← Latin for Soldiers, Sailors and Military Strategists
The reflexive possessive adjective "suus -a -um" is one of the most important words in Latin military writing. It means "his own," "her own," "its own," or "their own," and refers back to the subject of the sentence. Unlike English, which uses different words for different persons (his, her, its, their), Latin uses the same word "suus" for all third-person reflexive possession.
suus -a -um: A reflexive possessive adjective that indicates ownership by the subject of the sentence or clause. It declines like a regular first and second declension adjective (like bonus -a -um) and must agree with the noun it modifies in case, number, and gender.
Question: What does "suus -a -um" mean in Latin? Answer: "Suus -a -um" is a reflexive possessive adjective meaning "his own," "her own," "its own," or "their own." It refers back to the subject of the sentence and indicates that something belongs to that subject.
In this lesson's examples, you'll see "suus" used in various military contexts - soldiers with their own weapons, generals leading their own armies, and sailors manning their own ships. The word appears in different positions within sentences to show the flexibility of Latin word order, and it's combined with military vocabulary to create authentic-sounding Roman military language.
Course: Latin for English Speakers Level: Beginner to Intermediate Lesson Type: Reading and Grammar Topic: Reflexive Possessive Adjective Learning Objectives: -
Understand the meaning and usage of "suus -a -um" -
Recognize its forms in different cases -
Distinguish between reflexive and non-reflexive possession -
Apply knowledge in military Latin contexts
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"Suus" is reflexive - it always refers back to the subject -
It declines like a regular 1st/2nd declension adjective -
Unlike English, Latin uses the same word for all third-person reflexive possession -
In military contexts, it often refers to a soldier's own equipment, a general's own army, or a unit's own position -
Word order is flexible - "suus" can appear before or after the noun it modifies
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27.1 Centuriō centurion suōs his own mīlitēs soldiers in into proelium battle dūcit leads
27.2 Nautae sailors suam their own nāvem ship fortiter bravely dēfendunt defend
27.3 Imperātor general cum with suīs his own equitibus cavalry hostēs enemies circumvenit surrounds
27.4 Mīles soldier suō with his own gladiō sword hostem enemy vulnerat wounds
27.5 Suās their own aquilās eagles legiōnēs legions numquam never relinquunt abandon
27.6 Dux leader in in suā his own prōvinciā province bellum war gerit wages
27.7 Rōmānī Romans suīs with their own vīribus forces Gallōs Gauls superant overcome
27.8 Suōrum of his own mīlitum soldiers virtūtem courage imperātor general laudat praises
27.9 Classis fleet in to suum its own portum harbor redit returns
27.10 Caesar Caesar suō by his own cōnsiliō plan hostēs enemies dēcipit deceives
27.11 Mīlitēs soldiers sua their own castra camp vāllō with rampart mūniunt fortify
27.12 Tribūnus tribune suae his own cohortis cohort's signa standards sequitur follows
27.13 Hostēs enemies suōs their own captīvōs prisoners līberant free
27.14 Nauta sailor suam his own statiōnem post nōn not dēserit deserts
27.15 Legiō legion prō for suīs its own sociīs allies pugnat fights
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27.1 Centuriō suōs mīlitēs in proelium dūcit. The centurion leads his own soldiers into battle.
27.2 Nautae suam nāvem fortiter dēfendunt. The sailors bravely defend their own ship.
27.3 Imperātor cum suīs equitibus hostēs circumvenit. The general surrounds the enemies with his own cavalry.
27.4 Mīles suō gladiō hostem vulnerat. The soldier wounds the enemy with his own sword.
27.5 Suās aquilās legiōnēs numquam relinquunt. The legions never abandon their own eagles.
27.6 Dux in suā prōvinciā bellum gerit. The leader wages war in his own province.
27.7 Rōmānī suīs vīribus Gallōs superant. The Romans overcome the Gauls with their own forces.
27.8 Suōrum mīlitum virtūtem imperātor laudat. The general praises the courage of his own soldiers.
27.9 Classis in suum portum redit. The fleet returns to its own harbor.
27.10 Caesar suō cōnsiliō hostēs dēcipit. Caesar deceives the enemies by his own plan.
27.11 Mīlitēs sua castra vāllō mūniunt. The soldiers fortify their own camp with a rampart.
27.12 Tribūnus suae cohortis signa sequitur. The tribune follows the standards of his own cohort.
27.13 Hostēs suōs captīvōs līberant. The enemies free their own prisoners.
27.14 Nauta suam statiōnem nōn dēserit. The sailor does not desert his own post.
27.15 Legiō prō suīs sociīs pugnat. The legion fights for its own allies.
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27.1 Centuriō suōs mīlitēs in proelium dūcit.
