What does "to" mean in Odia?
This lesson teaches the "to" of English verbs: "I want to eat," "she went to play," "he told me to wait." English puts the little word "to" before the verb. Odia does not have a separate word for it. It adds an ending to the verb instead, and that ending is -ବାକୁ (-bāku).
Every Odia verb has a verbal noun in -ବା (-bā). It is the form you find in the dictionary: ଖାଇବା (khāibā), "to eat, eating"; ଯିବା (jibā), "to go, going"; ଦେଖିବା (dekhibā), "to see, seeing." To this verbal noun Odia adds the dative ending -କୁ (-ku), the same -କୁ that means "to" in ଘରକୁ (gharaku), "to the house." The result is ଖାଇବାକୁ (khāibāku), "for eating, to eat." So Odia says "I am going to eating": ମୁଁ ଖାଇବାକୁ ଯାଉଛି (muṁ khāibāku jāuchhi), "I am going to eat."
You have already met this form. In Lesson 10 a clock "has to be wound," ଚାବି ଦେବାକୁ ପଡ଼େ, and in Lesson 11 ମୋତେ ଯିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିବ (mote jibāku paṛiba), "I will have to go." Both use -ବାକୁ.
The form in -ବାକୁ does most of the work of the English infinitive. It shows purpose after verbs of motion (going to see, coming to fetch). It follows verbs of wanting, beginning, telling and allowing. And it follows nouns like "time," "money" and "wish" ("time to go," "money to buy"). The ending never changes for person, number or tense. Only the main verb at the end of the sentence does.
One important exception: "can" and "know how to" do not take -ବାକୁ. Odia uses the participle in -ଇ (-i) instead: ମୁଁ ଯାଇପାରିବି (muṁ jāipāribi), "I can go," and ମୁଁ ପହଁରି ଜାଣେ (muṁ pahaṁri jāṇe), "I know how to swim."
A note on the script. ବାକୁ is two letters: ବ (ba) with the vowel sign ା (ā), then କ (ka) with the vowel sign ୁ (u). Before it, most verb stems take ି (i): କର- (kar-, "do") gives କରିବାକୁ (karibāku). Stems that end in a vowel join it in one of two ways. ଖା- (khā-, "eat") keeps the -ଇ- and gives ଖାଇବାକୁ (khāibāku), with the full vowel letter ଇ. ଦେ- (de-, "give") and ନେ- (ne-, "take") take -ବାକୁ directly: ଦେବାକୁ (debāku), ନେବାକୁ (nebāku).
- Odia has no separate word for the "to" of "to eat"; it adds -ବାକୁ (-bāku) to the verb - -ବାକୁ = the verbal noun in -ବା (-bā) + the dative -କୁ (-ku): ଖାଇବା + କୁ = ଖାଇବାକୁ, "to eat" - The -ବାକୁ form comes BEFORE the main verb: ଖାଇବାକୁ ଯାଉଛି, "(I) am going to eat" - It follows verbs of motion, wanting (ଚାହିଁବା), beginning (ଲାଗିବା, ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିବା), telling (କହିବା) and giving or letting (ଦେବା) - "Not to" puts ନ (na) before the verb: ନ ଖାଇବାକୁ (na khāibāku), "not to eat" - "Can" and "know how to" take the participle, not -ବାକୁ: ଯାଇପାରିବି, "I can go"
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12.1a ମୁଁ I ଖାଇବାକୁ to-eat ଯାଉଛି am-going
12.1b muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM khāibāku (KHAA-i-baa-ku) eat-VN-DAT=to-eat jāuchhi (JAA-u-chhi) go-PROG.1SG
12.2a ସେ he ଶୋଇବାକୁ to-sleep ଚାହେଁ wants
12.2b se (se) he-3SG.NOM śoibāku (SO-i-baa-ku) sleep-VN-DAT=to-sleep cāheṁ (CHAA-hẽ) want-PRES.3SG
12.3a ମୋତେ to-me ପିଇବାକୁ to-drink ପାଣି water ଦିଅ give
12.3b mote (MO-te) I-1SG.DAT piibāku (PI-i-baa-ku) drink-VN-DAT=to-drink pāṇi (PAA-ni) water dia (DI-aw) give-IMP.2.INFORMAL
12.4a ପିଲାମାନେ children ଖେଳିବାକୁ to-play ଗଲେ went
12.4b pilāmāne (PI-laa-maa-ne) child-PL.NOM kheḷibāku (KHE-li-baa-ku) play-VN-DAT=to-play gale (GAW-le) go-PST.3PL
12.5a ମୋତେ to-me ଗୀତ songs ଗାଇବାକୁ to-sing ଭଲ good ଲାଗେ feels
12.5b mote (MO-te) I-1SG.DAT gīta (GEE-taw) song gāibāku (GAA-i-baa-ku) sing-VN-DAT=to-sing bhala (BHAW-law) good lāge (LAA-ge) feel-PRES.3SG
12.6a ମା' mother ମୋତେ to-me ବଜାରରୁ from-market ମାଛ fish କିଣିବାକୁ to-buy କହିଲେ told
12.6b mā' (maa) mother mote (MO-te) I-1SG.DAT bajāraru (BAW-jaa-raw-ru) market-ABL māchha (MAA-chhaw) fish kiṇibāku (KI-ni-baa-ku) buy-VN-DAT=to-buy kahile (KAW-hi-le) tell-PST.3.HON
12.7a ସେ she ଗତ last ବର୍ଷ year ଓଡ଼ିଆ Odia ଶିଖିବାକୁ to-learn ଆରମ୍ଭ beginning କଲା did
12.7b se (se) she-3SG.NOM gata (GAW-taw) past=last barṣa (BAWR-saw) year oṛiā (O-ri-aa) Odia śikhibāku (SI-khi-baa-ku) learn-VN-DAT=to-learn ārambha (AA-rawm-bhaw) beginning kalā (KAW-laa) do-PST.3SG=began
12.8a ହଠାତ୍ suddenly ଛୋଟ little ପିଲାଟି the-child କାନ୍ଦିବାକୁ to-cry ଲାଗିଲା began
12.8b haṭhāt (HAW-thaat) suddenly chhoṭa (CHHO-taw) small pilāṭi (PI-laa-ti) child-CLF.DEF kāndibāku (KAAN-di-baa-ku) cry-VN-DAT=to-cry lāgilā (LAA-gi-laa) attach-PST.3SG=began
12.9a ଡାକ୍ତର doctor ମୋତେ to-me ଚିନି sugar ନ not ଖାଇବାକୁ to-eat କହିଛନ୍ତି has-told
12.9b ḍāktara (DAAK-taw-raw) doctor mote (MO-te) I-1SG.DAT cini (CHI-ni) sugar na (naw) NEG khāibāku (KHAA-i-baa-ku) eat-VN-DAT=to-eat kahichhanti (KAW-hi-chhawn-ti) tell-PRF.3.HON
12.10a ଗତ last ବର୍ଷ year ଆମେ we ରଥଯାତ୍ରା Ratha-Yatra ଦେଖିବାକୁ to-see ପୁରୀ Puri ଯାଇଥିଲୁ had-gone
