Lesson 63

Part A (Interleaved English and Latin Text)

63.1 Puer boy domum home venit comes sērō late

63.2 Nūntius messenger ā from rēge king vēnit comes hodiē today

63.3 Ad to urbem city multī many mercātōrēs merchants veniunt come

63.4 Amīcī friends meī my crās tomorrow venient will come

63.5 Māne in morning ad to templum temple sacerdōs priest vēnit came

63.6 Rōmam to Rome imperātor emperor magnā great cum with glōriā glory vēnit came

63.7 Quandō when veniēs will you come ad to cēnam dinner meam my

63.8 Ēx from Graeciā Greece poētae poets multī many vēnērunt came

63.9 Vēnimus we came ut in order that tē you vidēāmus we might see

63.10 Undique from everywhere agricolae farmers ad to forum forum veniēbant were coming

63.11 Nōnne accentuates question ad to lūdōs games veniētis will you come

63.12 Auxilium help tempore at time optimō best vēnit came

63.13 Quōcumque wherever vēnī I came cīvēs citizens laetī happy erant were

63.14 Prīmō at first paucī few vēnērunt came deinde then multī many

63.15 Ad to portam gate urbis of city hostēs enemies veniunt come

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Part B (Complete Natural Sentences)

63.1 Puer domum sērō venit. The boy comes home late.

63.2 Hodiē nūntius ā rēge vēnit. Today a messenger comes from the king.

63.3 Ad urbem multī mercātōrēs veniunt. Many merchants come to the city.

63.4 Amīcī meī crās venient. My friends will come tomorrow.

63.5 Sacerdōs māne ad templum vēnit. The priest came to the temple in the morning.

63.6 Rōmam imperātor magnā cum glōriā vēnit. The emperor came to Rome with great glory.

63.7 Quandō ad cēnam meam veniēs? When will you come to my dinner?

63.8 Ēx Graeciā poētae multī vēnērunt. Many poets came from Greece.

63.9 Vēnimus ut tē vidēāmus. We came so that we might see you.

63.10 Undique agricolae ad forum veniēbant. Farmers were coming to the forum from everywhere.

63.11 Nōnne ad lūdōs veniētis? Will you not come to the games?

63.12 Auxilium tempore optimō vēnit. Help came at the best time.

63.13 Quōcumque vēnī, cīvēs laetī erant. Wherever I came, the citizens were happy.

63.14 Prīmō paucī vēnērunt, deinde multī. At first few came, then many.

63.15 Ad portam urbis hostēs veniunt. The enemies come to the city gate.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

63.1 Puer domum sērō venit.

63.2 Hodiē nūntius ā rēge vēnit.

63.3 Ad urbem multī mercātōrēs veniunt.

63.4 Amīcī meī crās venient.

63.5 Sacerdōs māne ad templum vēnit.

63.6 Rōmam imperātor magnā cum glōriā vēnit.

63.7 Quandō ad cēnam meam veniēs?

63.8 Ēx Graeciā poētae multī vēnērunt.

63.9 Vēnimus ut tē vidēāmus.

63.10 Undique agricolae ad forum veniēbant.

63.11 Nōnne ad lūdōs veniētis?

63.12 Auxilium tempore optimō vēnit.

63.13 Quōcumque vēnī, cīvēs laetī erant.

63.14 Prīmō paucī vēnērunt, deinde multī.

63.15 Ad portam urbis hostēs veniunt.

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Part D (Grammar Explanation)

The verb "veniō" is a 4th conjugation verb meaning "to come." Here are its key features: -

Principal Parts: -

Present: veniō -

Infinitive: venīre -

Perfect: vēnī -

Supine: ventum -

Present System Forms: -

Present: veniō, venīs, venit, venīmus, venītis, veniunt -

Imperfect: veniēbam, veniēbās, etc. -

Future: veniam, veniēs, veniet, etc. -

Common Constructions: -

With ad + accusative: "ad urbem venīre" (to come to the city) -

With accusative alone for cities: "Rōmam venīre" (to come to Rome) -

With purpose clause: "vēnimus ut vidēāmus" (we came to see) -

With ablative of manner: "magnā cum glōriā venīre" (to come with great glory) -

Special Uses: -

In questions: "Quandō veniēs?" -

With temporal expressions: "māne venīre" -

With directional adverbs: "undique venīre"

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Part E (Cultural Context)

For English speakers, understanding "veniō" requires cultural context: -

Travel in Roman World: -

Most people traveled on foot -

Elite used horses or carriages -

Sea travel common for longer distances -

Roads built primarily for military use -

Social Context: -

Arrival of important persons ceremonial -

Visitors announced by slaves -

Formal protocols for entering homes -

Different customs for public/private spaces -

Military Usage: -

Crucial for reporting troop movements -

Used in diplomatic contexts -

Important for describing reinforcements -

Key term in surrender negotiations -

Religious Significance: -

Used for divine visitations -

Important in prophecies -

Part of ritual formulas -

Used in prayers and invocations

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Part F (Literary Citation)

From Caesar's "Dē Bellō Gallicō" (4.27):

Part F-A (Interleaved Text)

Part F-A (Interleaved Text)

Quibus to whom rēbus things cognitis having been learned Caesar Caesar celeriter quickly ad to exercitum army venit came, cohortātus having encouraged mīlitēs soldiers nē lest necessāriō necessary tempore time reī of affair pūblicae public deessent they should fail.

Part F-B (Complete Translation)

"Quibus rēbus cognitis, Caesar celeriter ad exercitum venit, cohortātus mīlitēs nē necessāriō tempore reī pūblicae deessent."

