Universitas Scholarium — A Community of Scholars Log In

← Marathi

Lesson 16

he
16 of 16 lessons

Lesson 16 Marathi (मराठी): A Latinum Institute Modern Language Course

तो (to) - He

Introduction

What does "he" mean in Marathi, in "he is my brother," "I'll phone him," "his name is Soham" or "he bought a bicycle"?

The Marathi word for "he" is तो (to). You know it already. In Lesson 13 it was "that": तो मुलगा, "that boy." Marathi makes no difference between "he" and "that one": the same word does both jobs. Used without a noun, तो means "he."

- तो माझा भाऊ आहे (to mājhā bhāū āhe), "he is my brother" - तो शाळेत जातो (to śāḷet jāto), "he goes to school" - तो कोण आहे? (to koṇ āhe?), "who is he?"

English changes "he" a little; Marathi changes it a lot. English has he, him and his. Marathi has तो for the subject, and a whole family of forms built on त्या- (tyā-) for everything else:

- त्याला (tyālā), "him, to him": मी त्याला फोन करीन, "I'll phone him" - त्याचा, त्याची, त्याचे (tyācā, tyācī, tyāce), "his," agreeing with the thing owned: त्याचे घर, "his house" - त्याने (tyāne), "he," as the doer in the past of a transitive verb: त्याने सायकल घेतली, "he bought a bicycle" - त्याच्या- (tyācyā-) before the longer postpositions: त्याच्याकडे, "with him, at his place"; त्याच्याशी, "with him, to him"; त्याच्यासाठी, "for him"

You have met most of these in passing. Lesson 13 listed them (Rule 3); this lesson puts them to work.

"He" for someone you respect is ते (te). For a father, a grandfather, a teacher or any older man, Marathi uses the plural ते with a plural verb, as if to say "they": आजोबा घरी नाहीत, ते देवळात गेले आहेत, "Grandfather isn't home; he has gone to the temple." Its forms are त्यांना, त्यांचा, त्यांनी, त्यांच्याकडे. You saw this with बाबा in Lessons 14 and 15: बाबा … करत होते, बाबांनी मदत केली.

"He" for a thing. तो stands for any masculine noun, not only for a man or a boy. Rain, पाऊस, is masculine, so Marathi says "it stopped" with तो: पाऊस थांबला नाही, तो रात्रभर पडत होता, "the rain didn't stop; it fell all night." English "it" is तो, ती or ते, according to the gender of the noun.

Often there is no "he" at all. The Marathi verb already says who acted: आला (ālā) can only be a man or boy who came. So once it is clear who is meant, तो is often left out: सोहम कुठे आहे? शाळेत गेला. "Where is Soham? (He) has gone to school."

On the origin of the word. तो comes from the Sanskrit demonstrative stem ta- (as in तद्, tad, "that"), like the other far words of Lesson 13. Many Indian languages make "he" out of "that": Hindi वह (vah) is both "he" and "that."

A note on the script. तो is त (ta) + the vowel sign ो (o). त is the dental t, with the tongue against the back of the teeth. In त्या the त has lost its vowel and is joined to य (ya): त् + य = त्य.

Key Takeaways

- तो (to), "he"; also "that (one)" and "it" for a masculine noun - Other forms are built on त्या-: त्याला, "him"; त्याचा/त्याची/त्याचे, "his"; त्याने, "he" in the transitive past - Before most postpositions: त्याच्या-: त्याच्याकडे, त्याच्याशी, त्याच्यासाठी - For an elder: ते + plural verb; त्यांना, त्यांचा, त्यांनी - The verb ending shows "he," so तो is often left out

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section A: Interlinear Construed Text

16.1a तो he माझा my भाऊ brother आहे is

16.1b to (TO) he-3SG.M mājhā (MAA-jhaa) my-M.SG bhāū (BHAA-oo) brother-M.SG āhe (AA-he) is-3SG

16.2a तो he शाळेत to-school जातो goes

16.2b to (TO) he-3SG.M śāḷet (SHAA-let) school-LOC jāto (JAA-to) go-PRES.3SG.M

16.3a तो he कोण who आहे is

16.3b to (TO) he-3SG.M koṇ (KON) who āhe (AA-he) is-3SG

16.4a त्याला to-him चहा tea आवडतो pleases

16.4b tyālā (TYAA-laa) he-DAT cahā (CHA-haa) tea-M.SG āvaḍato (AA-vad-to) please-PRES.3SG.M

16.5a त्याचे his घर house जवळ near आहे is

16.5b tyāce (TYAA-che) he-GEN.N.SG ghar (GHAR) house-N.SG javaḷ (JA-val) near āhe (AA-he) is-3SG

16.6a त्याने he काल yesterday नवीन new सायकल bicycle घेतली bought

16.6b tyāne (TYAA-ne) he-ERG kāl (KAAL) yesterday navīn (na-VEEN) new sāyakal (SAAY-kal) bicycle-F.SG ghetalī (GHET-lee) take-PAST.F.SG

16.7a मी I त्याला to-him उद्या tomorrow फोन phone करीन will-do

16.7b mī (MEE) I tyālā (TYAA-laa) he-DAT udyā (UD-yaa) tomorrow phon (PHON) phone-call-M.SG karīn (ka-REEN) do-FUT.1SG

16.8a आजोबा grandfather घरी at-home नाहीत are-not ते he देवळात to-temple गेले gone आहेत are

