For autodidact students of Mandarin, English "there" has two fundamentally different grammatical functions that Chinese handles with different words. The first is the locative "there" — pointing to a place: 那里 (nàlǐ, over there) or 那儿 (nàr, colloquial). The second is the existential "there" — announcing existence: there is, there are — expressed in Chinese with 有 (yǒu, to have/exist) rather than any locative word.
This split is one of the most important structural lessons in Mandarin. English says "There is a book on the table" — the "there" is a dummy subject with no location meaning. Chinese says 桌子上有一本书 (On the table exists/there-is a book) — the location comes first, 有 announces existence, and the book is the new information. The English "there" word is never translated; 有 does its job instead.
Key Takeaways: - Locative "there" → 那里 (nàlǐ) or 那儿 (nàr, colloquial) - Existential "there is/are" → [location] + 有 + [noun] — NO dummy "there" - Word order: LOCATION comes first in Chinese existential sentences - 有没有 (yǒu méi yǒu): is there? / do you have? — the standard question form - 到处都是 (dào chù dōu shì): there are everywhere — abundance expression
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那里: 那 (nà, that — Lesson 22) + 里 (lǐ, inside/in — location suffix). Together: "in that place / over there." 里 is a versatile location suffix appearing throughout Chinese: 家里 (at home), 心里 (in the heart), 城里 (in the city), 哪里 (where).
有 is a compact character — six strokes — composed of 月 (yuè, moon/flesh) below a curved hand (from the ancient form of 又 yòu, hand). The visual: a hand holding the moon. Possession and existence are the same concept in Chinese: to have something is for it to exist in relation to you.
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38.1a 桌子 table 上 on 有 there-is 一本 one-CL 书 book
38.1b (zhuōzi) table (shàng) on (yǒu) there-is (yī běn) one-CL (shū) book
38.2a 那里 there 有 there-is 一家 one-CL 很好的 very-good-DE 咖啡馆 café
38.2b (nàlǐ) there (yǒu) there-is (yī jiā) one-CL (hěn hǎo de) very-good-DE (kāfēiguǎn) café
38.3a 附近 nearby 有没有 is-there 超市 supermarket ？
38.3b (fùjìn) nearby (yǒu méi yǒu) is-there (chāoshì) supermarket?
38.4a 街上 street-on 有 there-are 很多 many 人 people
38.4b (jiē shàng) street-on (yǒu) there-are (hěn duō) many (rén) people
38.5a 那里 there 冷 cold 吗 Q ？
38.5b (nàlǐ) there (lěng) cold (ma) Q?
38.6a 冰箱 fridge 里 inside 有 there-is 没有 not 牛奶 milk ？
38.6b (bīngxiāng) fridge (lǐ) inside (yǒu) there-is (méiyǒu) not (niúnǎi) milk?
38.7a 这里 here 没有 there-is-not 你 your 想 want 要 want 的 DE 答案 answer
38.7b (zhèlǐ) here (méiyǒu) there-is-not (nǐ) your (xiǎng) want (yào) want (de) DE (dá'àn) answer
38.8a 公园里 park-inside 到处 everywhere 都 all 是 are 花 flowers
38.8b (gōngyuán lǐ) park-inside (dào chù) everywhere (dōu) all (shì) are (huā) flowers
38.9a 那里 there 离 from 这里 here 远 far 吗 Q ？
38.9b (nàlǐ) there (lí) from (zhèlǐ) here (yuǎn) far (ma) Q?