12.10b gata (GAW-taw) past=last barṣa (BAWR-saw) year āme (AA-me) we-1PL.NOM rathajātrā (RAW-thaw-jaat-raa) chariot-festival dekhibāku (DE-khi-baa-ku) see-VN-DAT=to-see purī (PU-ree) Puri jāithilu (JAA-i-thi-lu) go-PST.PRF.1PL
12.11a ମୋ my ପାଖରେ near ଗୋଟିଏ a ନୂଆ new ଘର house କିଣିବାକୁ to-buy ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ enough ଟଙ୍କା money ନାହିଁ is-not
12.11b mo (mo) my-1SG.GEN.SHORT pākhare (PAA-khaw-re) side-LOC=with goṭie (GO-ti-e) one-CLF=a nūā (NOO-aa) new ghara (GHAW-raw) house kiṇibāku (KI-ni-baa-ku) buy-VN-DAT=to-buy jatheṣṭa (JAW-thes-taw) enough ṭaṅkā (TAWNG-kaa) money nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) not-exist-NEG.EXIST
12.12a ବର୍ଷା rain ହେଉଥିବାରୁ because-was-happening ଆମକୁ to-us ଘରେ at-home ରହିବାକୁ to-stay ପଡ଼ିଲା fell
12.12b barṣā (BAWR-saa) rain heuthibāru (HE-u-thi-baa-ru) become-PROG.VN-ABL=because-it-was-happening āmaku (AA-maw-ku) we-1PL.DAT ghare (GHAW-re) house-LOC rahibāku (RAW-hi-baa-ku) stay-VN-DAT=to-stay paṛilā (PAW-ri-laa) fall-PST.3SG=had-to
12.13a ମୁଁ I ତୁମକୁ to-you ଗୋଟିଏ a କଥା thing ପଚାରିବାକୁ to-ask ଚାହୁଁଥିଲି was-wanting କିନ୍ତୁ but ଭୁଲିଗଲି forgot
12.13b muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM tumaku (TU-maw-ku) you-2.INFORMAL.DAT goṭie (GO-ti-e) one-CLF=a kathā (KAW-thaa) word=matter pacāribāku (PAW-chaa-ri-baa-ku) ask-VN-DAT=to-ask cāhuṁthili (CHAA-hũ-thi-li) want-PST.PROG.1SG kintu (KIN-tu) but bhuligali (BHU-li-gaw-li) forget-CVB-go-PST.1SG=forgot
12.14a ଜେଜେବାପା grandfather ପ୍ରତିଦିନ every-day ସକାଳେ in-the-morning ନଦୀ river କୂଳରେ on-bank ବୁଲିବାକୁ to-stroll ଯାଆନ୍ତି goes
12.14b jejebāpā (JE-je-baa-paa) grandfather pratidina (PRAW-ti-di-naw) each-day sakāḷe (SAW-kaa-le) morning-LOC nadī (NAW-dee) river kūḷare (KOO-law-re) bank-LOC bulibāku (BU-li-baa-ku) stroll-VN-DAT=to-stroll jāanti (JAA-awn-ti) go-PRES.3.HON
12.15a ଶିକ୍ଷକ teacher ଛାତ୍ରମାନଙ୍କୁ to-students ପରୀକ୍ଷା exam ପାଇଁ for ଭଲ good ଭାବରେ in-manner ପଢ଼ିବାକୁ to-study ଓ and ରାତିରେ at-night ଶୀଘ୍ର early ଶୋଇବାକୁ to-sleep ପରାମର୍ଶ advice ଦେଲେ gave
12.15b śikṣaka (SIK-khaw-kaw) teacher chhātramānaṅku (CHHAAT-raw-maa-nawng-ku) student-PL-DAT parīkṣā (PAW-reek-khaa) examination pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP bhala (BHAW-law) good bhābare (BHAA-baw-re) manner-LOC=well paṛhibāku (PAW-rhi-baa-ku) read-VN-DAT=to-study o (o) and rātire (RAA-ti-re) night-LOC śīghra (SEE-ghraw) quickly=early śoibāku (SO-i-baa-ku) sleep-VN-DAT=to-sleep parāmarśa (PAW-raa-mawr-saw) advice dele (DE-le) give-PST.3.HON
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12.1 ମୁଁ ଖାଇବାକୁ ଯାଉଛି। (muṁ khāibāku jāuchhi.) I am going to eat.
12.2 ସେ ଶୋଇବାକୁ ଚାହେଁ। (se śoibāku cāheṁ.) He wants to sleep.
12.3 ମୋତେ ପିଇବାକୁ ପାଣି ଦିଅ। (mote piibāku pāṇi dia.) Give me some water to drink.
12.4 ପିଲାମାନେ ଖେଳିବାକୁ ଗଲେ। (pilāmāne kheḷibāku gale.) The children went to play.
12.5 ମୋତେ ଗୀତ ଗାଇବାକୁ ଭଲ ଲାଗେ। (mote gīta gāibāku bhala lāge.) I like to sing songs.
12.6 ମା' ମୋତେ ବଜାରରୁ ମାଛ କିଣିବାକୁ କହିଲେ। (mā' mote bajāraru māchha kiṇibāku kahile.) Mother told me to buy fish at the market.
12.7 ସେ ଗତ ବର୍ଷ ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଶିଖିବାକୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କଲା। (se gata barṣa oṛiā śikhibāku ārambha kalā.) She started to learn Odia last year.
12.8 ହଠାତ୍ ଛୋଟ ପିଲାଟି କାନ୍ଦିବାକୁ ଲାଗିଲା। (haṭhāt chhoṭa pilāṭi kāndibāku lāgilā.) Suddenly the little child began to cry.
12.9 ଡାକ୍ତର ମୋତେ ଚିନି ନ ଖାଇବାକୁ କହିଛନ୍ତି। (ḍāktara mote cini na khāibāku kahichhanti.) The doctor has told me not to eat sugar.
12.10 ଗତ ବର୍ଷ ଆମେ ରଥଯାତ୍ରା ଦେଖିବାକୁ ପୁରୀ ଯାଇଥିଲୁ। (gata barṣa āme rathajātrā dekhibāku purī jāithilu.) Last year we went to Puri to see the Ratha Yatra.
12.11 ମୋ ପାଖରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ନୂଆ ଘର କିଣିବାକୁ ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ ଟଙ୍କା ନାହିଁ। (mo pākhare goṭie nūā ghara kiṇibāku jatheṣṭa ṭaṅkā nāhiṁ.) I don't have enough money to buy a new house.
12.12 ବର୍ଷା ହେଉଥିବାରୁ ଆମକୁ ଘରେ ରହିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିଲା। (barṣā heuthibāru āmaku ghare rahibāku paṛilā.) Because it was raining, we had to stay at home.
12.13 ମୁଁ ତୁମକୁ ଗୋଟିଏ କଥା ପଚାରିବାକୁ ଚାହୁଁଥିଲି, କିନ୍ତୁ ଭୁଲିଗଲି। (muṁ tumaku goṭie kathā pacāribāku cāhuṁthili, kintu bhuligali.) I wanted to ask you something, but I forgot.
12.14 ଜେଜେବାପା ପ୍ରତିଦିନ ସକାଳେ ନଦୀ କୂଳରେ ବୁଲିବାକୁ ଯାଆନ୍ତି। (jejebāpā pratidina sakāḷe nadī kūḷare bulibāku jāanti.) Every morning Grandfather goes for a walk along the riverbank.
12.15 ଶିକ୍ଷକ ଛାତ୍ରମାନଙ୍କୁ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ପାଇଁ ଭଲ ଭାବରେ ପଢ଼ିବାକୁ ଓ ରାତିରେ ଶୀଘ୍ର ଶୋଇବାକୁ ପରାମର୍ଶ ଦେଲେ। (śikṣaka chhātramānaṅku parīkṣā pāiṁ bhala bhābare paṛhibāku o rātire śīghra śoibāku parāmarśa dele.) The teacher advised the students to study hard for the exam and to go to bed early.