16.8b ājobā (AA-jo-baa) grandfather-M.HON gharī (GHA-ree) home-LOC nāhīt (NAA-heet) be-NEG.3PL te (TE) he-3PL.HON devaḷāt (DEV-laat) temple-LOC gele (GE-le) go-PAST.M.PL āhet (AA-het) be-3PL.AUX

16.9a तो he माझ्याशी with-me नेहमी always मराठीत in-Marathi बोलतो speaks

16.9b to (TO) he-3SG.M mājhyāśī (MAA-jhyaa-shee) I-OBL-with nehamī (NEH-mee) always marāṭhīt (ma-RAA-theet) Marathi-LOC bolato (BOL-to) speak-PRES.3SG.M

16.10a त्याच्याकडे with-him खूप many पुस्तके books आहेत are

16.10b tyācyākaḍe (TYAA-chyaa-ka-de) he-GEN.OBL-at khūp (KHOOP) many pustake (PUS-ta-ke) book-N.PL āhet (AA-het) be-3PL

16.11a तो he आला came तेव्हा then आम्ही we जेवत eating होतो were

16.11b to (TO) he-3SG.M ālā (AA-laa) come-PAST.3SG.M tevhā (TEV-haa) then āmhī (AAM-hee) we jevat (JE-vat) eat-PROG hoto (HO-to) be-PAST.1PL

16.12a त्याच्या his वडिलांनी father त्याला him शिकण्यासाठी for-studying पुण्याला to-Pune पाठवले sent

16.12b tyācyā (TYAA-chyaa) he-GEN.OBL vaḍilāṃnī (VA-di-laan-nee) father-OBL.HON-ERG tyālā (TYAA-laa) he-DAT śikaṇyāsāṭhī (SHIK-nyaa-saa-thee) learn-INF.OBL-for puṇyālā (PUN-yaa-laa) Pune-OBL-to pāṭhavale (PAATH-va-le) send-PAST.N.SG

16.13a सोहमने Soham आपली his-own छत्री umbrella त्याला to-him दिली gave आणि and स्वतः himself पावसात in-rain भिजला got-wet

16.13b sohamane (SO-ham-ne) Soham-ERG āpalī (AAP-lee) own-F.SG chatrī (CHHAT-ree) umbrella-F.SG tyālā (TYAA-laa) he-DAT dilī (DI-lee) give-PAST.F.SG āṇi (AA-ni) and svataḥ (SVA-tah) oneself pāvasāt (PAAV-saat) rain-LOC bhijalā (BHIJ-laa) get-wet-PAST.3SG.M

16.14a पाऊस rain थांबला stopped नाही not तो it रात्रभर all-night पडत falling होता was

16.14b pāūs (PAA-oos) rain-M.SG thāṃbalā (THAAMB-laa) stop-PAST.3SG.M nāhī (NAA-hee) not-NEG to (TO) it-3SG.M rātrabhar (RAATR-bhar) night-whole paḍat (PA-dat) fall-PROG hotā (HO-taa) be-PAST.3SG.M

16.15a मला to-me वाटते it-seems की that तो he खरे true बोलत speaking आहे is कारण because त्याच्या his डोळ्यांत in-eyes भीती fear नाही is-not

16.15b malā (MA-laa) I-DAT vāṭate (VAAT-te) seem-PRES.3SG kī (KEE) that to (TO) he-3SG.M khare (KHA-re) true-N.SG bolat (BO-lat) speak-PROG āhe (AA-he) is-3SG.AUX kāraṇ (KAA-ran) because tyācyā (TYAA-chyaa) he-GEN.OBL ḍoḷyāṃt (DOL-yaant) eye-OBL.PL-LOC bhītī (BHEE-tee) fear-F.SG nāhī (NAA-hee) not-NEG

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section B: Natural Sentences

16.1 तो माझा भाऊ आहे. — to mājhā bhāū āhe. — "He is my brother."

16.2 तो शाळेत जातो. — to śāḷet jāto. — "He goes to school."

16.3 तो कोण आहे? — to koṇ āhe? — "Who is he?"

16.4 त्याला चहा आवडतो. — tyālā cahā āvaḍato. — "He likes tea."

16.5 त्याचे घर जवळ आहे. — tyāce ghar javaḷ āhe. — "His house is nearby."

16.6 त्याने काल नवीन सायकल घेतली. — tyāne kāl navīn sāyakal ghetalī. — "He bought a new bicycle yesterday."

16.7 मी त्याला उद्या फोन करीन. — mī tyālā udyā phon karīn. — "I'll phone him tomorrow."

16.8 आजोबा घरी नाहीत, ते देवळात गेले आहेत. — ājobā gharī nāhīt, te devaḷāt gele āhet. — "Grandfather isn't at home; he has gone to the temple."

16.9 तो माझ्याशी नेहमी मराठीत बोलतो. — to mājhyāśī nehamī marāṭhīt bolato. — "He always speaks to me in Marathi."

16.10 त्याच्याकडे खूप पुस्तके आहेत. — tyācyākaḍe khūp pustake āhet. — "He has a lot of books."

16.11 तो आला तेव्हा आम्ही जेवत होतो. — to ālā tevhā āmhī jevat hoto. — "When he arrived, we were having dinner."

16.12 त्याच्या वडिलांनी त्याला शिकण्यासाठी पुण्याला पाठवले. — tyācyā vaḍilāṃnī tyālā śikaṇyāsāṭhī puṇyālā pāṭhavale. — "His father sent him to Pune to study."

