -

Used in describing daily routines -

Important in legal proceedings -

Part of religious ritual descriptions -

Common in letters -

Literary Style: -

Different authors had preferences -

Caesar preferred "tum" -

Formal vs informal usage -

Narrative techniques -

Modern Relevance: -

Similar to English temporal markers -

Important for reading Latin texts -

Helps understand Roman thinking -

Essential for translation

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Part F (Literary Citation)

From Caesar's "De Bello Gallico" (1.25):

Part F-A (Interleaved Text)

56.1 Slave-us then master-um saw-it and greeted-it 56.2 Soldier-es our-ī then camp-a fortified-ērunt 56.3 City-s great-a then flourish-bat 56.4 Then boy-er mother-ī letter-ās gave-it 56.5 Enemy-ēs then flight-am sought-ērunt 56.6 Farmer-a field-ōs then left-it 56.7 Then storm-ās great-ā force-ī begins-it 56.8 Woman-a then son-ō food-um prepared-bat 56.9 Merchant-or then money-am counted-bat 56.10 Then spring-r sweet-e approached-bat 56.11 Senator-or then people-um warned-bat 56.12 Then citizen-ēs temple-um new-um saw-ērunt 56.13 Priest-ōs then god-ōs prayed-bat 56.14 Peace-x then land-am held-bat 56.15 Then king-x soldier-ēs praised-it

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Part F-B (Complete Translation)

Tum nostris omnibus occupatis in munitionibus castrorum, subito ex omnibus partibus silvae evolaverunt et in nostros impetum fecerunt.

Then, while all our men were occupied with the fortifications of the camp, they suddenly flew out from all parts of the forest and made an attack against our men.

Part F-C (Literary Analysis)

Caesar uses "tum" to mark a crucial moment in battle. The word order emphasizes: -

Temporal sequence (tum) -

Roman perspective (nostris) -

Suddenness of attack (subito) -

Total nature of assault (omnibus partibus)

Part F-D (Grammatical Notes)

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Ablative absolute: nostris occupatis -

Prepositional phrases: ex partibus, in nostros -

Perfect tense for sudden actions -

Present participle showing simultaneous action

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Genre Section: Historical Narrative

Part A (Interleaved Text)

Part F-A (Interleaved Text)

Tum then nostris our omnibus all occupatis being busy in with munitionibus fortifications castrorum of camp, subito suddenly ex from omnibus all partibus parts silvae of forest evolaverunt flew out et and in against nostros our men impetum attack fecerunt. made.

Part B (Complete Natural Sentences)

56.16 Imperātor cōpiās tum parāvit. Then the commander prepared his forces.

56.17 Legiōnēs tunc castra mōvērunt. Then the legions moved camp.

56.18 Hostēs tum fugere incēpērunt. Then the enemies began to flee.

56.19 Victōriam dux tunc speravit. Then the leader hoped for victory.

56.20 Pontem mīlitēs tum dēfendērunt. Then the soldiers defended the bridge.

56.21 Tum explōrātōrēs nūntium gravem attulērunt. Then the scouts brought serious news.

56.22 Ōrdinem centuriō tunc īnstrūxit. Then the centurion arranged the rank.

56.23 Flūmen tum equitēs magnā vī trānsiērunt. Then the cavalry crossed the river with great force.

56.24 Pācem rēx tunc ā Rōmānīs petīvit. Then the king sought peace from the Romans.

56.25 Bellum tum senātus contrā hostēs dēcrēvit. Then the senate decreed war against the enemies.

56.26 Urbem cīvēs tunc metū hostium relīquērunt. Then the citizens left the city out of fear of the enemy.

56.27 Templa deōrum tum māgnā cūrā ornāvērunt. Then they decorated the temples of the gods with great care.

56.28 Montem legiō tunc fortiter occupāvit. Then the legion bravely seized the mountain.

56.29 Praemia tum victōrēs laetī accēpērunt. Then the joyful victors received their rewards.

56.30 Terram pāx tunc diū tenēbat. Then peace held the land for a long time.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

56.16 Imperātor cōpiās tum parāvit.

56.17 Legiōnēs tunc castra mōvērunt.

56.18 Hostēs tum fugere incēpērunt.

56.19 Victōriam dux tunc speravit.

56.20 Pontem mīlitēs tum dēfendērunt.

56.21 Tum explōrātōrēs nūntium gravem attulērunt.

56.22 Ōrdinem centuriō tunc īnstrūxit.

56.23 Flūmen tum equitēs magnā vī trānsiērunt.

56.24 Pācem rēx tunc ā Rōmānīs petīvit.

56.25 Bellum tum senātus contrā hostēs dēcrēvit.

56.26 Urbem cīvēs tunc metū hostium relīquērunt.

56.27 Templa deōrum tum māgnā cūrā ornāvērunt.

56.28 Montem legiō tunc fortiter occupāvit.

56.29 Praemia tum victōrēs laetī accēpērunt.

56.30 Terram pāx tunc diū tenēbat.

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Part D (Grammar Explanation with Concrete Examples)

In historical narrative, the use of tum/tunc shows several important patterns: -

Sequence of Events: -

Often begins sentences to show clear progression -

Example: "Tum explōrātōrēs nūntium gravem attulērunt" -

Connects related events in chronological order -

Helps structure historical narrative -

Position Variations: -

Initial position: "Tum explōrātōrēs..." -

Medial position: "Imperātor cōpiās tum parāvit" -

After important words: "Hostēs tum fugere incēpērunt" -

Verb Tense Relationships: -

Perfect tense for completed actions: "Legiōnēs tunc castra mōvērunt" -

Imperfect for ongoing situations: "Terram pāx tunc diū tenēbat" -

Historical present for vivid narration: "Flūmen tum equitēs magnā vī trānsiērunt" -

Military Context: -

Used with technical military terms: -

castra mōvēre (to move camp) -

ōrdinem īnstruere (to arrange ranks) -

pontem dēfendere (to defend a bridge) -

Political Context: -

Formal decisions: "Bellum tum senātus dēcrēvit" -

Diplomatic actions: "Pācem rēx tunc petīvit" -

Public events: "Templa deōrum tum ornāvērunt" -

Complex Sentences: -

With ablative of means: "magnā vī" -

With ablative of cause: "metū hostium" -

With adverbs: "fortiter", "diū" -

Word Order Patterns: -

Object emphasis: "Victōriam dux tunc speravit" -

Subject emphasis: "Legiōnēs tunc castra mōvērunt" -

Action emphasis: "Fugere tum hostēs incēpērunt" -

Special Uses: -

Marking pivotal moments: "Tum explōrātōrēs nūntium attulērunt" -

Introducing results: "Praemia tum victōrēs accēpērunt" -

Concluding episodes: "Terram pāx tunc tenēbat"

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