Lesson 80

Part A (Interleaved English and Latin Text)

80.1 Lupus wolf hīc here stat stands et and ovēs sheep spectat watches

80.2 Mīles soldier hīc here mūrum wall altum high aedificat builds

80.3 Hīc here iam now templum temple nōvum new surgit rises

80.4 Senex old man hīc here sōlus alone habitat lives

80.5 Servī slaves hīc here labōrem work grave heavy faciunt do

80.6 Agricola farmer hīc here taurum bull nigrum black videt sees

80.7 Hīc here virī men fortēs brave pugnant fight

80.8 Nautae sailors hīc here nāvem ship longam long parant prepare

80.9 Puer boy hīc here litterās letters Latīnās Latin discit learns

80.10 Hīc here aqua water limpida clear fluit flows

80.11 Magistra teacher hīc here fābulam story nārrat tells

80.12 Hīc here arbor tree alta tall crescit grows

80.13 Mīlitēs soldiers hīc here castra camp pōnunt place

80.14 Cīvēs citizens hīc here forum forum frequentant frequent

80.15 Hīc here pāx peace semper always manet remains

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Part B (Complete Natural Sentences)

80.1 Lupus hīc stat et ovēs spectat. A wolf stands here and watches the sheep.

80.2 Mīles hīc mūrum altum aedificat. A soldier builds a high wall here.

80.3 Hīc iam templum nōvum surgit. Here now rises a new temple.

80.4 Senex hīc sōlus habitat. An old man lives here alone.

80.5 Servī hīc labōrem grave faciunt. Slaves do heavy work here.

80.6 Agricola hīc taurum nigrum videt. A farmer sees a black bull here.

80.7 Hīc virī fortēs pugnant. Here brave men fight.

80.8 Nautae hīc nāvem longam parant. Sailors prepare a long ship here.

80.9 Puer hīc litterās Latīnās discit. A boy learns Latin letters here.

80.10 Hīc aqua limpida fluit. Here clear water flows.

80.11 Magistra hīc fābulam nārrat. A teacher tells a story here.

80.12 Hīc arbor alta crescit. Here a tall tree grows.

80.13 Mīlitēs hīc castra pōnunt. Soldiers establish a camp here.

80.14 Cīvēs hīc forum frequentant. Citizens frequent the forum here.

80.15 Hīc pāx semper manet. Here peace always remains.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Part C (Latin Text Only)

80.1 Lupus hīc stat et ovēs spectat.

80.2 Mīles hīc mūrum altum aedificat.

80.3 Hīc iam templum nōvum surgit.

80.4 Senex hīc sōlus habitat.

80.5 Servī hīc labōrem grave faciunt.

80.6 Agricola hīc taurum nigrum videt.

80.7 Hīc virī fortēs pugnant.

80.8 Nautae hīc nāvem longam parant.

80.9 Puer hīc litterās Latīnās discit.

80.10 Hīc aqua limpida fluit.

80.11 Magistra hīc fābulam nārrat.

80.12 Hīc arbor alta crescit.

80.13 Mīlitēs hīc castra pōnunt.

80.14 Cīvēs hīc forum frequentant.

80.15 Hīc pāx semper manet.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Part D (Grammar Explanation)

The adverb "hīc" (here) has several important features for English speakers to understand: -

Form: -

Unchanging adverb of place -

Related to demonstrative pronoun "hic, haec, hoc" -

Long ī marked by macron -

Often paired with "hinc" (from here) -

Position in Sentence: -

Can appear at start: "Hīc virī fortēs pugnant" -

After subject: "Puer hīc discit" -

Before verb: "Senex hīc habitat" -

Flexible placement for emphasis -

Common Uses: -

Physical location: "Hīc arbor crescit" -

Temporal setting: "Hīc iam templum surgit" -

In contrasts: "hīc... illīc" (here... there) -

With motion verbs: "hīc stat" -

Typical Constructions: -

With esse: "hīc est" (is here) -

In descriptions: "hīc habitat" (lives here) -

With visible actions: "hīc videt" (sees here)

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Part E (Cultural Context)

For English speakers, understanding "hīc" requires cultural context: -

Roman Spatial Awareness: -

Romans emphasized physical presence -

Important in legal proceedings -

Critical for military commands -

Used in religious ritual locations -

Literary Usage: -

Common in historical narratives -

Used in poetry for scene-setting -

Important in dramatic texts -

Found in inscription formulas -

Modern Connections: -

Similar to English "here" -

Used in academic Latin -

Found in legal phrases -

Common in ecclesiastical Latin

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Part F (Literary Citation)

From Caesar's "De Bello Gallico" (1.16):

Part F-A (Interleaved Text)

Part F-A (Interleaved Text)

Hīc here locus place aequō level ferē almost spatiō space ā from castrīs camp Ariovistī of Ariovistus et and Caesaris of Caesar aberat was distant. Eō to that place ad for colloquium conference vēnērunt they came.

Part F-B (Complete Translation)

"Hīc locus aequō ferē spatiō ā castrīs Ariovistī et Caesaris aberat. Eō ad colloquium vēnērunt."

This place was almost equidistant from the camps of Ariovistus and Caesar. They came there for the conference.

Part F-C (Literary Analysis)

Caesar uses "hīc" to establish the crucial meeting location between opposing forces. The precise description of the place emphasizes the diplomatic significance.