16.13 सोहमने आपली छत्री त्याला दिली आणि स्वतः पावसात भिजला. — sohamane āpalī chatrī tyālā dilī āṇi svataḥ pāvasāt bhijalā. — "Soham gave him his own umbrella and got soaked in the rain himself."

16.14 पाऊस थांबला नाही, तो रात्रभर पडत होता. — pāūs thāṃbalā nāhī, to rātrabhar paḍat hotā. — "The rain didn't stop; it fell all night."

16.15 मला वाटते की तो खरे बोलत आहे, कारण त्याच्या डोळ्यांत भीती नाही. — malā vāṭate kī to khare bolat āhe, kāraṇ tyācyā ḍoḷyāṃt bhītī nāhī. — "I think he is telling the truth, because there is no fear in his eyes."

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section C: Target Language Text Only

16.1 तो माझा भाऊ आहे.

16.2 तो शाळेत जातो.

16.3 तो कोण आहे?

16.4 त्याला चहा आवडतो.

16.5 त्याचे घर जवळ आहे.

16.6 त्याने काल नवीन सायकल घेतली.

16.7 मी त्याला उद्या फोन करीन.

16.8 आजोबा घरी नाहीत, ते देवळात गेले आहेत.

16.9 तो माझ्याशी नेहमी मराठीत बोलतो.

16.10 त्याच्याकडे खूप पुस्तके आहेत.

16.11 तो आला तेव्हा आम्ही जेवत होतो.

16.12 त्याच्या वडिलांनी त्याला शिकण्यासाठी पुण्याला पाठवले.

16.13 सोहमने आपली छत्री त्याला दिली आणि स्वतः पावसात भिजला.

16.14 पाऊस थांबला नाही, तो रात्रभर पडत होता.

16.15 मला वाटते की तो खरे बोलत आहे, कारण त्याच्या डोळ्यांत भीती नाही.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section D: Grammar Explanation

These are the grammar rules for "he" in Marathi

Rule 1. तो and the masculine verb. With तो the verb takes its masculine singular ending: तो जातो, "he goes" (16.2); तो आला, "he came" (16.11); तो येईल, "he will come"; तो जाणार आहे, "he is going to go." Compare ती जाते, ती आली, "she goes, she came."

Rule 2. The forms of तो. Only the subject is तो. Everything else is built on the oblique त्या- (tyā-):

- तो (to), "he": the subject (16.1–16.3) - त्याला (tyālā), "him, to him": the object, the person given to or told, and the "experiencer" (16.4, 16.7, 16.12) - त्याने (tyāne), "he," as the doer of a transitive verb in the past (16.6) - त्याचा (m.), त्याची (f.), त्याचे (n.) (tyācā, tyācī, tyāce), "his," agreeing with the thing owned, like माझा/माझी/माझे: त्याचे घर (16.5), त्याचा भाऊ, त्याची छत्री - त्याच्या (tyācyā), "his," before a noun with a postposition or a case ending: त्याच्या वडिलांनी (16.12), त्याच्या डोळ्यांत (16.15)

Rule 3. "With him," "for him," "about him": त्याच्या- + postposition. Most longer postpositions join the genitive form त्याच्या, written as one word:

- त्याच्याकडे (tyācyākaḍe), "at his place, with him, he has" (16.10) - त्याच्याशी (tyācyāśī), "with him, to him" (after बोलणे, "speak") - त्याच्याबरोबर (tyācyābarobar), "together with him" - त्याच्यासाठी (tyācyāsāṭhī), "for him" (Lesson 14) - त्याच्याबद्दल (tyācyābaddal), "about him" (16.16) - त्याच्यामुळे (tyācyāmuḷe), "because of him"

Rule 4. तो or त्याने? In the past of a transitive verb ("bought," "gave," "did") the doer is त्याने and the verb agrees with the thing: त्याने सायकल घेतली (16.6, सायकल is feminine). In the past of an intransitive verb ("came," "went," "got wet") the doer stays तो and the verb agrees with him: तो आला (16.11). This is the pattern of Lesson 13 (Rule 3) and Lesson 15 (Rule 3).

Rule 5. "He likes," "he has," "he thinks." Many Marathi verbs of liking, knowing, wanting and feeling put the person in the -ला form: त्याला चहा आवडतो, "he likes tea" (literally "tea pleases him," 16.4); त्याला माहीत आहे, "he knows"; त्याला भूक लागली आहे, "he is hungry." Possession uses -कडे: त्याच्याकडे पुस्तके आहेत, "he has books" (16.10).

Rule 6. The respectful "he": ते. For a man you respect, use ते with the plural verb, and the plural forms:

- ते (te), "he": ते देवळात गेले आहेत (16.8) - त्यांना (tyāṃnā), "him, to him" - त्यांनी (tyāṃnī), "he" (transitive past) - त्यांचा / त्यांची / त्यांचे (tyāṃcā / tyāṃcī / tyāṃce), "his" - त्यांच्याकडे, त्यांच्यासाठी (tyāṃcyākaḍe, tyāṃcyāsāṭhī)

A noun for such a person takes the same plural forms: आजोबा आले, वडिलांनी (16.12), बाबांनी. The same ते is also "they," and the context decides.