27.2 Nautae suam nāvem fortiter dēfendunt.
27.3 Imperātor cum suīs equitibus hostēs circumvenit.
27.4 Mīles suō gladiō hostem vulnerat.
27.5 Suās aquilās legiōnēs numquam relinquunt.
27.6 Dux in suā prōvinciā bellum gerit.
27.7 Rōmānī suīs vīribus Gallōs superant.
27.8 Suōrum mīlitum virtūtem imperātor laudat.
27.9 Classis in suum portum redit.
27.10 Caesar suō cōnsiliō hostēs dēcipit.
27.11 Mīlitēs sua castra vāllō mūniunt.
27.12 Tribūnus suae cohortis signa sequitur.
27.13 Hostēs suōs captīvōs līberant.
27.14 Nauta suam statiōnem nōn dēserit.
27.15 Legiō prō suīs sociīs pugnat.
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The reflexive possessive adjective "suus -a -um" follows specific grammatical rules that English speakers must understand: -
Reflexive Nature: "Suus" always refers back to the subject of its own clause. This is its most important characteristic and the main difference from non-reflexive possessives like "eius" (his/her/its - not referring to the subject). -
Agreement: Like all Latin adjectives, "suus" must agree with the noun it modifies in: -
Case (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative) -
Number (singular or plural) -
Gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter) -
Declension Pattern: "Suus" follows the standard 1st and 2nd declension adjective pattern:
Singular: -
Masculine: suus, suī, suō, suum, suō -
Feminine: sua, suae, suae, suam, suā -
Neuter: suum, suī, suō, suum, suō
Plural: -
Masculine: suī, suōrum, suīs, suōs, suīs -
Feminine: suae, suārum, suīs, suās, suīs -
Neuter: sua, suōrum, suīs, sua, suīs
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Using "suus" for non-subjects: English speakers often incorrectly use "suus" when the possessor is not the subject. -
WRONG: Caesar videt suōs mīlitēs (intending "Caesar sees his (Pompey's) soldiers") -
RIGHT: Caesar videt eius mīlitēs (Caesar sees his (someone else's) soldiers) -
RIGHT: Caesar videt suōs mīlitēs (Caesar sees his own soldiers) -
Forgetting agreement: Students sometimes use the wrong form of "suus" because they're thinking of the subject's gender rather than the possessed object's gender. -
WRONG: Fēmina suum librum legit (using masculine because book is masculine in English) -
RIGHT: Fēmina suum librum legit (neuter accusative to agree with "librum") -
Overusing "suus": Latin often omits "suus" when the possession is obvious from context, unlike English which usually includes possessive pronouns.
English distinguishes between "his," "her," "its," and "their" based on the possessor's gender and number. Latin's "suus" covers all of these when referring to the subject: -
Vir suam uxōrem amat = "The man loves his (own) wife" -
Fēmina suam fīliam amat = "The woman loves her (own) daughter" -
Animal suum cibum edit = "The animal eats its (own) food" -
Mīlitēs sua arma portant = "The soldiers carry their (own) weapons"
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Identify the subject of the sentence or clause -
Determine if the possession refers back to this subject - if yes, use "suus" -
Find the gender, number, and case of the noun being modified -
Select the correct form of "suus" to match -
Place it either before or after the noun (Latin word order is flexible)
Type: Reflexive possessive adjective Declension: 1st and 2nd declension (like bonus -a -um) Usage: Only when the possessor is the subject of the clause Agreement: Must match the possessed noun in case, number, and gender Position: Flexible - can precede or follow the noun
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For English speakers learning Latin, understanding "suus" requires grasping Roman military culture and its emphasis on personal responsibility and unit cohesion.
