Lesson 57

Part A (Interleaved English and Latin Text)

57.1 Sapientēs wise men enim for vērum truth semper always dīcunt say

57.2 Nōn not facile easy enim indeed est it is hoc this opus work

57.3 Magnus great enim for labor work nōs us manet awaits

57.4 Rēx king enim for iūstus just omnēs all cīvēs citizens amat loves

57.5 Bellum war enim for pācem peace saepe often parat prepares

57.6 Māter mother enim for līberōs children semper always cūrat cares for

57.7 Virtūs virtue enim for sine without labōre work nōn not venit comes

57.8 Tempus time enim indeed nūllum no verbum word exspectat waits for

57.9 Vēritās truth enim for immortālis immortal est is

57.10 Amīcus friend enim for in in perīculō danger adest is present

57.11 Hostēs enemies enim for urbem city nostram our timent fear

57.12 Diēs day enim indeed brevis short est is hieme in winter

57.13 Magister teacher enim for discipulōs pupils docēre to teach dēbet ought

57.14 Agricola farmer enim for multōs many agrōs fields habet has

57.15 Patria fatherland enim for cīvibus by citizens dēfenditur is defended

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Part B (Complete Natural Sentences)

57.1 Sapientēs enim vērum semper dīcunt. For wise men always speak the truth.

57.2 Nōn facile enim est hoc opus. Indeed, this work is not easy.

57.3 Magnus enim labor nōs manet. For a great task awaits us.

57.4 Rēx enim iūstus omnēs cīvēs amat. For a just king loves all citizens.

57.5 Bellum enim pācem saepe parat. For war often prepares peace.

57.6 Māter enim līberōs semper cūrat. For a mother always cares for her children.

57.7 Virtūs enim sine labōre nōn venit. For virtue does not come without work.

57.8 Tempus enim nūllum verbum exspectat. For time waits for no word.

57.9 Vēritās enim immortālis est. For truth is immortal.

57.10 Amīcus enim in perīculō adest. For a friend is present in danger.

57.11 Hostēs enim urbem nostram timent. For the enemies fear our city.

57.12 Diēs enim brevis est hieme. Indeed, the day is short in winter.

57.13 Magister enim discipulōs docēre dēbet. For a teacher ought to teach pupils.

57.14 Agricola enim multōs agrōs habet. For the farmer has many fields.

57.15 Patria enim cīvibus dēfenditur. For the fatherland is defended by its citizens.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

57.1 Sapientēs enim vērum semper dīcunt.

57.2 Nōn facile enim est hoc opus.

57.3 Magnus enim labor nōs manet.

57.4 Rēx enim iūstus omnēs cīvēs amat.

57.5 Bellum enim pācem saepe parat.

57.6 Māter enim līberōs semper cūrat.

57.7 Virtūs enim sine labōre nōn venit.

57.8 Tempus enim nūllum verbum exspectat.

57.9 Vēritās enim immortālis est.

57.10 Amīcus enim in perīculō adest.

57.11 Hostēs enim urbem nostram timent.

57.12 Diēs enim brevis est hieme.

57.13 Magister enim discipulōs docēre dēbet.

57.14 Agricola enim multōs agrōs habet.

57.15 Patria enim cīvibus dēfenditur.

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Part D (Grammar Explanation)

The particle "enim" has several important features for English speakers to understand: -

Position in Sentence: -

Never comes first in its clause -

Usually second or third word -

Can follow a negative: "nōn enim" -

Often follows the subject -

Usage: -

Explains or gives reason for previous statement -

Confirms or strengthens an assertion -

Similar to English "for" or "indeed" -

Less forceful than "nam" -

Common Patterns: -

With verbs of saying: "dīcunt enim" -

In explanations: "est enim" -

With negatives: "nōn enim" -

In responses: "ita enim" -

Contextual Meaning: -

Causal: "for, because" -

Confirmatory: "indeed, truly" -

Explanatory: "you see, that is"

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Part E (Cultural Context)

Understanding "enim" requires cultural context: -

Rhetorical Usage: -

Essential in Roman oratory -

Used in logical arguments -

Common in philosophical texts -

Part of formal debate style -

Literary Context: -

Different from colloquial usage -

Important in historical writing -

Used in poetry differently -

Shows educational level -

Social Implications: -

Marks formal discourse -

Shows logical thinking -

Indicates educated speech -

Used in legal contexts -

Modern Relevance: -

Similar to formal English "for" -

Used in academic Latin -

Important in legal Latin -

Still used in Church Latin

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Part F (Literary Citation)

From Cicero's "De Amicitia" (47):

Part F-A (Interleaved Text)