Rule 7. हा: "he" who is here. As तो is "that one," हा (hā) is "this one": the man or boy who is near or present. हा माझा भाऊ आहे (hā mājhā bhāū āhe), "this is my brother, he's my brother" (pointing at him). Its forms are याला, याचा, याने (yālā, yācā, yāne), also written ह्याला, ह्याचा, ह्याने. The respectful form is हे (he).

Rule 8. आपला, "his own." When "his" means the subject's own, Marathi uses आपला / आपली / आपले (āpalā / āpalī / āpale): सोहमने आपली छत्री त्याला दिली, "Soham gave him his (own) umbrella" (16.13). Here त्याला is the other boy. आपला always points back to the subject, so it removes the doubt that English "his" leaves. In everyday speech त्याचा is also heard for one's own, but in careful Marathi आपला is the rule.

Rule 9. तो for things. Any masculine noun is "he" in Marathi: पाऊस, "rain," … तो रात्रभर पडत होता (16.14); चहा, "tea": चहा थंड झाला, तो पिऊ नकोस, "the tea's gone cold, don't drink it."

Common Mistakes

- तो + ending. तोला ✗, तोने ✗, तोचा ✗. Use the oblique: त्याला, त्याने, त्याचा ✓. - तो in the transitive past. तो सायकल घेतला ✗. Say त्याने सायकल घेतली ✓. - त्याचा with a postposition. त्याचासाठी ✗. Say त्याच्यासाठी ✓. - Splitting the postposition. त्याच्या साठी, त्याच्या कडे ✗ in standard spelling. Write it as one word: त्याच्यासाठी, त्याच्याकडे ✓. - तो for an elder. आजोबा आला, तो देवळात गेला ✗ sounds rude. Say आजोबा आले, ते देवळात गेले ✓. - "He has" with आहे and तो. तो पुस्तके आहे ✗. Say त्याच्याकडे पुस्तके आहेत ✓.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section E: Cultural Context

Frequency and Register

तो and its forms are among the very commonest words in Marathi, because they are "he," "it" and "that" at once. In informal writing, and in dialogue in novels, the neuter ending -े is often written with an anusvara, to show how it is pronounced: त्याचं for त्याचे, खरं for खरे. You saw खरंच in Lesson 15. This course writes the standard -े, and keeps the spoken spelling only now and then in dialogue.

Respect in the Third Person

Marathi speakers are careful about the respectful "he." A father, grandfather, teacher or older neighbour is ते, with a plural verb, even when he is not present to hear it. Children are तो. Between the two, practice varies by family and region: in many homes a father is ते, but some children say बाबा आला. A stranger or a man in a public role is always ते. To mention someone with तो when ते is expected is a clear sign of disrespect or contempt.

Useful Phrases

- तो कुठे आहे? (to kuṭhe āhe?), "where is he?" - त्याला सांग (tyālā sāṃg), "tell him" - त्याला काय झाले? (tyālā kāy jhāle?), "what's happened to him? what's wrong with him?" - त्याचे काय? (tyāce kāy?), "what about him?" - मी त्याला ओळखतो / ओळखते (mī tyālā oḷakhato / oḷakhate), "I know him" - बोले तैसा चाले (bole taisā cāle), "he walks as he talks": said of a man of his word. It comes from the literary citation below.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section F: Literary Citation

The citation is an abhang (अभंग), a devotional song, by Sant Tukaram (संत तुकाराम), the seventeenth-century saint-poet of Dehu near Pune, whose abhangs are still sung by the Warkari pilgrims on the road to Pandharpur. You met his poetry in Lesson 13. This short abhang is one of the best known in the language. Its first line, बोले तैसा चाले, is a household saying for an honest man, usually quoted as बोले तैसा चाले, त्याची वंदावी पाउले, "whoever walks as he talks, his feet should be revered." In the abhang itself Tukaram speaks for himself: वंदीन, "I will revere."

It is chosen here because it never names the man it praises. After the first line he is only "he," and every line hangs on a form of तो: त्याची, त्याचे, त्याचा, त्याचे.

The text follows the common Marathi collections of Tukaram's abhangs; printings differ only in small spellings (पाउले or पाऊले, जोडोनि or जोडुनि, and, in older editions, an anusvara on final vowels: अंगें, पाउलें).

F-A: Interlinear Construed Text

F.1a बोले speaks तैसा so चाले walks

F.1b bole (BO-le) speak-3SG.OLD taisā (TAI-saa) so-M.SG cāle (CHAA-le) walk-3SG.OLD

F.2a त्याची his वंदीन I-will-revere पाउले feet

F.2b tyācī (TYAA-chee) he-GEN.N.PL vaṃdīn (VAN-deen) revere-FUT.1SG pāule (PAA-u-le) foot-N.PL

F.3a अंगे with-my-body झाडीन I-will-sweep अंगण courtyard

F.3b aṃge (AN-ge) body-INST jhāḍīn (JHAA-deen) sweep-FUT.1SG aṃgaṇ (AN-gan) courtyard-N.SG

F.4a त्याचे his दासत्व servitude करीन I-will-do

F.4b tyāce (TYAA-che) he-GEN.N.SG dāsatva (DAA-sat-va) servitude-N.SG karīn (ka-REEN) do-FUT.1SG

F.5a त्याचा his होईन I-will-become किंकर servant

F.5b tyācā (TYAA-chaa) he-GEN.M.SG hoīn (HO-een) become-FUT.1SG kiṃkar (KIN-kar) servant-M.SG