Having learned these things, Caesar quickly came to the army, encouraging the soldiers not to fail the republic at a crucial time.

Part F-C (Literary Analysis)

Caesar uses "venit" in a typical military context, emphasizing: -

Swift action (celeriter) -

Leadership presence (personal arrival) -

Motivation of troops (cohortātus) -

Crisis moment (necessāriō tempore)

Part F-D (Grammatical Notes)

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Ablative absolute: "quibus rēbus cognitis" -

Perfect participle: "cohortātus" -

Negative purpose clause: "nē... deessent" -

Dative of reference: "reī pūblicae"

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Genre Section: Military Report

Part A (Interleaved Text)

63.16 Legiō legion nostra our sub under noctem night vēnit came

63.17 Ad to castra camp auxiliā reinforcements tribus three cohortibus with cohorts vēnērunt came

63.18 Nūntius messenger ā from sociīs allies vēnit came auxilium help petēns seeking

63.19 Māne in morning explōrātōrēs scouts cum with novīs new nūntiīs reports vēnērunt came

63.20 Ad to flūminis of river rīpam bank hostēs enemies veniēbant were coming

63.21 Imperātor commander ipse himself cum with equitibus cavalry vēnit came

63.22 Ex from montibus mountains barbarī barbarians magnō great numerō in number veniēbant were coming

63.23 Ante before vesperum evening cōpiās forces nostrās our ventūrās about to come esse to be spērāvimus we hoped

63.24 Ubi when nox night vēnit came hostēs enemies sē themselves recēpērunt withdrew

63.25 Postrīdiē next day lēgātī ambassadors pācem peace petentēs seeking vēnērunt came

63.26 Ad to oppidum town quod which oppugnābātur was being attacked auxilia reinforcements nōn not vēnērunt came

63.27 Cum when Caesar Caesar vēnisset had come mīlitēs soldiers castra camp mūnīvērunt fortified

63.28 Quārtā in fourth vigiliā watch nūntius messenger dē about victōriā victory vēnit came

63.29 Ante before sōlis of sun occāsum setting reliquae remaining nāvēs ships ventūrae about to come sunt are

63.30 Omnēs all cōpiae forces quae which ventūrae about to come erant were iam now convēnērunt have assembled

Part B (Complete Natural Sentences)

63.21 Imperātor ipse cum equitibus vēnit. The commander himself came with the cavalry.

63.22 Ex montibus barbarī magnō numerō veniēbant. The barbarians were coming from the mountains in great number.

63.23 Ante vesperum cōpiās nostrās ventūrās esse spērāvimus. We hoped that our forces would come before evening.

63.24 Ubi nox vēnit, hostēs sē recēpērunt. When night came, the enemies withdrew.

63.25 Postrīdiē lēgātī pācem petentēs vēnērunt. The next day, ambassadors came seeking peace.

63.26 Ad oppidum quod oppugnābātur auxilia nōn vēnērunt. Reinforcements did not come to the town which was being attacked.

63.27 Cum Caesar vēnisset, mīlitēs castra mūnīvērunt. When Caesar had come, the soldiers fortified the camp.

63.28 Quārtā vigiliā nūntius dē victōriā vēnit. In the fourth watch, a messenger came about the victory.

63.29 Ante sōlis occāsum reliquae nāvēs ventūrae sunt. The remaining ships are going to come before sunset.

63.30 Omnēs cōpiae quae ventūrae erant iam convēnērunt. All the forces which were going to come have now assembled.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

63.21 Imperātor ipse cum equitibus vēnit.

63.22 Ex montibus barbarī magnō numerō veniēbant.

63.23 Ante vesperum cōpiās nostrās ventūrās esse spērāvimus.

63.24 Ubi nox vēnit, hostēs sē recēpērunt.

63.25 Postrīdiē lēgātī pācem petentēs vēnērunt.

63.26 Ad oppidum quod oppugnābātur auxilia nōn vēnērunt.

63.27 Cum Caesar vēnisset, mīlitēs castra mūnīvērunt.

63.28 Quārtā vigiliā nūntius dē victōriā vēnit.

63.29 Ante sōlis occāsum reliquae nāvēs ventūrae sunt.

63.30 Omnēs cōpiae quae ventūrae erant iam convēnērunt.

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Part D (Grammar Explanation with Military Context)

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Military Time Expressions with veniō: -

Specific watches: "quārtā vigiliā vēnit" -

Before/after markers: "ante vesperum ventūrae" -

Time clauses: "ubi nox vēnit" -

Future Participle Usage in Military Reports: -

Prediction: "ventūrae sunt" -

Indirect statement: "ventūrās esse" -

Relative clauses: "quae ventūrae erant" -

Military Unit Terminology: -

With cavalry: "cum equitibus vēnit" -

With reinforcements: "auxilia vēnērunt" -

Full forces: "omnēs cōpiae" -

Tactical Movements: -

From locations: "ex montibus veniēbant" -

To objectives: "ad oppidum vēnērunt" -

With numbers: "magnō numerō" -

Special Military Constructions: -

Temporal cum clauses: "cum vēnisset" -

Purpose expressions: "pācem petentēs" -

Result clauses: "quod oppugnābātur" -

Command Structure References: -

Commander emphasis: "imperātor ipse" -

Named commanders: "Caesar" -

Chain of command: "lēgātī" -

Common Military Phrases: -

For reinforcements: "auxilia veniunt" -

For messengers: "nūntius vēnit" -

For withdrawal: "sē recēpērunt" -

Strategic Context: -

Fortification: "castra mūnīvērunt" -

Diplomatic missions: "lēgātī pācem petentēs" -

Battle reports: "dē victōriā"

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