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12.1 ମୁଁ ଖାଇବାକୁ ଯାଉଛି।
12.2 ସେ ଶୋଇବାକୁ ଚାହେଁ।
12.3 ମୋତେ ପିଇବାକୁ ପାଣି ଦିଅ।
12.4 ପିଲାମାନେ ଖେଳିବାକୁ ଗଲେ।
12.5 ମୋତେ ଗୀତ ଗାଇବାକୁ ଭଲ ଲାଗେ।
12.6 ମା' ମୋତେ ବଜାରରୁ ମାଛ କିଣିବାକୁ କହିଲେ।
12.7 ସେ ଗତ ବର୍ଷ ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଶିଖିବାକୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କଲା।
12.8 ହଠାତ୍ ଛୋଟ ପିଲାଟି କାନ୍ଦିବାକୁ ଲାଗିଲା।
12.9 ଡାକ୍ତର ମୋତେ ଚିନି ନ ଖାଇବାକୁ କହିଛନ୍ତି।
12.10 ଗତ ବର୍ଷ ଆମେ ରଥଯାତ୍ରା ଦେଖିବାକୁ ପୁରୀ ଯାଇଥିଲୁ।
12.11 ମୋ ପାଖରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ନୂଆ ଘର କିଣିବାକୁ ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ ଟଙ୍କା ନାହିଁ।
12.12 ବର୍ଷା ହେଉଥିବାରୁ ଆମକୁ ଘରେ ରହିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିଲା।
12.13 ମୁଁ ତୁମକୁ ଗୋଟିଏ କଥା ପଚାରିବାକୁ ଚାହୁଁଥିଲି, କିନ୍ତୁ ଭୁଲିଗଲି।
12.14 ଜେଜେବାପା ପ୍ରତିଦିନ ସକାଳେ ନଦୀ କୂଳରେ ବୁଲିବାକୁ ଯାଆନ୍ତି।
12.15 ଶିକ୍ଷକ ଛାତ୍ରମାନଙ୍କୁ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ପାଇଁ ଭଲ ଭାବରେ ପଢ଼ିବାକୁ ଓ ରାତିରେ ଶୀଘ୍ର ଶୋଇବାକୁ ପରାମର୍ଶ ଦେଲେ।
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These are the grammar rules for "to" with verbs in Odia:
1. The verbal noun in -ବା. Every Odia verb has a verbal noun made from its stem. It is the dictionary form, and English translates it as "to do" or "doing":
- Consonant stems add -ଇବା (-ibā): କର- → କରିବା (karibā), "to do"; ଦେଖ- → ଦେଖିବା (dekhibā), "to see"; ଖେଳ- → ଖେଳିବା (kheḷibā), "to play" - Most vowel stems add -ଇବା as well: ଖା- → ଖାଇବା (khāibā), "to eat"; ପି- → ପିଇବା (piibā), "to drink"; ଶୋ- → ଶୋଇବା (śoibā), "to sleep"; ଗା- → ଗାଇବା (gāibā), "to sing" - A few short stems add -ବା alone: ଦେ- → ଦେବା (debā), "to give"; ନେ- → ନେବା (nebā), "to take"; ହେ- → ହେବା (hebā), "to become" - "To go" is irregular: present stem ଯା- (ଯାଉଛି, ଯାଆନ୍ତି), but verbal noun ଯିବା (jibā)
2. -ବାକୁ = verbal noun + dative. Add the dative -କୁ (-ku) to the verbal noun and you have the Odia "to do": କରିବାକୁ, ଦେଖିବାକୁ, ଖାଇବାକୁ, ଦେବାକୁ, ଯିବାକୁ. The form never changes. The person, tense and politeness are shown only on the main verb, which comes last:
- ମୁଁ ଖାଇବାକୁ ଯାଉଛି: "I am going to eat" (12.1) - ପିଲାମାନେ ଖେଳିବାକୁ ଗଲେ: "the children went to play" (12.4) - ଜେଜେବାପା ବୁଲିବାକୁ ଯାଆନ୍ତି: "Grandfather goes for a walk" (12.14)
3. Word order. The -ବାକୁ form stands just before the verb it depends on. Its own object, and anything else that belongs to it, goes before it: ଗୀତ ଗାଇବାକୁ, "to sing songs" (12.5); ବଜାରରୁ ମାଛ କିଣିବାକୁ, "to buy fish at the market" (12.6). English says "go to see the festival"; Odia says "the festival to-see go": ରଥଯାତ୍ରା ଦେଖିବାକୁ ପୁରୀ ଯାଇଥିଲୁ (12.10). A place of motion may come between the two, as ପୁରୀ does here.
4. Where -ବାକୁ is used.
- Purpose, after verbs of motion (go, come, send): ଦେଖିବାକୁ ଯିବା, "go to see" (12.10); ନେବାକୁ ଆସିବା, "come to fetch" (12.28) - Wanting, with ଚାହିଁବା (cāhiṁbā): ଶୋଇବାକୁ ଚାହେଁ, "wants to sleep" (12.2); ପଚାରିବାକୁ ଚାହୁଁଥିଲି, "I wanted to ask" (12.13) - Beginning, with ଲାଗିବା (lāgibā) or ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିବା (ārambha karibā): କାନ୍ଦିବାକୁ ଲାଗିଲା, "began to cry" (12.8); ଶିଖିବାକୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କଲା, "started to learn" (12.7) - Telling, asking and advising. The person told goes into the dative: ମା' ମୋତେ … କିଣିବାକୁ କହିଲେ, "Mother told me to buy" (12.6); ଛାତ୍ରମାନଙ୍କୁ … ପଢ଼ିବାକୁ ପରାମର୍ଶ ଦେଲେ, "advised the students to study" (12.15) - Giving and letting, with ଦେବା: ମୋତେ ପିଇବାକୁ ପାଣି ଦିଅ, "give me water to drink" (12.3); ମୋତେ ଯିବାକୁ ଦିଅ (mote jibāku dia), "let me go" - Liking, with ଭଲ ଲାଗିବା, "to feel good." The person who likes goes into the dative: ମୋତେ ଗୀତ ଗାଇବାକୁ ଭଲ ଲାଗେ, "I like to sing songs" (12.5) - After nouns of money, time, wish and need: କିଣିବାକୁ ଟଙ୍କା, "money to buy" (12.11); ଯିବାକୁ କେତେ ସମୟ ଲାଗେ?, "how long does it take to go?" (12.19); ଫଟୋ ଉଠାଇବାକୁ ଇଚ୍ଛା, "the wish to take photos" (12.21) - Obligation, with ପଡ଼ିବା and the dative, as in Lesson 11: ଆମକୁ ଘରେ ରହିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିଲା, "we had to stay at home" (12.12)
5. "Not to." Put the negative particle ନ (na) directly before the verbal noun: ଚିନି ନ ଖାଇବାକୁ କହିଛନ୍ତି, "has told (me) not to eat sugar" (12.9). Do not use ନାହିଁ here; ନାହିଁ negates finite verbs.
6. "In order to": -ବା ପାଇଁ. Odia has a second purpose form: the plain verbal noun followed by the postposition ପାଇଁ (pāiṁ), "for." ଘୁଷୁରି ଚରାଇବା ପାଇଁ, "in order to herd pigs" (Section F). It is a little more formal and stresses the aim. After verbs of motion, -ବାକୁ is the everyday choice.