F.6a उभा standing ठाकेन I-will-stand जोडोनि having-joined कर hands

F.6b ubhā (U-bhaa) standing-M.SG ṭhāken (THAA-ken) stand-FUT.1SG joḍoni (JO-do-ni) join-CONJ.PTCP.OLD kar (KAR) hand-M.PL

F.7a तुका Tuka म्हणे says देव God

F.7b tukā (TU-kaa) Tuka mhaṇe (MHA-ne) say-3SG.OLD dev (DEV) God-M.SG

F.8a त्याचे his चरणी at-feet माझा my भाव devotion

F.8b tyāce (TYAA-che) he-GEN.OBL.OLD caraṇī (CHA-ra-nee) foot-LOC mājhā (MAA-jhaa) my-M.SG bhāv (BHAAV) devotion-M.SG

F-B: Natural Text with Translation

बोले तैसा चाले । त्याची वंदीन पाउले ॥ अंगे झाडीन अंगण । त्याचे दासत्व करीन ॥ त्याचा होईन किंकर । उभा ठाकेन जोडोनि कर ॥ तुका म्हणे देव । त्याचे चरणी माझा भाव ॥

bole taisā cāle, tyācī vaṃdīn pāule aṃge jhāḍīn aṃgaṇ, tyāce dāsatva karīn tyācā hoīn kiṃkar, ubhā ṭhāken joḍoni kar tukā mhaṇe dev, tyāce caraṇī mājhā bhāv

"Whoever walks as he talks, I will bow to his feet. With my own body I will sweep his courtyard; I will be his servant. I will be his attendant, and stand before him with my hands joined. Tuka says: he is God; my devotion rests at his feet."

— Sant Tukaram, abhang. Translation: Latinum Institute, kept close to the Marathi.

F-C: Original Script Only

बोले तैसा चाले । त्याची वंदीन पाउले ॥ अंगे झाडीन अंगण । त्याचे दासत्व करीन ॥ त्याचा होईन किंकर । उभा ठाकेन जोडोनि कर ॥ तुका म्हणे देव । त्याचे चरणी माझा भाव ॥

F-D: Grammar and Literary Commentary

- The unnamed "he." The first line is a description with no subject word: "(he who) speaks so (he) walks." From then on the man is only त्या-: त्याची पाउले, त्याचे दासत्व, त्याचा किंकर, त्याचे चरणी. Each "his" agrees with its own noun, as in Rule 2: पाउले is neuter plural, so त्याची; दासत्व neuter singular, त्याचे; किंकर masculine, त्याचा. - बोले, चाले, म्हणे (F.1, F.7). Old present forms: "speaks," "walks," "says." Modern Marathi says बोलतो, चालतो, म्हणतो. तुका म्हणे, "Tuka says," is the signature line of almost every Tukaram abhang. - तैसा (F.1). The old form of तसा, "so, in that way." The full saying is जसा बोलतो तसा चालतो, "as he speaks, so he walks"; the abhang drops the जसा. - वंदीन, झाडीन, करीन, होईन, ठाकेन (F.2–F.6). Five verbs in the future, first person singular, the form of करीन in Lesson 15. They are promises: "I will revere, sweep, do, become, stand." - अंगे (F.3). "With the body," that is, "in person, myself": Tukaram will sweep the courtyard with his own hands. - जोडोनि कर (F.6). जोडोनि is the old form of जोडून, "having joined," and कर is the Sanskrit word for "hand." Modern Marathi: हात जोडून उभा राहीन, "I will stand with my hands joined," the gesture of greeting and respect. - त्याचे चरणी (F.8). Older Marathi used -चे before a locative where modern Marathi uses -च्या: त्याच्या चरणी, "at his feet."

F-E: Literary and Contextual Commentary

Tukaram's abhangs are short, plain and rhymed in pairs: चाले / पाउले, अंगण / करीन, किंकर / कर, देव / भाव. This one turns an everyday moral into worship. The honest man is not praised in the abstract: Tukaram offers to do a servant's work for him, to sweep his courtyard and stand before him with joined hands, and ends by calling him God. The whole poem rests on a pronoun. Because the man is never named, "he" can be anyone whose deeds match his words, and Marathi readers have taken the first line as a rule of life for three and a half centuries.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Genre Section: Letter — "My Brother" (माझा भाऊ)

Part A: Interlinear Construed Text

16.16a प्रिय dear मीरा Meera तू you माझ्या my भावाबद्दल about-brother विचारलेस asked म्हणून so आज today त्याच्याबद्दल about-him लिहिते I-write

16.16b priya (PRI-ya) dear mīrā (MEE-raa) Meera tū (TOO) you-SG mājhyā (MAA-jhyaa) my-OBL bhāvābaddal (BHAA-vaa-bad-dal) brother-OBL-about vicārales (vi-CHAAR-les) ask-PAST.2SG mhaṇūn (MHA-noon) therefore āj (AAJ) today tyācyābaddal (TYAA-chyaa-bad-dal) he-GEN.OBL-about lihite (LI-hi-te) write-PRES.1SG.F

16.17a त्याचे his नाव name सोहम Soham आहे is आणि and तो he दहा ten वर्षांचा years-old आहे is

16.17b tyāce (TYAA-che) he-GEN.N.SG nāv (NAAV) name-N.SG soham (SO-ham) Soham āhe (AA-he) is-3SG āṇi (AA-ni) and to (TO) he-3SG.M dahā (DA-haa) ten varṣāṃcā (VAR-shaan-chaa) year-OBL.PL-GEN.M.SG āhe (AA-he) is-3SG