38.10a 世界 world 上 on 有 there-are 很多 many 未解之谜 unsolved-mysteries
38.10b (shìjiè) world (shàng) on (yǒu) there-are (hěn duō) many (wèi jiě zhī mí) unsolved-mysteries
38.11a 他的 his 眼里 eyes-inside 有 there-is 光 light
38.11b (tā de) his (yǎn lǐ) eyes-inside (yǒu) there-is (guāng) light
38.12a 那里 there 去过 have-been-EXP 的 DE 人 people 都说 all-say 值得 worth-it
38.12b (nàlǐ) there (qù guò) have-been-EXP (de) DE (rén) people (dōu shuō) all-say (zhíde) worth-it
38.13a 天 sky 上 on 有 there-are 星星 stars ， , 地 earth 上 on 有 there-are 灯火 lights
38.13b (tiān) sky (shàng) on (yǒu) there-are (xīngxīng) stars (dì) earth (shàng) on (yǒu) there-are (dēnghuǒ) lights
38.14a 这个 this 世界 world 上 on 有没有 is-there 真正 truly 的 DE 感同身受 empathy ？
38.14b (zhège) this (shìjiè) world (shàng) on (yǒu méi yǒu) is-there (zhēnzhèng) truly (de) DE (gǎn tóng shēn shòu) empathy?
38.15a 有 there-are 些 some 话 words ， , 说出来 said-out 才知道 only-then-know 有多重 how-heavy
38.15b (yǒu) there-are (xiē) some (huà) words (shuō chū lái) said-out (cái zhīdào) only-then-know (yǒu duō zhòng) how-heavy
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38.1 桌子上有一本书。 "There is a book on the table."
38.2 那里有一家很好的咖啡馆。 "There is a very good café over there."
38.3 附近有没有超市？ "Is there a supermarket nearby?"
38.4 街上有很多人。 "There are many people on the street."
38.5 那里冷吗？ "Is it cold there?"
38.6 冰箱里有没有牛奶？ "Is there any milk in the fridge?"
38.7 这里没有你想要的答案。 "Here there is no answer to what you want."
38.8 公园里到处都是花。 "In the park there are flowers everywhere."
38.9 那里离这里远吗？ "Is there far from here?"
38.10 世界上有很多未解之谜。 "There are many unsolved mysteries in the world."
38.11 他的眼里有光。 "There is light in his eyes."
38.12 那里去过的人都说值得。 "Everyone who has been there says it's worth it."
38.13 天上有星星，地上有灯火。 "There are stars in the sky; there are lights on the earth."
38.14 这个世界上有没有真正的感同身受？ "Is there truly such a thing as empathy in this world?"
38.15 有些话，说出来才知道有多重。 "Some words — only when spoken do you know how heavy they are."
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38.1 桌子上有一本书。 38.2 那里有一家很好的咖啡馆。 38.3 附近有没有超市？ 38.4 街上有很多人。 38.5 那里冷吗？ 38.6 冰箱里有没有牛奶？ 38.7 这里没有你想要的答案。 38.8 公园里到处都是花。 38.9 那里离这里远吗？ 38.10 世界上有很多未解之谜。 38.11 他的眼里有光。 38.12 那里去过的人都说值得。 38.13 天上有星星，地上有灯火。 38.14 这个世界上有没有真正的感同身受？ 38.15 有些话，说出来才知道有多重。
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These are the grammar rules for 那里 (nàlǐ) and 有 (yǒu) — "there":
The existential sentence structure: [location] + 有 + [noun]
This is the Chinese equivalent of English "There is/are…" — but the structures are mirror images:
English: There is + [noun] + [location] → There is a book on the table. Chinese: [Location] + 有 + [noun] → 桌子上有一本书 (Table-on there-is one-CL book)
The location ALWAYS comes first. The new information (what exists) comes after 有. English begins with the dummy "there" and ends with the location; Chinese begins with the location and ends with the thing. This word order difference is absolute — you cannot say *有一本书在桌子上 in the same way.
Locative 那里 / 那儿 — "over there":
那里 (nàlǐ) and its colloquial contraction 那儿 (nàr, used heavily in northern China, particularly Beijing) both mean "over there" — pointing at a distant location. 这里 / 这儿 (here), 那里 / 那儿 (there), 哪里 / 哪儿 (where?). The 里 suffix and 儿 suffix are interchangeable for most learners; 儿 is more colloquial and northern.
没有 (méiyǒu) — "there isn't / don't have":
没有 negates both 有 as possession and 有 as existential: 冰箱里没有牛奶 (There is no milk in the fridge), 我没有时间 (I don't have time). 没有 also functions as a verb alone meaning "doesn't exist": 没有这样的事 (No such thing exists).