7. The verbal noun in other cases. The verbal noun is a true noun and can take other endings too:
- Genitive -ବାର (-bāra): କହିବାର ଅଛି, "(I) have (something) to say" (Lesson 11, 11.23); ଡକାଯିବାର ଯୋଗ୍ୟ, "worthy to be called" (Section F) - Ablative -ବାରୁ (-bāru), "because of …-ing": ବର୍ଷା ହେଉଥିବାରୁ, "because it was raining" (12.12); ଦୁର୍ଭିକ୍ଷ ପଡ଼ିବାରୁ, "because a famine came" (Section F) - Plain -ବା before a noun, as an adjective: ଫେରିବା ବାଟରେ, "on the way back," literally "on the returning way" (12.25)
8. "Can" and "know how to" are different. These two verbs do NOT take -ବାକୁ. They follow the participle in -ଇ (-i), usually written as one word with it:
- ପାରିବା (pāribā), "be able": ମୁଁ ଯାଇପାରିବି (muṁ jāipāribi), "I can go"; ଉଠିପାରିବି ନାହିଁ, "I won't be able to get up" (12.29) - ଜାଣିବା (jāṇibā), "know (how)": ମୁଁ ପହଁରି ଜାଣେ ନାହିଁ, "I don't know how to swim" (12.27)
Common Mistakes:
- Translating "to" with the postposition -କୁ alone. Incorrect: ମୁଁ ଖାଇ-କୁ ଯାଉଛି. The -କୁ goes on the verbal noun: ମୁଁ ଖାଇବାକୁ ଯାଉଛି - Putting the -ବାକୁ form after the main verb, as in English. Incorrect: ମୁଁ ଚାହେଁ ଶୋଇବାକୁ. Correct: ମୁଁ ଶୋଇବାକୁ ଚାହେଁ - Changing the -ବାକୁ form for person or tense. It is fixed; only the main verb changes: ସେ ଶୋଇବାକୁ ଚାହେଁ, ସେ ଶୋଇବାକୁ ଚାହୁଁଥିଲା - Using -ବାକୁ with "can." Incorrect: ମୁଁ ଯିବାକୁ ପାରିବି. Correct: ମୁଁ ଯାଇପାରିବି - Negating with ନାହିଁ. Incorrect: ଖାଇବାକୁ ନାହିଁ କହିଲେ for "told (me) not to eat." Correct: ନ ଖାଇବାକୁ କହିଲେ - Forgetting the irregular ଯିବା. The verbal noun of "go" is ଯିବା, not ଯାଇବା: ଯିବାକୁ, "to go"
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A family pattern. Odia shares the pattern "verbal noun + dative" with its neighbours. Bengali says খেতে যাচ্ছি (khete jācchi) with a different ending, but Hindi uses the same idea as Odia: खाने को (khāne ko), "for eating," beside the more usual खाने (khāne) + verb. A learner who knows Hindi will find ଖାଇବାକୁ natural.
Invitations. The -ବାକୁ form is at home in hospitality. A guest in an Odia house is pressed to eat: ଖାଇବାକୁ ଆସ (khāibāku āsa), "come and eat," literally "come to eat." The verbal nouns themselves are used as ordinary nouns: ଖାଇବା ପିଇବା (khāibā piibā), "eating and drinking," means "food and drink."
Going to see. Many of the commonest Odia sentences are about going somewhere to see something: a festival, a temple, a relative. The Ratha Yatra, the chariot festival of Jagannath at Puri, is held every year in June or July, and people travel from all over India "to see the chariots." The Sun Temple at Konark, on the coast north-east of Puri, was built in the thirteenth century under King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. It is carved as a great chariot of the Sun god on twenty-four stone wheels, and it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The dialogue in this lesson is a plan for a day trip there.
Pitha for the road. ପିଠା (piṭhā) are Odia cakes and dumplings of rice flour, often with coconut and jaggery. Families make them for festivals, and they travel well, so they are a natural thing to bring "to eat on the way" (12.23).
Regional variety. As in the earlier lessons, the forms here are those of standard coastal Odia. In speech the -ଇବାକୁ ending is often shortened, and some regions use other purpose endings. Learn the written form first.
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From the Odia Bible, the Gospel of Luke 15:14–16, in the Odia Old Version (re-edited) of the Bible Society of India (© 2014 The Bible Society of India), the edition cited in Lessons 10 and 11. Lesson 11 gave the opening of the parable of the prodigal son. Here the story continues: the younger son has spent everything, famine comes, and he takes work herding pigs. In three verses Odia uses the verbal noun four times: ହେବାକୁ ଲାଗିଲା, "began to be"; ପୂରାଇବାକୁ ବାଞ୍ଛା, "the desire to fill"; ଚରାଇବା ପାଇଁ, "in order to herd"; and ପଡ଼ିବାରୁ, "because (famine) fell."
14a କିନ୍ତୁ but ସମସ୍ତ all ଅପବ୍ୟୟ squandering କଲା did ପରେ after ସେ that ଦେଶରେ in-country ମହାଦୁର୍ଭିକ୍ଷ great-famine ପଡ଼ିବାରୁ from-falling ତାହାର his ଅଭାବ want ହେବାକୁ to-be ଲାଗିଲା began
14b kintu (KIN-tu) but samasta (SAW-maws-taw) all apabyaya (AW-pawb-yaw-yaw) waste kalā (KAW-laa) do-PST.3SG pare (PAW-re) after-POSTP se (se) that-DEM deśare (DE-saw-re) country-LOC mahādurbhikṣa (MAW-haa-dur-bhik-khaw) great-famine paṛibāru (PAW-ri-baa-ru) fall-VN-ABL=because-it-fell tāhāra (TAA-haa-raw) he-3SG.GEN abhāba (AW-bhaa-baw) want=need hebāku (HE-baa-ku) become-VN-DAT=to-be lāgilā (LAA-gi-laa) attach-PST.3SG=began
15a ସେଥିରେ thereupon ସେ he ଯାଇ having-gone ସେହି that ଦେଶର of-country ଜଣେ one ଲୋକଙ୍କର of-a-man ଆଶ୍ରୟ shelter ନେଲା took ଆଉ and ସେ he ତାହାକୁ him ଘୁଷୁରି pigs ଚରାଇବା herding ପାଇଁ for ଆପଣା his-own କ୍ଷେତକୁ to-field ପଠାଇଲେ sent
15b sethire (SE-thi-re) that-INAN.OBL-LOC=thereupon se (se) he-3SG.NOM jāi (JAA-i) go-CVB=having-gone sehi (SE-hi) that-DEM.ADJ deśara (DE-saw-raw) country-GEN jaṇe (JAW-ne) one-CLF.PERSON lokaṅkara (LO-kawng-kaw-raw) person-GEN.HON āśraya (AAS-raw-yaw) shelter=service nelā (NE-laa) take-PST.3SG āu (AA-u) and se (se) he-3.HON.NOM tāhāku (TAA-haa-ku) he-3SG.DAT ghuṣuri (GHU-su-ri) pig carāibā (CHAW-raa-i-baa) graze-CAUS-VN=herding pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP āpaṇā (AA-paw-naa) self-GEN=his-own kṣetaku (KHE-taw-ku) field-DAT paṭhāile (PAW-thaa-i-le) send-PST.3.HON
16a ପୁଣି moreover ଘୁଷୁରିମାନେ pigs ଯେଉଁ which ଶିମ pods ଖାଉଥିଲେ were-eating ସେଥିରେ with-that ସେ he ଆପଣା his-own ପେଟ belly ପୂରାଇବାକୁ to-fill ବାଞ୍ଛା desire କରୁଥିଲା was-doing କିନ୍ତୁ but କେହି anyone ତାହାକୁ to-him କିଛି anything ଦେଉ giving ନ not ଥିଲେ were
16b puṇi (PU-ni) again=moreover ghuṣurimāne (GHU-su-ri-maa-ne) pig-PL.NOM jeuṁ (JE-ũ) which-REL śima (SI-maw) bean-pod khāuthile (KHAA-u-thi-le) eat-PST.PROG.3PL sethire (SE-thi-re) that-INAN.OBL-LOC=with-that se (se) he-3SG.NOM āpaṇā (AA-paw-naa) self-GEN=his-own peṭa (PE-taw) belly pūrāibāku (POO-raa-i-baa-ku) fill-CAUS-VN-DAT=to-fill bāñchhā (BAAN-chhaa) desire karuthilā (KAW-ru-thi-laa) do-PST.PROG.3SG kintu (KIN-tu) but kehi (KE-hi) anyone tāhāku (TAA-haa-ku) he-3SG.DAT kichhi (KI-chhi) anything deu (DE-u) give-IMPF.PTCP na (naw) NEG thile (THI-le) were-EXIST.PST.3PL
କିନ୍ତୁ ସମସ୍ତ ଅପବ୍ୟୟ କଲା ପରେ ସେ ଦେଶରେ ମହାଦୁର୍ଭିକ୍ଷ ପଡ଼ିବାରୁ ତାହାର ଅଭାବ ହେବାକୁ ଲାଗିଲା। ସେଥିରେ ସେ ଯାଇ ସେହି ଦେଶର ଜଣେ ଲୋକଙ୍କର ଆଶ୍ରୟ ନେଲା, ଆଉ ସେ ତାହାକୁ ଘୁଷୁରି ଚରାଇବା ପାଇଁ ଆପଣା କ୍ଷେତକୁ ପଠାଇଲେ; ପୁଣି, ଘୁଷୁରିମାନେ ଯେଉଁ ଶିମ ଖାଉଥିଲେ, ସେଥିରେ ସେ ଆପଣା ପେଟ ପୂରାଇବାକୁ ବାଞ୍ଛା କରୁଥିଲା, କିନ୍ତୁ କେହି ତାହାକୁ କିଛି ଦେଉ ନ ଥିଲେ।
"But when he had spent everything, a great famine fell on that country, and he began to be in want. So he went and attached himself to a man of that country, who sent him into his fields to herd pigs. And he longed to fill his belly with the pods that the pigs were eating, but no one gave him anything."