16.18a तो he पाचवीत in-fifth-standard शिकतो studies

16.18b to (TO) he-3SG.M pācavīt (PAA-chveet) fifth-LOC śikato (SHIK-to) learn-PRES.3SG.M

16.19a तो he लहान small आहे is पण but त्याचे his प्रश्न questions खूप very मोठे big असतात are

16.19b to (TO) he-3SG.M lahān (la-HAAN) small āhe (AA-he) is-3SG paṇ (PAN) but tyāce (TYAA-che) he-GEN.M.PL praśna (PRASH-na) question-M.PL khūp (KHOOP) very moṭhe (MO-the) big-M.PL asatāt (AS-taat) be-HAB.3PL

16.20a परवा day-before-yesterday त्याने he मला me विचारले asked ताई Tai आकाश sky निळे blue का why असते is

16.20b paravā (PAR-vaa) day-before-yesterday tyāne (TYAA-ne) he-ERG malā (MA-laa) I-DAT vicārale (vi-CHAAR-le) ask-PAST.N.SG tāī (TAA-ee) elder-sister-VOC ākāś (AA-kaash) sky-N.SG niḷe (NI-le) blue-N.SG kā (KAA) why asate (AS-te) be-HAB.3SG.N

16.21a मला to-me उत्तर answer माहीत known नव्हते was-not म्हणून so त्याने he ते it स्वतः himself पुस्तकात in-book शोधले looked-up

16.21b malā (MA-laa) I-DAT uttar (UT-tar) answer-N.SG māhīt (MAA-heet) known navhate (NAV-ha-te) be-NEG.PAST.N.SG mhaṇūn (MHA-noon) therefore tyāne (TYAA-ne) he-ERG te (TE) it-N.SG svataḥ (SVA-tah) oneself pustakāt (PUS-ta-kaat) book-LOC śodhale (SHODH-le) search-PAST.N.SG

16.22a त्याला to-him क्रिकेट cricket खूप very-much आवडते pleases आणि and तो he रोज every-day संध्याकाळी in-the-evening मित्रांबरोबर with-friends खेळतो plays

16.22b tyālā (TYAA-laa) he-DAT krikeṭ (KRI-ket) cricket-N.SG khūp (KHOOP) very-much āvaḍate (AA-vad-te) please-PRES.3SG.N āṇi (AA-ni) and to (TO) he-3SG.M roj (ROJ) daily saṃdhyākāḷī (SAN-dhyaa-kaa-lee) evening-LOC mitrāṃbarobar (MI-traam-ba-ro-bar) friend-OBL.PL-with kheḷato (KHEL-to) play-PRES.3SG.M

16.23a त्याच्या his मित्रांमध्ये among-friends तो he सगळ्यात of-all लहान small आहे is

16.23b tyācyā (TYAA-chyaa) he-GEN.OBL mitrāṃmadhye (MI-traam-madh-ye) friend-OBL.PL-among to (TO) he-3SG.M sagaḷyāt (SAG-lyaat) all-OBL.PL-LOC lahān (la-HAAN) small āhe (AA-he) is-3SG

16.24a पण but तो he कधीच ever हार defeat मानत accepting नाही not

16.24b paṇ (PAN) but to (TO) he-3SG.M kadhīc (KA-dheech) ever-EMPH hār (HAAR) defeat-F.SG mānat (MAA-nat) accept-PROG nāhī (NAA-hee) not-NEG

16.25a आमचे our बाबा Dad म्हणतात say की that तो he अगदी quite आजोबांसारखा like-Grandfather आहे is

16.25b āmace (AAM-che) our-M.PL.HON bābā (BAA-baa) father-M.HON mhaṇatāt (MHAN-taat) say-PRES.3PL.HON kī (KEE) that to (TO) he-3SG.M agadī (AG-dee) quite ājobāṃsārakhā (AA-jo-baan-saar-khaa) grandfather-OBL.HON-like-M.SG āhe (AA-he) is-3SG

16.26a ते he पण too लहानपणी in-childhood असेच just-such प्रश्न questions विचारायचे used-to-ask

16.26b te (TE) he-3PL.HON paṇ (PAN) also lahānapaṇī (la-HAAN-pa-nee) childhood-LOC aseca (A-sech) such-M.PL-EMPH praśna (PRASH-na) question-M.PL vicārāyace (vi-CHAA-raay-che) ask-HAB.PAST.3PL

16.27a काल yesterday रात्री at-night तो he माझ्याजवळ near-me बसला sat आणि and म्हणाला said ताई Tai मी I मोठा big झाल्यावर after-becoming शास्त्रज्ञ scientist होणार will-become

16.27b kāl (KAAL) yesterday rātrī (RAAT-ree) night-LOC to (TO) he-3SG.M mājhyājavaḷ (MAA-jhyaa-ja-val) I-OBL-near basalā (BAS-laa) sit-PAST.3SG.M āṇi (AA-ni) and mhaṇālā (MHA-naa-laa) say-PAST.3SG.M tāī (TAA-ee) elder-sister-VOC mī (MEE) I moṭhā (MO-thaa) big-M.SG jhālyāvar (JHAAL-yaa-var) become-PAST.PTCP.OBL-on śāstradnya (SHAAS-tra-dnya) scientist-M.SG hoṇār (HO-naar) become-FUT.PTCP

16.28a मी I त्याला to-him सांगितले told की that त्याचे his स्वप्न dream नक्की surely पूर्ण complete होईल will-become