In the Roman military system, the concept of "one's own" (suus) carried profound significance. A soldier's relationship with his own weapons (sua arma), his own century (sua centuria), and his own legion (sua legiō) defined his identity and honor. The phrase "suā sponte" (of one's own accord) became a military virtue, indicating initiative and voluntary service.
The Roman military oath (sacrāmentum) bound soldiers to defend their own standards (sua signa) with their lives. Losing one's legion's eagle (aquila) was the ultimate disgrace. This explains why sentence 27.5 states "Suās aquilās legiōnēs numquam relinquunt" - legions never abandon their own eagles.
Roman generals like Caesar frequently used "suus" in their military commentaries to emphasize the personal stake soldiers had in battles. When Caesar writes about soldiers defending "sua castra" (their own camp), he's not just describing possession but invoking the deep psychological connection between Romans and their fortified positions.
The concept extended to naval warfare. Roman sailors (nautae) were expected to defend "sua nāvis" (their own ship) as fiercely as legionaries defended their camp. This personal identification with one's military unit fostered the discipline and esprit de corps that made Rome's military so effective.
Understanding "suus" also helps English speakers grasp Roman concepts of hierarchy and loyalty. When a tribune follows "suae cohortis signa" (the standards of his own cohort), it reflects the Roman system where loyalty flowed both upward and downward through clearly defined units, each with its own identity and traditions.
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From Caesar's Commentāriī dē Bellō Gallicō, Book 2, Chapter 25:
"Ipse in colle mediō triplicem aciem īnstrūxit legiōnum quattuor veterānārum; sed in summō iugō duās legiōnēs quās proximē cōnscrīpserat et omnia auxilia conlocāvit, ut suprā sē totum montem hominibus complēret; suā impedīmenta sarcināsque in ūnum locum cōnferrī et eum ab hīs quī in superiōre aciē cōnstiterant mūnīrī iussit."
Ipse he himself in on colle hill mediō middle triplicem triple aciem battle-line īnstrūxit arranged legiōnum of legions quattuor four veterānārum veteran; sed but in on summō highest iugō ridge duās two legiōnēs legions quās which proximē recently cōnscrīpserat he had enrolled et and omnia all auxilia auxiliary-troops conlocāvit he stationed, ut so that suprā above sē himself totum whole montem mountain hominibus with men complēret he might fill; suā his own impedīmenta baggage sarcināsque and packs in into ūnum one locum place cōnferrī to be brought together et and eum it ab by hīs these quī who in in superiōre upper aciē battle-line cōnstiterant had taken position mūnīrī to be fortified iussit he ordered.
"Ipse in colle mediō triplicem aciem īnstrūxit legiōnum quattuor veterānārum; sed in summō iugō duās legiōnēs quās proximē cōnscrīpserat et omnia auxilia conlocāvit, ut suprā sē totum montem hominibus complēret; suā impedīmenta sarcināsque in ūnum locum cōnferrī et eum ab hīs quī in superiōre aciē cōnstiterant mūnīrī iussit."
He himself arranged a triple battle line of four veteran legions on the middle of the hill; but on the highest ridge he stationed the two legions which he had recently enrolled and all the auxiliary troops, so that he might fill the whole mountain above himself with men; he ordered his own baggage and packs to be brought together into one place and for it to be fortified by those who had taken position in the upper battle line.
Caesar's use of "suā impedīmenta" demonstrates the reflexive possessive in military narrative. The pronoun refers back to Caesar as subject ("ipse"), emphasizing his personal command over the baggage train's disposition. This passage showcases typical Caesarian style: complex but clear subordination, military technical vocabulary, and the third-person narrative that distances Caesar as author from Caesar as commander.