有没有 — existential question:
The affirmative-negative question: 附近有没有超市？(Is there a supermarket nearby? — is-there or is-there-not?). This is more direct than 附近有超市吗？— both are correct, but 有没有 is particularly common for practical existence questions.
到处都是 (dào chù dōu shì): "everywhere there are":
到处 (everywhere) + 都 (all) + 是 (are). 公园里到处都是花 = In the park, everywhere are flowers. Note: 是 (to be/are) rather than 有 — the distinction: 有花 (flowers exist, some flowers) vs 到处都是花 (it's all flowers, they dominate the space). 是 stresses identification/nature; 有 stresses existence/presence.
有些 (yǒuxiē) as sentence opener:
有些 + noun (some [noun]) can open a sentence: 有些话说出来才知道有多重 (Some words — only when spoken do you know how heavy they are). Here 有 begins not an existential structure but a quantity phrase: "there are some words that…" The noun then becomes the topic of the sentence.
Common Mistakes: - Translating English word order: *有一本书在桌子上 — wrong; must be 桌子上有一本书 - Using 那里 for the existential "there": *那里是一本书 — wrong; use 有 - Forgetting the location: *有一本书 alone is incomplete without a location context
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他的眼里有光 (there is light in his eyes) is a phrase of deep cultural resonance in modern Chinese. It became widely circulated as a way to describe someone with passion, purpose, and vitality — the opposite of spiritual emptiness. The existential structure — location (eyes) + 有 + noun (light) — puts the light inside the person, located in them. Chinese celebrities and teachers are praised with this phrase; it has appeared in thousands of social media posts as a shorthand for admirable inner life.
那里 in Chinese narrative functions as a pivot word — the narrator gestures toward a place and the reader follows. 那里 can be a physical location (over there), a time (back then, in that period), or a person (with that person, in their world). 从那里 (from there/from that point) combines with 从 (Lesson 29) to mark narrative turning points.
有缘 (yǒu yuán, to have fate/destined connection — Lesson 24) vs 没有缘 (no destined connection) — the existential 有/没有 applied to the cosmic concept of 缘分: some relationships exist because there is 缘 between the people; others fail because there is none. Fate exists or it does not — and Chinese grammar handles this with the same structure as milk in the fridge.
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王维 (Wáng Wéi), 《鹿柴》— Deer Park, c. 8th century CE
Wang Wei's short masterpiece — four lines of five characters — uses 有 and locative structures to evoke presence and absence in a mountain forest. 那里 is the whole poem.
空山不见人，但闻人语响。返景入深林，复照青苔上。
F-A: Interlinear Construed Text
空山 (kōng shān) empty-mountain 不见 (bù jiàn) not-see 人 (rén) people ，
但 (dàn) only 闻 (wén) hear 人语 (rén yǔ) human-voices 响 (xiǎng) sounding 。
返景 (fǎn jǐng) returning-light 入 (rù) enter 深林 (shēn lín) deep-forest ，
复照 (fù zhào) again-shine 青苔 (qīng tái) green-moss 上 (shàng) on
F-B: Authentic Text with Translation
空山不见人，但闻人语响。返景入深林，复照青苔上。
"On the empty mountain, no person is seen — but human voices are heard echoing. The returning light enters the deep forest and shines once more upon the green moss."
F-C: Authentic Text Only
空山不见人，但闻人语响。返景入深林，复照青苔上。
F-D: Grammar and Vocabulary Notes
空山不见人 (kōng shān bù jiàn rén): "the empty mountain [there is] no person seen." Classical Chinese uses the topic-comment structure: 空山 (the empty mountain) is the topic; 不见人 (not see person) is the comment. The existential structure 有/没有 does not appear, but the absence-of-presence is the poem's entire subject.
返景 (fǎn jǐng): "returning light" — the light of the setting sun bouncing back (返, to return) into the dark forest. This is not direct sunlight but reflected light — light arriving from an unexpected direction.