Ø means no case ending

57.1 Wise-ēs for-Ø truth-um always-Ø say-unt 57.2 Not-Ø easy-e for-Ø is-t this-oc work-us 57.3 Great-us for-Ø work-or us-ōs awaits-et 57.4 King-x for-Ø just-us all-ēs citizens-ēs loves-at 57.5 War-um for-Ø peace-em often-Ø prepares-at 57.6 Mother-r for-Ø children-ōs always-Ø cares for-at 57.7 Virtue-s for-Ø without-e work-e not-Ø comes-it 57.8 Time-us for-Ø no-um word-um waits for-at 57.9 Truth-s for-Ø immortal-is is-t 57.10 Friend-us for-Ø in-n danger-ō is present-t 57.11 Enemies-ēs for-Ø city-em our-am fear-ent 57.12 Day-s for-Ø short-is is-t winter-e 57.13 Teacher-r for-Ø pupils-ōs to teach-re ought-et 57.14 Farmer-a for-Ø many-ōs fields-ōs has-et 57.15 Fatherland-a for-Ø citizens-ibus is defended-itur

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Part F-B (Complete Translation)

"Vērum enim amīcum quī intuētur, tamquam exemplar aliquod intuētur suī. Quōcircā et absentēs adsunt et egentēs abundant et imbēcillī valent et, quod difficilius dictū est, mortuī vīvunt."

For he who gazes upon a true friend gazes upon a kind of image of himself. Therefore both the absent are present and the needy abound and the weak are strong and, what is more difficult to say, the dead live.

Part F-C (Literary Analysis)

Cicero uses "enim" here to introduce an explanation of friendship's nature. The passage demonstrates: -

Position of "enim" (second word) -

Explanatory function -

Connection to previous context -

Formal philosophical style

Part F-D (Grammatical Notes)

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"enim" follows first word -

Multiple "et" coordinating phrases -

Use of relative clause "quī" -

Parallel structure with contrasts -

Supine "dictū" with comparative

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Genre Section: Philosophical Dialogue

Part A (Interleaved Text)

Part F-A (Interleaved Text)

Vērum true enim indeed amīcum friend quī who intuētur gazes upon, tamquam as if exemplar model aliquod some intuētur gazes upon suī of himself. Quōcircā therefore et both absentēs absent ones adsunt are present et and egentēs needy ones abundant abound et and imbēcillī weak ones valent are strong et, and, quod which difficilius more difficult dictū to say est, is, mortuī dead ones vīvunt live.

Part B (Complete Natural Sentences)

57.16 Magister discipulum interrogat quid sit sapientia. The teacher asks the pupil what wisdom might be.

57.17 Discipulus respondet difficile enim esse sapientiam dēfīnīre. The pupil replies that it is indeed difficult to define wisdom.

57.18 Sapientēs enim semper quaerunt vēritātem. For wise men always seek truth.

57.19 Multī enim errōrēs in vītā sunt. For there are many errors in life.

57.20 Philosophī enim nōn semper cōnsentiunt. For philosophers do not always agree.

57.21 Vēritās enim multās formās habet. For truth has many forms.

57.22 Nātūra enim optimē docet. For nature teaches best.

57.23 Magnum enim gaudium est intellegere. For it is a great joy to understand.

57.24 Ratiō enim hominēs ā bēstiīs distinguit. For reason distinguishes men from beasts.

57.25 Virtūs enim per sē ipsa placet. For virtue pleases through itself alone.

57.26 Animus enim noster immortālis est. For our mind is immortal.

57.27 Scientia enim potentiam dat. For knowledge gives power.

57.28 Sapientia enim melior quam dīvitiae est. For wisdom is better than riches.

57.29 Philosophia enim magistra vītae est. For philosophy is the teacher of life.

57.30 Disciplīna enim sine labōre nūlla est. For there is no learning without work.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

57.16 Magister discipulum interrogat quid sit sapientia.

57.17 Discipulus respondet difficile enim esse sapientiam dēfīnīre.

57.18 Sapientēs enim semper quaerunt vēritātem.

57.19 Multī enim errōrēs in vītā sunt.

57.20 Philosophī enim nōn semper cōnsentiunt.

57.21 Vēritās enim multās formās habet.

57.22 Nātūra enim optimē docet.

57.23 Magnum enim gaudium est intellegere.

57.24 Ratiō enim hominēs ā bēstiīs distinguit.

57.25 Virtūs enim per sē ipsa placet.

57.26 Animus enim noster immortālis est.

57.27 Scientia enim potentiam dat.

57.28 Sapientia enim melior quam dīvitiae est.

57.29 Philosophia enim magistra vītae est.

57.30 Disciplīna enim sine labōre nūlla est.

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Part D (Grammar Explanation)

In philosophical dialogue, "enim" serves several specific functions: -

Logical Connection: -

Introduces explanations: "Ratiō enim..." -

Supports arguments: "Virtūs enim..." -

Provides reasoning: "Scientia enim..." -

Structural Patterns: -

Often follows abstract nouns: "Sapientia enim..." -

Used in definitions: "Philosophia enim..." -

Connects logical steps: "Disciplīna enim..." -

Common Constructions: -

With esse + infinitive: "difficile enim esse..." -

In comparisons: "melior quam..." -

With universal statements: "semper..." -

Special Uses in Philosophy: -

Introducing philosophical principles -

Supporting ethical statements -

Connecting parts of arguments -

Explaining abstract concepts -

Position in Philosophical Text: -

Usually second word in clause -

Often follows key term being discussed -

Can separate subject from predicate -

Links related ideas

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