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"suā" - neuter accusative plural, agreeing with "impedīmenta" (baggage) -
The reflexive refers to "ipse" (Caesar himself), the main subject -
Note the indirect commands with accusative + infinitive: "cōnferrī" and "mūnīrī" -
Complex sentence structure with purpose clause ("ut...complēret") -
Military technical terms: "aciem" (battle line), "auxilia" (auxiliary troops)
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This is an excellent set of Indirect Statement (Accusative + Infinitive) constructions in Latin. Here are the translations:
The legate reports to the commander that his scouts have found the enemies' camp.
The tribune writes that his cohort advanced to the river, but the bridge was destroyed by the enemies.
The centurion reports that his soldiers bought grain in the nearest town and are now returning to camp.
The prefect signals that his ships were tossed by the storm, but all are safe and seeking the harbor.
The leader of the allies announces that his cavalry have built a road across the mountains and prepared a passage for the army.
The scout reports back that he saw the enemies' battle line near the forest with his companions.
The prefect of the camp tells the commander that his fortifications are very strong and can sustain a siege for a long time.
The ship captain writes that his ship stuck on the rocks, but the sailors can repair the ship and sail soon.
The tribune of soldiers announces that his centurions engaged the enemies in battle and won the victory.
The commander of auxiliaries reports that his forces arrived at the river's bank, but the water is deep.
The centurion of the first spear writes that his spearmen fought bravely and killed many enemies.
The prefect of cavalry announces that his horses are exhausted and there is a need for new horses.
The scout reports that he learned the enemies' plans by his own boldness and that they wish to attack at night.
The legate writes that his legion built a bridge over the river and the crossing is safe.
The praetorian prefect reports to the commander that his praetorians keep watch watchfully and all things are safe. ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
27.16 Lēgātus imperātōrī nūntiat suōs explōrātōrēs hostium castra invēnisse. The legate reports to the commander that his own scouts have found the enemy camp.
27.17 Tribūnus scrībit suam cohortem ad flūmen prōgressam esse sed pontem ā hostibus dēlētum esse. The tribune writes that his own cohort has advanced to the river but the bridge has been destroyed by the enemies.
27.18 Centuriō refert suōs mīlitēs frūmentum in oppidō proximō emisse et iam ad castra redīre. The centurion reports that his own soldiers have bought grain in the nearest town and are now returning to camp.
27.19 Praefectus classī significat suās nāvēs tempestāte iactātās esse sed omnēs incolumēs portum petere. The prefect signals to the fleet that his own ships have been tossed by a storm but all are seeking harbor safely.
27.20 Dux sociōrum nūntiat suōs equitēs trāns montēs viam mūnīvisse et transitum exercituī parātum esse. The leader of the allies announces that his own cavalry have built a road across the mountains and the passage is prepared for the army.
27.21 Explōrātor renūntiat sē cum suīs comitibus hostium aciem prope silvam vīdisse. The scout reports back that he with his own companions has seen the enemy battle line near the forest.
27.22 Praefectus castrōrum imperātōrī dīcit suā mūnīmenta firmissima esse et obsidiōnem diū sustinēre posse. The prefect of the camp tells the commander that his own fortifications are very strong and can withstand a siege for a long time.
27.23 Navarchus scrībit suam nāvem in saxīs haesisse sed nautās nāvem reficere et mox navigāre posse. The ship captain writes that his own ship has stuck on the rocks but the sailors can repair the ship and soon be able to sail.
27.24 Tribūnus mīlitum nūntiat suōs centuriōnēs cum hostibus proeliō congressōs esse et victōriam reportāvisse. The tribune of soldiers reports that his own centurions have engaged with the enemies in battle and have won victory.
27.25 Dux auxiliōrum refert suās cōpiās ad flūminis rīpam pervēnisse sed aquam altam esse. The commander of auxiliaries reports that his own forces have arrived at the river bank but the water is deep.
27.26 Centuriō prīmī pīlī scrībit suōs hastātōs fortiter pugnāvisse et multōs hostēs occīdisse. The centurion of the first spear writes that his own spearmen have fought bravely and have killed many enemies.
27.27 Praefectus equitum nūntiat suōs equōs dēfessōs esse et novīs equīs opus esse. The prefect of cavalry announces that his own horses are exhausted and there is need for new horses.