Part F-D (Grammatical Notes)

-

"Hīc" modifies "locus" as demonstrative -

Ablative of separation with "ā" -

Ablative of specification in "spatiō" -

Perfect tense "aberat" for description -

Purpose clause with "ad colloquium"

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Genre Section: Military Report

Part A (Interleaved Text)

80.16 Dux leader hīc here castra camp posuit placed quod because locus place idōneus suitable erat was

80.17 Mīlitēs soldiers hīc here vallum rampart altum high aedificāvērunt built

80.18 Hīc here turris tower lignea wooden stat stands unde from where hostēs enemies vidērī to be seen possunt are able

80.19 Explōrātōrēs scouts hīc here vestigia tracks hostium of enemies invēnērunt found

80.20 Mīlitēs soldiers hīc here excubiās watches agunt keep nē lest hostēs enemies appropinquent approach

80.21 Hīc here pābulum fodder equīs for horses abundat abounds

80.22 Legiō legion decimā tenth hīc here hiemābit will winter

80.23 Equitēs cavalry hīc here flūmen river trānsīre to cross temptant try

80.24 Dux leader hīc here cōnsilium plan mīlitibus to soldiers aperit reveals

80.25 Hīc here nōs we victōriam victory māgnam great reportāvimus brought back

80.26 Centuriō centurion hīc here ōrdinem rank īnstruit arranges

80.27 Hīc here tormenta siege engines positā placed sunt are ad for oppugnātiōnem attack

80.28 Signifer standard-bearer hīc here aquilam eagle legiōnis of legion tenet holds

80.29 Hīc here impedīmenta baggage exercitūs of army relicta left behind sunt are

80.30 Mīlitēs soldiers hīc here mortuōs dead sepelīvērunt buried

Part B (Complete Natural Sentences)

80.16 Dux hīc castra posuit quod locus idōneus erat. The leader placed the camp here because the place was suitable.

80.17 Mīlitēs hīc vallum altum aedificāvērunt. The soldiers built a high rampart here.

80.18 Hīc turris lignea stat unde hostēs vidērī possunt. Here stands a wooden tower from which the enemies can be seen.

80.19 Explōrātōrēs hīc vestigia hostium invēnērunt. The scouts found enemy tracks here.

80.20 Mīlitēs hīc excubiās agunt nē hostēs appropinquent. The soldiers keep watch here lest the enemies approach.

80.21 Hīc pābulum equīs abundat. Here fodder abounds for the horses.

80.22 Legiō decimā hīc hiemābit. The tenth legion will winter here.

80.23 Equitēs hīc flūmen trānsīre temptant. The cavalry try to cross the river here.

80.24 Dux hīc cōnsilium mīlitibus aperit. The leader reveals his plan to the soldiers here.

80.25 Hīc nōs victōriam māgnam reportāvimus. Here we won a great victory.

80.26 Centuriō hīc ōrdinem īnstruit. The centurion arranges the rank here.

80.27 Hīc tormenta positā sunt ad oppugnātiōnem. Here siege engines are positioned for the attack.

80.28 Signifer hīc aquilam legiōnis tenet. The standard-bearer holds the legion's eagle here.

80.29 Hīc impedīmenta exercitūs relicta sunt. Here the army's baggage was left behind.

80.30 Mīlitēs hīc mortuōs sepelīvērunt. The soldiers buried their dead here.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Part C (Latin Text Only)

80.16 Dux hīc castra posuit quod locus idōneus erat.

80.17 Mīlitēs hīc vallum altum aedificāvērunt.

80.18 Hīc turris lignea stat unde hostēs vidērī possunt.

80.19 Explōrātōrēs hīc vestigia hostium invēnērunt.

80.20 Mīlitēs hīc excubiās agunt nē hostēs appropinquent.

80.21 Hīc pābulum equīs abundat.

80.22 Legiō decimā hīc hiemābit.

80.23 Equitēs hīc flūmen trānsīre temptant.

80.24 Dux hīc cōnsilium mīlitibus aperit.

80.25 Hīc nōs victōriam māgnam reportāvimus.

80.26 Centuriō hīc ōrdinem īnstruit.

80.27 Hīc tormenta positā sunt ad oppugnātiōnem.

80.28 Signifer hīc aquilam legiōnis tenet.

80.29 Hīc impedīmenta exercitūs relicta sunt.

80.30 Mīlitēs hīc mortuōs sepelīvērunt.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Part D (Grammar Explanation)

Military usage of "hīc" has specific features: -

Strategic Location: -

With verbs of placing: "castra ponere" -

For defensive positions: "vallum aedificāre" -

With observation posts: "unde vidērī possunt" -

Technical Terms: -

Military vocabulary -

Command structures -

Position reporting -

Temporal Uses: -

For immediate actions: "hīc excubiās agunt" -

Future plans: "hīc hiemābit" -

Past events: "hīc victōriam reportāvimus" -

Common Military Constructions: -

With defensive terms: "vallum," "castra," "tormenta" -

Supply terminology: "pābulum," "impedīmenta" -

Personnel references: "centuriō," "signifer," "explōrātōrēs" -

Special Military Phrases: -

Battle formations: "ōrdinem īnstruere" -

Camp activities: "excubiās agere" -

Strategic decisions: "cōnsilium aperīre" -

Grammatical Features in Military Context: -

Purpose clauses: "nē hostēs appropinquent" -

Passive voice for reports: "positā sunt" -

Ablative of place: "hīc" with specific location -

Word Order in Military Reports: -

Initial position for emphasis: "Hīc turris lignea stat" -

Medial position for description: "Mīlitēs hīc vallum aedificāvērunt" -

With complex phrases: "Dux hīc castra posuit" -

Verb Tenses with Military Usage: -

Perfect for completed actions: "aedificāvērunt" -

Present for ongoing situations: "agunt" -

Future for planned operations: "hiemābit"

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

---