କିନ୍ତୁ ସମସ୍ତ ଅପବ୍ୟୟ କଲା ପରେ ସେ ଦେଶରେ ମହାଦୁର୍ଭିକ୍ଷ ପଡ଼ିବାରୁ ତାହାର ଅଭାବ ହେବାକୁ ଲାଗିଲା। ସେଥିରେ ସେ ଯାଇ ସେହି ଦେଶର ଜଣେ ଲୋକଙ୍କର ଆଶ୍ରୟ ନେଲା, ଆଉ ସେ ତାହାକୁ ଘୁଷୁରି ଚରାଇବା ପାଇଁ ଆପଣା କ୍ଷେତକୁ ପଠାଇଲେ; ପୁଣି, ଘୁଷୁରିମାନେ ଯେଉଁ ଶିମ ଖାଉଥିଲେ, ସେଥିରେ ସେ ଆପଣା ପେଟ ପୂରାଇବାକୁ ବାଞ୍ଛା କରୁଥିଲା, କିନ୍ତୁ କେହି ତାହାକୁ କିଛି ଦେଉ ନ ଥିଲେ।
ତାହାର ଅଭାବ ହେବାକୁ ଲାଗିଲା (tāhāra abhāba hebāku lāgilā), "his want began to be," that is, "he began to be in need." This is the "begin" construction of Section D, rule 4: -ବାକୁ + ଲାଗିଲା, exactly as in 12.8, ପିଲାଟି କାନ୍ଦିବାକୁ ଲାଗିଲା. Notice also the genitive owner ତାହାର with ଅଭାବ, "of him want," the possession pattern of Lesson 11.
ମହାଦୁର୍ଭିକ୍ଷ ପଡ଼ିବାରୁ (mahādurbhikṣa paṛibāru), "because a great famine fell." The same verbal noun with the ablative -ରୁ gives the reason (Section D, rule 7). Odia lets a famine "fall," with the verb ପଡ଼ିବା, just as a share "falls" to the son in verse 12.
ଘୁଷୁରି ଚରାଇବା ପାଇଁ (ghuṣuri carāibā pāiṁ), "in order to herd pigs." Here the translators chose the formal purpose form, -ବା ପାଇଁ (rule 6), not -ବାକୁ. Another modern Odia translation of the same verse uses -ବାକୁ instead: the younger son "went to hire himself out," ମୂଲ ଲାଗିବାକୁ ଗଲା (mūla lāgibāku galā), and "wished to eat something," କିଛି ଖାଇବାକୁ ଇଚ୍ଛା କଲା (kichhi khāibāku icchhā kalā). The two forms do the same job; ପାଇଁ is the more deliberate.
ପେଟ ପୂରାଇବାକୁ ବାଞ୍ଛା କରୁଥିଲା (peṭa pūrāibāku bāñchhā karuthilā), "he was desiring to fill his belly." ବାଞ୍ଛା (bāñchhā) is a literary word for "desire"; everyday Odia says ଇଚ୍ଛା (icchhā). Either noun takes -ବାକୁ before it. ଚରାଇବା, "to make graze," and ପୂରାଇବା, "to make full," are causatives in -ଆଇ- (-āi-): ଚରିବା, "to graze," gives ଚରାଇବା, "to graze (animals), herd."
ଦେଉ ନ ଥିଲେ (deu na thile), "were not giving." The past continuous is normally written ଦେଉଥିଲେ, as ଖାଉଥିଲେ in the same verse. In the negative, ନ comes between the participle ଦେଉ and ଥିଲେ.
Verse 19. A few lines later the son rehearses his speech: ତୁମ୍ଭ ପୁଅ ବୋଲି ଡକାଯିବାର ମୁଁ ଆଉ ଯୋଗ୍ୟ ନୁହେଁ (tumbha pua boli ḍakājibāra muṁ āu jogya nuheṁ), "I am no longer worthy to be called your son." English "worthy to be called" becomes the genitive verbal noun ଡକାଯିବାର, "of being called," before ଯୋଗ୍ୟ, "worthy." The passive verbal noun ଡକାଯିବା, "to be called," is the stem ଡକା (ḍakā), "call," + ଯିବା, "go": Odia forms its passive with "go."
Script note. This edition writes ତୁମ୍ଭ (tumbha), the older literary form of ତୁମ (tuma), "your." The quotation keeps the edition's spelling.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
Two friends in Bhubaneswar, Rashmi (ରଶ୍ମି) and Priya (ପ୍ରିୟା), plan a Sunday trip to the Sun Temple at Konark. They take turns: Rashmi speaks the even-numbered lines, Priya the odd ones. As friends of the same age, they call each other ତୁମେ (tume).
12.16a ପ୍ରିୟା Priya ରବିବାର Sunday ଦିନ day ତୁମେ you କ'ଣ what କରିବାକୁ to-do ଚାହୁଁଛ are-wanting
12.16b priyā (PREE-yaa) Priya-VOC rabibāra (RAW-bi-baa-raw) Sunday dina (DI-naw) day tume (TU-me) you-2.INFORMAL.NOM ka'ṇa (KAW-naw) what karibāku (KAW-ri-baa-ku) do-VN-DAT=to-do cāhuṁchha (CHAA-hũ-chhaw) want-PROG.2.INFORMAL
12.17a ମୁଁ I କୋଣାର୍କ Konark ଯିବାକୁ to-go ଚାହେଁ want କାରଣ because ମୁଁ I କେବେ ever ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ Sun ମନ୍ଦିର temple ଦେଖିନାହିଁ have-not-seen
12.17b muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM koṇārka (KO-naar-kaw) Konark jibāku (JI-baa-ku) go-VN-DAT=to-go cāheṁ (CHAA-hẽ) want-PRES.1SG kāraṇa (KAA-raw-naw) because muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM kebe (KE-be) ever sūrya (SOOR-jaw) sun mandira (MAWN-di-raw) temple dekhināhiṁ (DE-khi-naa-hĩ) see-CVB-NEG.PRF=have-not-seen
12.18a ଭଲ good କଥା idea ମୁଁ I ବି also ତୁମ your ସାଙ୍ଗରେ with ଯିବାକୁ to-go ଚାହେଁ want
12.18b bhala (BHAW-law) good kathā (KAW-thaa) word=idea muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM bi (bi) also tuma (TU-maw) you-2.INFORMAL.GEN.SHORT sāṅgare (SAANG-gaw-re) company-LOC=with jibāku (JI-baa-ku) go-VN-DAT=to-go cāheṁ (CHAA-hẽ) want-PRES.1SG
12.19a ଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱରରୁ from-Bhubaneswar କୋଣାର୍କ Konark ଯିବାକୁ to-go କେତେ how-much ସମୟ time ଲାଗେ takes
12.19b bhubaneśwararu (BHU-baw-nes-waw-raw-ru) Bhubaneswar-ABL koṇārka (KO-naar-kaw) Konark jibāku (JI-baa-ku) go-VN-DAT=to-go kete (KE-te) how-much samaya (SAW-maw-yaw) time lāge (LAA-ge) attach-PRES.3SG=is-needed
12.20a ବସରେ by-bus ପ୍ରାୟ about ଦୁଇ two ଘଣ୍ଟା hours ପ୍ରଥମ first ବସ bus ଧରିବାକୁ to-catch ଆମକୁ to-us ସାତଟା seven-o'clock ଆଗରୁ before ବସ bus ଷ୍ଟାଣ୍ଡରେ at-stand ପହଞ୍ଚିବାକୁ to-arrive ପଡ଼ିବ will-fall
12.20b basare (BAW-saw-re) bus-LOC=by-bus prāya (PRAA-yaw) about dui (DU-i) two ghaṇṭā (GHAWN-taa) hour prathama (PRAW-thaw-maw) first basa (BAW-saw) bus dharibāku (DHAW-ri-baa-ku) catch-VN-DAT=to-catch āmaku (AA-maw-ku) we-1PL.DAT sātaṭā (SAA-taw-taa) seven-CLF=seven-o'clock āgaru (AA-gaw-ru) front-ABL=before basa (BAW-saw) bus ṣṭāṇḍare (STAAN-daw-re) stand-LOC pahañcibāku (PAW-hawn-chi-baa-ku) arrive-VN-DAT=to-arrive paṛiba (PAW-ri-baw) fall-FUT.3SG=must