16.28b mī (MEE) I tyālā (TYAA-laa) he-DAT sāṃgitale (SAANG-it-le) tell-PAST.N.SG kī (KEE) that tyāce (TYAA-che) he-GEN.N.SG svapna (SVAP-na) dream-N.SG nakkī (NAK-kee) surely pūrṇa (POOR-na) complete hoīl (HO-eel) become-FUT.3SG

16.29a तुला to-you तो he नक्की surely आवडेल will-please पुढच्या next सुट्टीत in-holidays आमच्याकडे to-our-place ये come आणि and त्याला him भेट meet

16.29b tulā (TU-laa) you-DAT to (TO) he-3SG.M nakkī (NAK-kee) surely āvaḍel (AAV-del) please-FUT.3SG puḍhacyā (PUDH-chyaa) next-OBL suṭṭīt (SUT-teet) holiday-LOC āmacyākaḍe (AAM-chyaa-ka-de) we-GEN.OBL-at ye (YE) come-IMP.2SG āṇi (AA-ni) and tyālā (TYAA-laa) he-DAT bheṭ (BHET) meet-IMP.2SG

16.30a तोही he-too तुला to-you नमस्कार greetings सांगतो sends तुझी your मैत्रीण friend

16.30b tohī (TO-hee) he-3SG.M-also tulā (TU-laa) you-DAT namaskār (na-MAS-kaar) greeting-M.SG sāṃgato (SAANG-to) tell-PRES.3SG.M tujhī (TU-jhee) your-F.SG maitrīṇ (MAI-treen) friend-F.SG

Part B: Natural Sentences

16.16 प्रिय मीरा, तू माझ्या भावाबद्दल विचारलेस, म्हणून आज त्याच्याबद्दल लिहिते. — priya mīrā, tū mājhyā bhāvābaddal vicārales, mhaṇūn āj tyācyābaddal lihite. — "Dear Meera, you asked about my brother, so today I'm writing about him."

16.17 त्याचे नाव सोहम आहे आणि तो दहा वर्षांचा आहे. — tyāce nāv soham āhe āṇi to dahā varṣāṃcā āhe. — "His name is Soham, and he is ten years old."

16.18 तो पाचवीत शिकतो. — to pācavīt śikato. — "He is in the fifth standard."

16.19 तो लहान आहे, पण त्याचे प्रश्न खूप मोठे असतात. — to lahān āhe, paṇ tyāce praśna khūp moṭhe asatāt. — "He is small, but his questions are very big."

16.20 परवा त्याने मला विचारले, "ताई, आकाश निळे का असते?" — paravā tyāne malā vicārale, "tāī, ākāś niḷe kā asate?" — "The day before yesterday he asked me, 'Tai, why is the sky blue?'"

16.21 मला उत्तर माहीत नव्हते, म्हणून त्याने ते स्वतः पुस्तकात शोधले. — malā uttar māhīt navhate, mhaṇūn tyāne te svataḥ pustakāt śodhale. — "I didn't know the answer, so he looked it up in a book himself."

16.22 त्याला क्रिकेट खूप आवडते आणि तो रोज संध्याकाळी मित्रांबरोबर खेळतो. — tyālā krikeṭ khūp āvaḍate āṇi to roj saṃdhyākāḷī mitrāṃbarobar kheḷato. — "He loves cricket, and he plays with his friends every evening."

16.23 त्याच्या मित्रांमध्ये तो सगळ्यात लहान आहे. — tyācyā mitrāṃmadhye to sagaḷyāt lahān āhe. — "He is the youngest of his friends."

16.24 पण तो कधीच हार मानत नाही. — paṇ to kadhīc hār mānat nāhī. — "But he never gives up."

16.25 आमचे बाबा म्हणतात की तो अगदी आजोबांसारखा आहे. — āmace bābā mhaṇatāt kī to agadī ājobāṃsārakhā āhe. — "Our dad says he's just like Grandfather."

16.26 ते पण लहानपणी असेच प्रश्न विचारायचे. — te paṇ lahānapaṇī aseca praśna vicārāyace. — "He too used to ask questions like that when he was little."

16.27 काल रात्री तो माझ्याजवळ बसला आणि म्हणाला, "ताई, मी मोठा झाल्यावर शास्त्रज्ञ होणार." — kāl rātrī to mājhyājavaḷ basalā āṇi mhaṇālā, "tāī, mī moṭhā jhālyāvar śāstradnya hoṇār." — "Last night he sat down beside me and said, 'Tai, when I grow up I'm going to be a scientist.'"

16.28 मी त्याला सांगितले की त्याचे स्वप्न नक्की पूर्ण होईल. — mī tyālā sāṃgitale kī tyāce svapna nakkī pūrṇa hoīl. — "I told him that his dream will certainly come true."

16.29 तुला तो नक्की आवडेल; पुढच्या सुट्टीत आमच्याकडे ये आणि त्याला भेट. — tulā to nakkī āvaḍel; puḍhacyā suṭṭīt āmacyākaḍe ye āṇi tyālā bheṭ. — "You'll like him, I'm sure; come and stay with us next holidays and meet him."

16.30 तोही तुला नमस्कार सांगतो. तुझी मैत्रीण. — tohī tulā namaskār sāṃgato. tujhī maitrīṇ. — "He sends you his greetings too. Your friend."