复照青苔上 (fù zhào qīng tái shàng): "shines again on the green moss above" — 复 (again/once more) + 照 (shine) + 青苔 (green moss) + 上 (on/above). The light finds the moss in the deepest, darkest part of the forest.
F-E: Literary Commentary
Wang Wei's poem is a meditation on 那里 — there, in the empty mountain. 那里 没有人 (there are no people there); 那里有声音 (there are voices); 那里有苔 (there is moss); 那里有光 (there is light). The poem builds a 有/没有 inventory of the forest — absence of people, presence of voices, presence of returning light — without using 有 even once. Classical Chinese encodes existence and absence in its syntax rather than its vocabulary. 那里 as a concept — the empty, inhabited, lit, mossy, echoing mountain — is what every Chinese existential sentence reaches toward: a place where something is or isn't.
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A student writes home from a distant city during her first term away. The letter is structured around 那里 / 这里 (there/here) and 有 — cataloguing what exists in her new life: what is present, what is absent, what she misses.
38.16a 妈妈 Mum ， , 这里 here 一切 everything 都 all 好 fine 。
38.16b (māma) Mum (zhèlǐ) here (yīqiè) everything (dōu) all (hǎo) fine
38.17a 宿舍 dormitory 里 inside 有 there-is 四个 four-CL 人 people ， , 大家 everyone 都 all 很 very 友好 friendly
38.17b (sùshè) dormitory (lǐ) inside (yǒu) there-is (sì gè) four-CL (rén) people (dàjiā) everyone (dōu) all (hěn) very (yǒuhǎo) friendly
38.18a 宿舍楼 dormitory-building 下面 below 有 there-is 一家 one-CL 小 small 食堂 canteen ， , 早饭 breakfast 很便宜 very-cheap
38.18b (sùshè lóu) dormitory-building (xiàmiàn) below (yǒu) there-is (yī jiā) one-CL (xiǎo) small (shítáng) canteen (zǎofàn) breakfast (hěn piányí) very-cheap
38.19a 校园 campus 里 inside 有 there-are 很多 many 大树 big-trees ， , 到处 everywhere 都 all 是 is 绿色 green
38.19b (xiàoyuán) campus (lǐ) inside (yǒu) there-are (hěn duō) many (dà shù) big-trees (dào chù) everywhere (dōu) all (shì) is (lǜsè) green
38.20a 图书馆 library 里 inside 有 there-are 你 you-HON 送我 gave-me 的 DE 那 that 几本 several-CL 书 books
38.20b (túshūguǎn) library (lǐ) inside (yǒu) there-are (nín) you-HON (sòng wǒ) gave-me (de) DE (nà) that (jǐ běn) several-CL (shū) books
38.21a 但 but 这里 here 没有 there-is-not 你们 you-PL 。 有时候 sometimes 宿舍 dormitory 里 inside 有 there-is 笑声 laughter ， , 但 but 我的 my 心里 heart-inside 也 also 有 there-is 一块 one-piece 安静** quiet
38.21b (dàn) but (zhèlǐ) here (méiyǒu) there-is-not (nǐmen) you-PL (yǒu shíhou) sometimes (sùshè lǐ) dormitory-inside (yǒu) there-is (xiào shēng) laughter (dàn) but (wǒ de xīn lǐ) my-heart-inside (yě) also (yǒu) there-is (yī kuài) one-piece (ānjìng) quiet
38.22a 那里 there ， , 家里 home-inside ， , 现在 now 有没有 is-there 梅花 plum-blossoms 开 blooming 了 PERF ？
38.22b (nàlǐ) there (jiā lǐ) home-inside (xiànzài) now (yǒu méi yǒu) is-there (méihuā) plum-blossoms (kāi) blooming (le) PERF?
38.23a 爸 Dad 的 DE 肩膀 shoulder 上 on ， , 有没有 is-there 更多 more 白发 white-hair 了 PERF ？
38.23b (bà) Dad (de) DE (jiānbǎng) shoulder (shàng) on (yǒu méi yǒu) is-there (gèng duō) more (báifà) white-hair (le) PERF?