12.21a ମୁଁ I ମୋ my କ୍ୟାମେରା camera ନେବି will-take ମନ୍ଦିରର of-temple ଚକଗୁଡ଼ିକର of-the-wheels ଫଟୋ photo ଉଠାଇବାକୁ to-take ମୋର my ବହୁତ much ଇଚ୍ଛା wish
12.21b muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM mo (mo) my-1SG.GEN.SHORT kyāmerā (KYAA-me-raa) camera nebi (NE-bi) take-FUT.1SG mandirara (MAWN-di-raw-raw) temple-GEN cakaguṛikara (CHAW-kaw-gu-ri-kaw-raw) wheel-PL-GEN phaṭo (PHAW-to) photograph uṭhāibāku (U-thaa-i-baa-ku) raise-CAUS-VN-DAT=to-take mora (MO-raw) my-1SG.GEN bahuta (BAW-hu-taw) much icchhā (ICH-chhaa) wish
12.22a ମନେ in-mind ରଖ keep ମନ୍ଦିର temple ପରିସରକୁ to-grounds ଯିବାକୁ to-go ଟିକଟ ticket ଲାଗେ is-needed
12.22b mane (MAW-ne) mind-LOC rakha (RAW-khaw) keep-IMP.2.INFORMAL=remember mandira (MAWN-di-raw) temple parisaraku (PAW-ri-saw-raw-ku) grounds-DAT jibāku (JI-baa-ku) go-VN-DAT=to-go ṭikaṭa (TI-kaw-taw) ticket lāge (LAA-ge) attach-PRES.3SG=is-needed
12.23a ଠିକ୍ right ଅଛି is ମୁଁ I ବାଟରେ on-the-way ଖାଇବାକୁ to-eat ପିଠା pitha ଆଣିବି will-bring
12.23b ṭhik (thik) right achhi (AW-chhi) is-EXIST.3SG muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM bāṭare (BAA-taw-re) way-LOC khāibāku (KHAA-i-baa-ku) eat-VN-DAT=to-eat piṭhā (PI-thaa) rice-cake āṇibi (AA-ni-bi) bring-FUT.1SG
12.24a ଆଉ and ମୁଁ I ପିଇବାକୁ to-drink ଦୁଇ two ବୋତଲ bottles ପାଣି water ନେବି will-take କାରଣ because ସେଠାରେ there ବହୁତ very ଗରମ hot
12.24b āu (AA-u) and muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM piibāku (PI-i-baa-ku) drink-VN-DAT=to-drink dui (DU-i) two botala (BO-taw-law) bottle pāṇi (PAA-ni) water nebi (NE-bi) take-FUT.1SG kāraṇa (KAA-raw-naw) because seṭhāre (SE-thaa-re) there-LOC bahuta (BAW-hu-taw) very garama (GAW-raw-maw) hot
12.25a ଫେରିବା returning ବାଟରେ on-the-way ମୁଁ I ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରଭାଗା Chandrabhaga ବେଳାଭୂମିରେ at-beach ସମୁଦ୍ର sea ଦେଖିବାକୁ to-see ଚାହେଁ want
12.25b pheribā (PHE-ri-baa) return-VN=returning bāṭare (BAA-taw-re) way-LOC muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM candrabhāgā (CHAWN-draw-bhaa-gaa) Chandrabhaga beḷābhūmire (BE-laa-bhoo-mi-re) beach-LOC samudra (SAW-mud-raw) sea dekhibāku (DE-khi-baa-ku) see-VN-DAT=to-see cāheṁ (CHAA-hẽ) want-PRES.1SG
12.26a ହଁ yes କିନ୍ତୁ but ସମୁଦ୍ରରେ in-sea ଗାଧୋଇବାକୁ to-bathe ଯାଅ go ନାହିଁ not ସେଠାରେ there ଢେଉ waves ବହୁତ very ବଡ଼ big
12.26b haṁ (hã) yes kintu (KIN-tu) but samudrare (SAW-mud-raw-re) sea-LOC gādhoibāku (GAA-dho-i-baa-ku) bathe-VN-DAT=to-bathe jāa (JAA-aw) go-IMP.2.INFORMAL nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) NEG seṭhāre (SE-thaa-re) there-LOC ḍheu (DHE-u) wave bahuta (BAW-hu-taw) very baṛa (BAW-raw) big
12.27a ଚିନ୍ତା worry କର do ନାହିଁ not ମୁଁ I ପହଁରି swimming ଜାଣେ know ନାହିଁ not ତେଣୁ so କେବଳ only ବାଲିରେ on-sand ବସିବାକୁ to-sit ଚାହେଁ want
12.27b cintā (CHIN-taa) worry kara (KAW-raw) do-IMP.2.INFORMAL nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) NEG muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM pahaṁri (PAW-hã-ri) swim-CVB jāṇe (JAA-ne) know-PRES.1SG nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) NEG teṇu (TE-nu) therefore kebaḷa (KE-baw-law) only bālire (BAA-li-re) sand-LOC basibāku (BAW-si-baa-ku) sit-VN-DAT=to-sit cāheṁ (CHAA-hẽ) want-PRES.1SG
12.28a ତାହେଲେ then ରବିବାର Sunday ସକାଳ morning ଛଅଟାରେ at-six-o'clock ମୁଁ I ତୁମକୁ you ନେବାକୁ to-fetch ଆସିବି will-come
12.28b tāhele (TAA-he-le) that-be-COND=then rabibāra (RAW-bi-baa-raw) Sunday sakāḷa (SAW-kaa-law) morning chhaaṭāre (CHHAW-aw-taa-re) six-CLF-LOC=at-six-o'clock muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM tumaku (TU-maw-ku) you-2.INFORMAL.DAT nebāku (NE-baa-ku) take-VN-DAT=to-fetch āsibi (AA-si-bi) come-FUT.1SG
12.29a ବହୁତ many ଧନ୍ୟବାଦ thanks ଏବେ now ମୁଁ I ଶୋଇବାକୁ to-sleep ଯାଉଛି am-going ନହେଲେ otherwise ସକାଳେ in-the-morning ଉଠିପାରିବି will-be-able-to-rise ନାହିଁ not
12.29b bahuta (BAW-hu-taw) much dhanyabāda (DHAWN-yaw-baa-daw) thanks ebe (E-be) now muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM śoibāku (SO-i-baa-ku) sleep-VN-DAT=to-sleep jāuchhi (JAA-u-chhi) go-PROG.1SG nahele (NAW-he-le) NEG-be-COND=otherwise sakāḷe (SAW-kaa-le) morning-LOC uṭhipāribi (U-thi-paa-ri-bi) rise-CVB-be-able-FUT.1SG nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) NEG
12.30a ଶୁଭ good ରାତ୍ରି night ମୋର my ବି also କୋଣାର୍କ Konark ଯିବାକୁ to-go ବହୁତ much ଆଗ୍ରହ eagerness
12.30b śubha (SU-bhaw) auspicious=good rātri (RAAT-ri) night mora (MO-raw) my-1SG.GEN bi (bi) also koṇārka (KO-naar-kaw) Konark jibāku (JI-baa-ku) go-VN-DAT=to-go bahuta (BAW-hu-taw) much āgraha (AAG-raw-haw) eagerness
12.16 ପ୍ରିୟା, ରବିବାର ଦିନ ତୁମେ କ'ଣ କରିବାକୁ ଚାହୁଁଛ? (priyā, rabibāra dina tume ka'ṇa karibāku cāhuṁchha?) Priya, what do you want to do on Sunday?