27.28 Explōrātor renūntiat sē suā audāciā hostium cōnsilia cognōvisse et eōs nocte oppugnāre velle. The scout reports that he by his own boldness has learned the enemy plans and that they wish to attack at night.
27.29 Lēgātus scrībit suam legiōnem pontem super flūmen fēcisse et trānsitum tūtum esse. The legate writes that his own legion has made a bridge over the river and the crossing is safe.
27.30 Praefectus praetōriō imperātōrī nūntiat suōs praetōriānōs vigilanter excubāre et omnia tūta esse. The praetorian prefect reports to the commander that his own praetorians are keeping watch vigilantly and all things are safe.
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27.16 Lēgātus imperātōrī nūntiat suōs explōrātōrēs hostium castra invēnisse.
27.17 Tribūnus scrībit suam cohortem ad flūmen prōgressam esse sed pontem ā hostibus dēlētum esse.
27.18 Centuriō refert suōs mīlitēs frūmentum in oppidō proximō emisse et iam ad castra redīre.
27.19 Praefectus classī significat suās nāvēs tempestāte iactātās esse sed omnēs incolumēs portum petere.
27.20 Dux sociōrum nūntiat suōs equitēs trāns montēs viam mūnīvisse et transitum exercituī parātum esse.
27.21 Explōrātor renūntiat sē cum suīs comitibus hostium aciem prope silvam vīdisse.
27.22 Praefectus castrōrum imperātōrī dīcit suā mūnīmenta firmissima esse et obsidiōnem diū sustinēre posse.
27.23 Navarchus scrībit suam nāvem in saxīs haesisse sed nautās nāvem reficere et mox navigāre posse.
27.24 Tribūnus mīlitum nūntiat suōs centuriōnēs cum hostibus proeliō congressōs esse et victōriam reportāvisse.
27.25 Dux auxiliōrum refert suās cōpiās ad flūminis rīpam pervēnisse sed aquam altam esse.
27.26 Centuriō prīmī pīlī scrībit suōs hastātōs fortiter pugnāvisse et multōs hostēs occīdisse.
27.27 Praefectus equitum nūntiat suōs equōs dēfessōs esse et novīs equīs opus esse.
27.28 Explōrātor renūntiat sē suā audāciā hostium cōnsilia cognōvisse et eōs nocte oppugnāre velle.
27.29 Lēgātus scrībit suam legiōnem pontem super flūmen fēcisse et trānsitum tūtum esse.
27.30 Praefectus praetōriō imperātōrī nūntiat suōs praetōriānōs vigilanter excubāre et omnia tūta esse.
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In Roman military dispatches, "suus" takes on special significance as it clearly indicates chain of command and responsibility. When a tribune reports about "suōs mīlitēs" (his own soldiers), he's taking personal responsibility for their actions and achievements.
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Indirect Statement Construction: Most military reports use accusative + infinitive after verbs of saying/reporting: -
"nūntiat suōs explōrātōrēs...invēnisse" (reports that his scouts have found) -
The reflexive "suōs" still refers to the subject of the main verb (the one reporting) -
Perfect Infinitives: Military dispatches typically report completed actions: -
"invēnisse" (to have found) -
"prōgressam esse" (to have advanced) -
"mūnīvisse" (to have built) -
Reflexive in Indirect Statement: Even in indirect statement, "suus" refers to the subject of the main verb: -
"Centuriō refert suōs mīlitēs...emisse" - "suōs" refers to the centurion, not the soldiers -
Technical Military Vocabulary with "Suus": -
"suōs explōrātōrēs" (his own scouts) -
"suam cohortem" (his own cohort) -
"suās cōpiās" (his own forces) -
"suōs praetōriānōs" (his own praetorians)
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nūntiat (announces/reports) -
refert (reports/relates) -
scrībit (writes) -
renūntiat (reports back) -
significat (signals/indicates)
Military dispatches often front-load the most important information: -
Officer making report comes first -
"Suus" + troops/equipment often follows immediately -
Action reported comes at the end
This creates a clear hierarchy: WHO reports about WHOSE troops doing WHAT.