38.24a 这里 here 有 there-is 很多 many 我 I 不知道 didn't-know 的 DE 事情 things ， , 每天 every-day 都 all 在 PROG 学 learning
38.24b (zhèlǐ) here (yǒu) there-is (hěn duō) many (wǒ) I (bù zhīdào) didn't-know (de) DE (shìqing) things (měitiān) every-day (dōu) all (zài) PROG (xué) learning
38.25a 有时候 sometimes 一个人 alone 吃饭 eat ， , 没有 there-is-not 人 anyone 说话 talk-to
38.25b (yǒu shíhou) sometimes (yī gè rén) alone (chī fàn) eat (méiyǒu) there-is-not (rén) anyone (shuōhuà) talk-to
38.26a 但 but 那里 there 有 there-is 你们 you-PL ， , 这 this 让 makes 这里 here 不那么 not-so 远 far
38.26b (dàn) but (nàlǐ) there (yǒu) there-is (nǐmen) you-PL (zhè) this (ràng) makes (zhèlǐ) here (bù nàme) not-so (yuǎn) far
38.27a 这里 here 的 DE 天 sky 很 very 大 big ， , 比 than 家里 home (de) DE 的 DE 大 bigger 。 里面 inside 有 there-are 星星 stars ， , 我 I 不认识 don't-know 哪个 which 是 is 哪个** which
38.27b (zhèlǐ) here (de) DE (tiān) sky (hěn) very (dà) big (bǐ) than (jiā lǐ de) home-inside-DE (dà) bigger (lǐmiàn) inside (yǒu) there-are (xīngxīng) stars (wǒ) I (bù rènshi) don't-know (nǎge) which (shì) is (nǎge) which
38.28a 但 but 我知道 I-know ， , 那里 there 也 also 有 there-is 同一片 same-piece 天 sky
38.28b (dàn) but (wǒ zhīdào) I-know (nàlǐ) there (yě) also (yǒu) there-is (tóng yī piàn) same-piece (tiān) sky
38.29a 所以 so 妈妈 Mum ， , 不用 don't-need 担心 worry 。 这里 here 有 there-is 我 me ， , 那里 there 有 there-is 你们 you-PL ， , 我们 we 都 all 好** fine
38.29b (suǒyǐ) so (māma) Mum (bùyòng) don't-need (dānxīn) worry (zhèlǐ) here (yǒu) there-is (wǒ) me (nàlǐ) there (yǒu) there-is (nǐmen) you-PL (wǒmen) we (dōu) all (hǎo) fine
38.30a 这里 here 有我 I-am-here ， , 那里 there 有你 you-are-there ， , 中间 between 有 there-is 爱 love 。
38.30b (zhèlǐ) here (yǒu wǒ) I-am-here (nàlǐ) there (yǒu nǐ) you-are-there (zhōngjiān) between (yǒu) there-is (ài) love
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38.16 妈妈，这里一切都好。 "Mum, everything here is fine."
38.17 宿舍里有四个人，大家都很友好。 "There are four people in the dormitory — everyone is very friendly."
38.18 宿舍楼下面有一家小食堂，早饭很便宜。 "Below the dormitory building there is a small canteen — breakfast is very cheap."
38.19 校园里有很多大树，到处都是绿色。 "There are many large trees on the campus — everywhere is green."
38.20 图书馆里有您送我的那几本书。 "In the library are those books you gave me."
38.21 但这里没有你们。有时候宿舍里有笑声，但我的心里也有一块安静。 "But you are not here. Sometimes there is laughter in the dormitory, but there is also a quiet place in my heart."
38.22 那里，家里，现在有没有梅花开了？ "There — at home — are the plum blossoms blooming yet?"
38.23 爸的肩膀上，有没有更多白发了？ "On Dad's shoulders — is there more white hair now?"
38.24 这里有很多我不知道的事情，每天都在学。 "There are many things here I didn't know — learning every day."