12.17 ମୁଁ କୋଣାର୍କ ଯିବାକୁ ଚାହେଁ, କାରଣ ମୁଁ କେବେ ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ ମନ୍ଦିର ଦେଖିନାହିଁ। (muṁ koṇārka jibāku cāheṁ, kāraṇa muṁ kebe sūrya mandira dekhināhiṁ.) I want to go to Konark, because I have never seen the Sun Temple.
12.18 ଭଲ କଥା! ମୁଁ ବି ତୁମ ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ଯିବାକୁ ଚାହେଁ। (bhala kathā! muṁ bi tuma sāṅgare jibāku cāheṁ.) Good idea! I want to come with you.
12.19 ଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱରରୁ କୋଣାର୍କ ଯିବାକୁ କେତେ ସମୟ ଲାଗେ? (bhubaneśwararu koṇārka jibāku kete samaya lāge?) How long does it take to get from Bhubaneswar to Konark?
12.20 ବସରେ ପ୍ରାୟ ଦୁଇ ଘଣ୍ଟା। ପ୍ରଥମ ବସ ଧରିବାକୁ ଆମକୁ ସାତଟା ଆଗରୁ ବସ ଷ୍ଟାଣ୍ଡରେ ପହଞ୍ଚିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିବ। (basare prāya dui ghaṇṭā. prathama basa dharibāku āmaku sātaṭā āgaru basa ṣṭāṇḍare pahañcibāku paṛiba.) About two hours by bus. To catch the first bus we will have to be at the bus stand before seven.
12.21 ମୁଁ ମୋ କ୍ୟାମେରା ନେବି; ମନ୍ଦିରର ଚକଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଫଟୋ ଉଠାଇବାକୁ ମୋର ବହୁତ ଇଚ୍ଛା। (muṁ mo kyāmerā nebi; mandirara cakaguṛikara phaṭo uṭhāibāku mora bahuta icchhā.) I'll take my camera; I really want to photograph the temple's wheels.
12.22 ମନେ ରଖ, ମନ୍ଦିର ପରିସରକୁ ଯିବାକୁ ଟିକଟ ଲାଗେ। (mane rakha, mandira parisaraku jibāku ṭikaṭa lāge.) Remember, you need a ticket to go into the temple grounds.
12.23 ଠିକ୍ ଅଛି। ମୁଁ ବାଟରେ ଖାଇବାକୁ ପିଠା ଆଣିବି। (ṭhik achhi. muṁ bāṭare khāibāku piṭhā āṇibi.) All right. I'll bring some pitha to eat on the way.
12.24 ଆଉ ମୁଁ ପିଇବାକୁ ଦୁଇ ବୋତଲ ପାଣି ନେବି, କାରଣ ସେଠାରେ ବହୁତ ଗରମ। (āu muṁ piibāku dui botala pāṇi nebi, kāraṇa seṭhāre bahuta garama.) And I'll take two bottles of water to drink, because it is very hot there.
12.25 ଫେରିବା ବାଟରେ ମୁଁ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରଭାଗା ବେଳାଭୂମିରେ ସମୁଦ୍ର ଦେଖିବାକୁ ଚାହେଁ। (pheribā bāṭare muṁ candrabhāgā beḷābhūmire samudra dekhibāku cāheṁ.) On the way back I want to see the sea at Chandrabhaga beach.
12.26 ହଁ, କିନ୍ତୁ ସମୁଦ୍ରରେ ଗାଧୋଇବାକୁ ଯାଅ ନାହିଁ; ସେଠାରେ ଢେଉ ବହୁତ ବଡ଼। (haṁ, kintu samudrare gādhoibāku jāa nāhiṁ; seṭhāre ḍheu bahuta baṛa.) Yes, but don't go into the sea to bathe; the waves there are very big.
12.27 ଚିନ୍ତା କର ନାହିଁ। ମୁଁ ପହଁରି ଜାଣେ ନାହିଁ, ତେଣୁ କେବଳ ବାଲିରେ ବସିବାକୁ ଚାହେଁ। (cintā kara nāhiṁ. muṁ pahaṁri jāṇe nāhiṁ, teṇu kebaḷa bālire basibāku cāheṁ.) Don't worry. I can't swim, so I only want to sit on the sand.
12.28 ତାହେଲେ ରବିବାର ସକାଳ ଛଅଟାରେ ମୁଁ ତୁମକୁ ନେବାକୁ ଆସିବି। (tāhele rabibāra sakāḷa chhaaṭāre muṁ tumaku nebāku āsibi.) Then I'll come to pick you up at six on Sunday morning.
12.29 ବହୁତ ଧନ୍ୟବାଦ। ଏବେ ମୁଁ ଶୋଇବାକୁ ଯାଉଛି, ନହେଲେ ସକାଳେ ଉଠିପାରିବି ନାହିଁ। (bahuta dhanyabāda. ebe muṁ śoibāku jāuchhi, nahele sakāḷe uṭhipāribi nāhiṁ.) Thank you so much. I'm going to bed now, or I won't be able to get up in the morning.
12.30 ଶୁଭ ରାତ୍ରି। ମୋର ବି କୋଣାର୍କ ଯିବାକୁ ବହୁତ ଆଗ୍ରହ। (śubha rātri. mora bi koṇārka jibāku bahuta āgraha.) Good night. I'm really looking forward to going to Konark too.
12.16 ପ୍ରିୟା, ରବିବାର ଦିନ ତୁମେ କ'ଣ କରିବାକୁ ଚାହୁଁଛ?
12.17 ମୁଁ କୋଣାର୍କ ଯିବାକୁ ଚାହେଁ, କାରଣ ମୁଁ କେବେ ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ ମନ୍ଦିର ଦେଖିନାହିଁ।
12.18 ଭଲ କଥା! ମୁଁ ବି ତୁମ ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ଯିବାକୁ ଚାହେଁ।
12.19 ଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱରରୁ କୋଣାର୍କ ଯିବାକୁ କେତେ ସମୟ ଲାଗେ?