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This lesson is part of the Latinum Institute's comprehensive Latin reading course, designed specifically for autodidacts - self-directed learners who want to master Latin through extensive reading practice. The course has been developed by Evan der Millner BA MA (Cantab. NZ, London), who has been creating innovative online language learning materials since 2006.
The method employed in these lessons follows the principles outlined at latinum.substack.com and latinum.org.uk, emphasizing: -
Construed texts that break down Latin into comprehensible units -
Extensive repetition of vocabulary in varied contexts -
Progressive difficulty that builds systematically on previous knowledge -
Authentic Latin drawn from classical authors -
Cultural context that brings the ancient world to life
Each lesson in this series focuses on a single high-frequency Latin word, presenting it in 15 initial examples, then expanding through literary citations and genre-specific applications. This approach ensures that learners encounter each word 30+ times in meaningful contexts, facilitating natural acquisition rather than rote memorization.
The interleaved format (Part A) allows beginners to see the direct correspondence between Latin and English, while Parts B and C progressively remove scaffolding to build reading fluency. The grammar explanations (Part D) are written specifically for English speakers, highlighting contrasts between the languages and common pitfalls to avoid. 27.16 Lēgātus legate imperātōrī to commander nūntiat reports suōs his own explōrātōrēs scouts hostium of enemies castra camp invēnisse to have found
27.17 Tribūnus tribune scrībit writes suam his own cohortem cohort ad to flūmen river prōgressam to have advanced esse to be sed but pontem bridge ā by hostibus enemies dēlētum destroyed esse to be
27.18 Centuriō centurion refert reports suōs his own mīlitēs soldiers frūmentum grain in in oppidō town proximō nearest emisse to have bought et and iam now ad to castra camp redīre to return
27.19 Praefectus prefect classī of fleet significat signals suās his own nāvēs ships tempestāte by storm iactātās tossed esse to be sed but omnēs all incolumēs safe portum harbor petere to seek
27.20 Dux leader sociōrum of allies nūntiat announces suōs his own equitēs cavalry trāns across montēs mountains viam way mūnīvisse to have built et and transitum passage exercituī for army parātum prepared esse to be
27.21 Explōrātor scout renūntiat reports back sē himself cum with suīs his own comitibus companions hostium of enemies aciem battle line prope near silvam forest vīdisse to have seen
27.22 Praefectus prefect castrōrum of camp imperātōrī to commander dīcit says suā his own mūnīmenta fortifications firmissima very strong esse to be et and obsidiōnem siege diū for long time sustinēre to withstand posse to be able
27.23 Navarchus ship captain scrībit writes suam his own nāvem ship in in saxīs rocks haesisse to have stuck sed but nautās sailors nāvem ship reficere to repair et and mox soon navigāre to sail posse to be able
27.24 Tribūnus tribune mīlitum of soldiers nūntiat reports suōs his own centuriōnēs centurions cum with hostibus enemies proeliō in battle congressōs having engaged esse to be et and victōriam victory reportāvisse to have won
27.25 Dux commander auxiliōrum of auxiliaries refert reports suās his own cōpiās forces ad at flūminis of river rīpam bank pervēnisse to have arrived sed but aquam water altam deep esse to be
27.26 Centuriō centurion prīmī of first pīlī spear scrībit writes suōs his own hastātōs spearmen fortiter bravely pugnāvisse to have fought et and multōs many hostēs enemies occīdisse to have killed
27.27 Praefectus prefect equitum of cavalry nūntiat announces suōs his own equōs horses dēfessōs exhausted esse to be et and novīs with new equīs horses opus need esse to be
27.28 Explōrātor scout renūntiat reports sē himself suā by his own audāciā boldness hostium of enemies cōnsilia plans cognōvisse to have learned et and eōs them nocte at night oppugnāre to attack velle to wish
27.29 Lēgātus legate scrībit writes suam his own legiōnem legion pontem bridge super over flūmen river fēcisse to have made et and trānsitum crossing tūtum safe esse to be
27.30 Praefectus prefect praetōriō praetorian imperātōrī to commander nūntiat reports suōs his own praetōriānōs praetorians vigilanter watchfully excubāre to keep watch et and omnia all things tūta safe esse to be
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