38.25 有时候一个人吃饭，没有人说话。 "Sometimes I eat alone — there is no one to talk to."
38.26 但那里有你们，这让这里不那么远。 "But you are there — and that makes here not so far away."
38.27 这里的天很大，比家里的大。里面有星星，我不认识哪个是哪个。 "The sky here is very big — bigger than at home. There are stars in it, and I don't know which is which."
38.28 但我知道，那里也有同一片天。 "But I know — there, too, there is the same sky."
38.29 所以妈妈，不用担心。这里有我，那里有你们，我们都好。 "So Mum, don't worry. Here there is me; there there is you — we are all fine."
38.30 这里有我，那里有你，中间有爱。 "Here I am; there you are; between us there is love."
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38.16 妈妈，这里一切都好。 38.17 宿舍里有四个人，大家都很友好。 38.18 宿舍楼下面有一家小食堂，早饭很便宜。 38.19 校园里有很多大树，到处都是绿色。 38.20 图书馆里有您送我的那几本书。 38.21 但这里没有你们。有时候宿舍里有笑声，但我的心里也有一块安静。 38.22 那里，家里，现在有没有梅花开了？ 38.23 爸的肩膀上，有没有更多白发了？ 38.24 这里有很多我不知道的事情，每天都在学。 38.25 有时候一个人吃饭，没有人说话。 38.26 但那里有你们，这让这里不那么远。 38.27 这里的天很大，比家里的大。里面有星星，我不认识哪个是哪个。 38.28 但我知道，那里也有同一片天。 38.29 所以妈妈，不用担心。这里有我，那里有你们，我们都好。 38.30 这里有我，那里有你，中间有爱。
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这里有我，那里有你们 (38.29): The parallel existential structure — this here / that there — is one of Chinese's most beautiful syntactic resources for expressing connection across distance. The subject (me / you) comes AFTER 有, as the new information. "Here exists me; there exist you." The grammar itself enacts the separation and the connection.
没有人说话 (méiyǒu rén shuōhuà): "there is no one to talk to" — 没有 + 人 (no one) + 说话 (talk). In Chinese this is literally "there is no person speaking" — the existential 没有 covers the English "no one to V" structure. No infinitive, no "to" — just: there is no person + verb.
不那么远 (bù nàme yuǎn): "not so far" — 不 (not) + 那么 (that-so / so) + 远 (far). 那么 as a degree marker means "that much / so": 不那么远 = "not that far / not so far." Compare: 这么 (this-so = this much), 那么 (that-so = that much / so).
一块安静 (yī kuài ānjìng): "a piece of quiet" — treating 安静 (quietness/silence) as a countable substance: 一块 (one piece) of it. This metaphorical use of measure words for abstract nouns is a feature of literary Chinese: 一丝温暖 (a thread of warmth), 一点安慰 (a drop of comfort), 一块安静 (a piece of quiet). The measure word shapes the abstract into something felt.
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那里 (nàlǐ) — IPA: /na˥˩.li˨˩˦/
那 (nà): fourth tone — open vowel [a], sharp falling pitch. 里 (lǐ): third tone — vowel [i], low dipping then rising. Before a pause or at the end of a phrase, the third tone rises fully. In 那里 as a compound, 里 may stay low without rising.
那儿 (nàr) — colloquial: the 儿 (ér) suffix merges with the preceding syllable, producing a retroflex final [a˥˩ɻ]. This rhotacisation is characteristic of Beijing Mandarin.
有 (yǒu) — IPA: /joʊ̯˨˩˦/ — Third tone, low dipping then rising.
y: palatal glide [j] ǒu: diphthong beginning with mid-back [o] and closing toward [ʊ̯] Third tone: starts mid, dips to low, then rises. Before another syllable, 有 typically stays low without rising (half-third tone).
没有 (méiyǒu): 没 (2nd tone, rising) + 有 (3rd tone, dipping). The combination — rise then dip — is the standard negative of 有 and one of the most-heard phrases in Chinese.
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