Part C: Target Language Only

16.16 प्रिय मीरा, तू माझ्या भावाबद्दल विचारलेस, म्हणून आज त्याच्याबद्दल लिहिते.

16.17 त्याचे नाव सोहम आहे आणि तो दहा वर्षांचा आहे.

16.18 तो पाचवीत शिकतो.

16.19 तो लहान आहे, पण त्याचे प्रश्न खूप मोठे असतात.

16.20 परवा त्याने मला विचारले, "ताई, आकाश निळे का असते?"

16.21 मला उत्तर माहीत नव्हते, म्हणून त्याने ते स्वतः पुस्तकात शोधले.

16.22 त्याला क्रिकेट खूप आवडते आणि तो रोज संध्याकाळी मित्रांबरोबर खेळतो.

16.23 त्याच्या मित्रांमध्ये तो सगळ्यात लहान आहे.

16.24 पण तो कधीच हार मानत नाही.

16.25 आमचे बाबा म्हणतात की तो अगदी आजोबांसारखा आहे.

16.26 ते पण लहानपणी असेच प्रश्न विचारायचे.

16.27 काल रात्री तो माझ्याजवळ बसला आणि म्हणाला, "ताई, मी मोठा झाल्यावर शास्त्रज्ञ होणार."

16.28 मी त्याला सांगितले की त्याचे स्वप्न नक्की पूर्ण होईल.

16.29 तुला तो नक्की आवडेल; पुढच्या सुट्टीत आमच्याकडे ये आणि त्याला भेट.

16.30 तोही तुला नमस्कार सांगतो. तुझी मैत्रीण.

Part D: Grammar Notes for Genre Section

- A letter about "him." Soham's elder sister, Tai, writes to her friend Meera about her little brother, so almost every sentence has a form of तो: the subject तो (16.17–16.19, 16.22–16.25, 16.27, 16.29), the -ला form त्याला (16.22, 16.28, 16.29), "his" त्याचे / त्याच्या (16.17, 16.19, 16.23, 16.28), the transitive past त्याने (16.20, 16.21), and "about him," त्याच्याबद्दल (16.16). - The writer is a girl. Her verbs are feminine: लिहिते, "I write" (16.16), and she signs तुझी मैत्रीण, "your (female) friend" (16.30). Soham's are masculine: म्हणाला, बसला, मी मोठा झाल्यावर (16.27). - ते for Grandfather (16.26). The sentence before mentions both Soham (तो) and Grandfather (आजोबांसारखा). The plural ते and the plural verb विचारायचे show at once that the next "he" is Grandfather, not Soham. Respect makes the reference clear. - त्याने ते (16.21). Two pronouns side by side: त्याने, "he," and ते, "it," the neuter उत्तर, "answer." - तुला तो आवडेल (16.29). "You will like him," literally "he will please you": the person who likes is in the -ला form, and the verb agrees with तो (Rule 5). - त्याला भेट (16.29). भेटणे, "to meet," takes the person met in the -ला form: मी त्याला भेटलो, "I met him." - तोही (16.30). -ही, "also, too," joins the pronoun: तोही, "he too"; मीही, "I too." - शास्त्रज्ञ होणार (16.27). In speech the आहे of होणार आहे, "am going to," is often dropped: मी शास्त्रज्ञ होणार, "I'm going to be a scientist." - विचारायचे (16.26). The habitual past, "used to ask": the stem विचार- + -आयचे. Compare करायला in Lesson 12. - The school year. पाचवी, "the fifth (standard)," is the Indian school class, roughly the age of ten. पाचवीत, "in the fifth."

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Pronunciation Guide

तो

- तो [t̪oː]: TO. The त is dental, with the tongue against the back of the upper teeth, and unaspirated: no puff of air, as in French tôt. It is not the English t. - The o is long and pure, without the glide of English "toe."

The Forms of तो

- त्याला [t̪jaːlaː]: TYAA-laa. त and य are said together in one beat. - त्याचा [t̪jaːt͡saː]: TYAA-tsaa. Before ā, च in this ending is the "ts" sound (Lesson 12); the respellings in this course write it "ch" for simplicity. - त्याचे, त्याची, त्याच्या [t̪jaːt͡ʃe, t̪jaːt͡ʃiː, t̪jaːt͡ʃjaː]: TYAA-che, TYAA-chee, TYAA-chyaa. Before e, i and y, च is "ch." - त्याने [t̪jaːne]: TYAA-ne. - त्यांना, त्यांचा [t̪jãːnaː, t̪jãːt͡saː]: the anusvara nasalises the ā: TYAAN-naa.

Other Sounds in This Lesson

- ज्ञ in शास्त्रज्ञ. Marathi says ज्ञ as "dny" [d̪ɲ]: SHAAS-tra-dnya. Hindi says "gy." - ळ in शाळा, डोळे, देऊळ. The retroflex l, with the tongue curled back: SHAA-laa, DO-le. - छ in छत्री. An aspirated ch: CHHAT-ree. - ऊ in पाऊस, भाऊ. Two vowels, said one after the other: PAA-oos, BHAA-oo. - Visarga in स्वतः. A light breath after the vowel: SVA-tah. - The old forms of the citation. बोले, चाले, म्हणे are said as written: BO-le, CHAA-le, MHA-ne. - Intonation. तो कोण आहे? falls on कोण, the question word, without much rise at the end.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

---

Course Index: [latinum.substack.com/p/index](https://latinum.substack.com/p/index)

← Lesson 15 ↩ Course Index