12.20 ବସରେ ପ୍ରାୟ ଦୁଇ ଘଣ୍ଟା। ପ୍ରଥମ ବସ ଧରିବାକୁ ଆମକୁ ସାତଟା ଆଗରୁ ବସ ଷ୍ଟାଣ୍ଡରେ ପହଞ୍ଚିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିବ।
12.21 ମୁଁ ମୋ କ୍ୟାମେରା ନେବି; ମନ୍ଦିରର ଚକଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଫଟୋ ଉଠାଇବାକୁ ମୋର ବହୁତ ଇଚ୍ଛା।
12.22 ମନେ ରଖ, ମନ୍ଦିର ପରିସରକୁ ଯିବାକୁ ଟିକଟ ଲାଗେ।
12.23 ଠିକ୍ ଅଛି। ମୁଁ ବାଟରେ ଖାଇବାକୁ ପିଠା ଆଣିବି।
12.24 ଆଉ ମୁଁ ପିଇବାକୁ ଦୁଇ ବୋତଲ ପାଣି ନେବି, କାରଣ ସେଠାରେ ବହୁତ ଗରମ।
12.25 ଫେରିବା ବାଟରେ ମୁଁ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରଭାଗା ବେଳାଭୂମିରେ ସମୁଦ୍ର ଦେଖିବାକୁ ଚାହେଁ।
12.26 ହଁ, କିନ୍ତୁ ସମୁଦ୍ରରେ ଗାଧୋଇବାକୁ ଯାଅ ନାହିଁ; ସେଠାରେ ଢେଉ ବହୁତ ବଡ଼।
12.27 ଚିନ୍ତା କର ନାହିଁ। ମୁଁ ପହଁରି ଜାଣେ ନାହିଁ, ତେଣୁ କେବଳ ବାଲିରେ ବସିବାକୁ ଚାହେଁ।
12.28 ତାହେଲେ ରବିବାର ସକାଳ ଛଅଟାରେ ମୁଁ ତୁମକୁ ନେବାକୁ ଆସିବି।
12.29 ବହୁତ ଧନ୍ୟବାଦ। ଏବେ ମୁଁ ଶୋଇବାକୁ ଯାଉଛି, ନହେଲେ ସକାଳେ ଉଠିପାରିବି ନାହିଁ।
12.30 ଶୁଭ ରାତ୍ରି। ମୋର ବି କୋଣାର୍କ ଯିବାକୁ ବହୁତ ଆଗ୍ରହ।
A dialogue full of plans. Plans are made of "to": what one wants to do, needs to do, is going to do. Every line of the dialogue has at least one -ବାକୁ form, and each of the uses in Section D appears:
- Wanting, with ଚାହିଁବା: 12.16, 12.17, 12.18, 12.25, 12.27 - Purpose after a verb of motion: ଶୋଇବାକୁ ଯାଉଛି, "I'm going (in order) to sleep" (12.29); ନେବାକୁ ଆସିବି, "I'll come to fetch (you)" (12.28) - Purpose after a noun or object: ଖାଇବାକୁ ପିଠା, "pitha to eat" (12.23); ପିଇବାକୁ … ପାଣି, "water to drink" (12.24) - With ଲାଗିବା, "be needed, take": ଯିବାକୁ କେତେ ସମୟ ଲାଗେ?, "how long does it take to go?" (12.19); ଯିବାକୁ ଟିକଟ ଲାଗେ, "a ticket is needed to go in" (12.22) - With nouns of wish: ଫଟୋ ଉଠାଇବାକୁ … ଇଚ୍ଛା (12.21); ଯିବାକୁ … ଆଗ୍ରହ (12.30). The person who wishes is in the genitive, ମୋର, as in Lesson 11: "of me (there is) much wish" - Obligation: ପହଞ୍ଚିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିବ, "we will have to arrive" (12.20)
Two -ବାକୁ forms in one sentence. In 12.20 the first, ଧରିବାକୁ, gives the purpose ("to catch the first bus"), and the second, ପହଞ୍ଚିବାକୁ, belongs to ପଡ଼ିବ ("must arrive"). Each -ବାକୁ form stands before the verb or noun it depends on.
ଲାଗିବା, a busy verb. Its basic meaning is "to attach, to stick." With -ବାକୁ in the past it means "began" (12.8). With time or things it means "is needed, it takes" (12.19, 12.22). With ଭଲ it means "to like" (12.5). Learn the three patterns as fixed phrases.
"Can't swim," "won't be able." Priya says ମୁଁ ପହଁରି ଜାଣେ ନାହିଁ (12.27) and ଉଠିପାରିବି ନାହିଁ (12.29). Both use the participle in -ଇ, never -ବାକୁ (Section D, rule 8). English "I can't swim" means "I don't know how," so Odia uses ଜାଣିବା, "know," not ପାରିବା.
The negative imperative. ଯାଅ ନାହିଁ, "don't go" (12.26), and ଚିନ୍ତା କର ନାହିଁ, "don't worry" (12.27), put ନାହିଁ after the imperative. Compare ନ before the -ବାକୁ form in 12.9: ନ negates the verbal noun; ନାହିଁ follows finite verbs.
The verbal noun as an adjective. ଫେରିବା ବାଟରେ (12.25), "on the returning way," uses the plain verbal noun before a noun. You will also hear ଫେରିବା ବେଳେ, "at the time of returning, on the way back."
Useful words. କେବେ (kebe) with a negative verb means "never": କେବେ … ଦେଖିନାହିଁ, "have never seen" (12.17). ସାଙ୍ଗରେ (sāṅgare), "with, in company with," follows a genitive: ତୁମ ସାଙ୍ଗରେ, "with you" (12.18). ତାହେଲେ (tāhele), "then, in that case" (12.28), and ନହେଲେ (nahele), "otherwise" (12.29), are the positive and negative conditional of ହେବା, "to be."
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Respelling key. As in the earlier lessons: capitals mark the syllable to stress lightly (usually the first). "aw" is the Odia inherent vowel ଅ [ɔ], as in English law. "aa" is ଆ [aː], as in father. A tilde (ã, ĩ, ũ, ẽ) marks a nasal vowel, written with the candrabindu ଁ.
The key forms:
- -ବାକୁ (-bāku) [baːku]: "BAA-ku." A long open a, then a short u. The stress of the whole word stays on its first syllable: ଖାଇବାକୁ [kʰaːibaːku], "KHAA-i-baa-ku" - -ଇବାକୁ after a vowel: ଖାଇ-, ପିଇ-, ଶୋଇ-, ଗାଇ- are two syllables each, with no y sound between them: ପିଇବାକୁ [piibaːku], "PI-i-baa-ku" - ଯିବାକୁ (jibāku) [dʒibaːku]: ଯ is pronounced like ଜ, as in Lesson 11 - ଦେବାକୁ (debāku) [debaːku], ନେବାକୁ (nebāku) [nebaːku]: a pure e, not the English diphthong of day - ଚାହେଁ (cāheṁ) [tʃaːhẽ]: the final vowel is nasal - ପଢ଼ିବାକୁ (paṛhibāku) [pɔɽʱibaːku]: the breathy flap ଢ଼. Compare ଢେଉ (ḍheu) [ɖʱeu], "wave," where ଢ without the dot is a breathy stop at the start of the word - ଖେଳିବାକୁ (kheḷibāku) [kʰeɭibaːku]: the retroflex lateral ଳ
Sounds absent from English:
- ଶ, ଷ and ସ. Odia writes three sibilants, inherited from Sanskrit, but standard speech pronounces all three as [s]: ଶୋଇବାକୁ [soibaːku], ଘୁଷୁରି [gʱusuɾi], ଦେଶ [desɔ]. The respellings here follow this. Some speakers use a sh sound in learned words. - କ୍ଷ (kṣa) is pronounced [kʰ] in standard Odia: ଶିକ୍ଷକ [sikʰjɔkɔ] or [sikʰɔkɔ], "SIK-khaw-kaw"; କ୍ଷେତ [kʰet̪ɔ], "field." - ଣ (ṇa) in ଜାଣେ [dʒaːɳe], କିଣିବାକୁ [kiɳibaːku]: an n with the tongue curled back. - ଞ୍ଚ (ñc) in ପହଞ୍ଚିବାକୁ [pɔhɔɲtʃibaːku] and ଞ୍ଛ (ñchh) in ବାଞ୍ଛା [baːɲtʃʰaː]: the nasal takes the place of the following ch. - ଠ and ଟ. ପିଠା [piʈʰaː] has the aspirated retroflex ଠ; ଟିକଟ [ʈikɔʈɔ] has the plain retroflex ଟ, twice. Curl the tongue back for both.
Intonation. In a sentence with -ବାକୁ, the voice runs on through the -ବାକୁ form and falls on the main verb at the end: ମୁଁ ଖାଇବାକୁ ଯାଉଛି. A question word such as କ'ଣ or କେତେ takes the high point of a question, and the voice falls after it: ରବିବାର ଦିନ ତୁମେ କ'ଣ କରିବାକୁ ଚାହୁଁଛ?
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