What does "that" mean in Odia?
English "that" does three different jobs. It points: "that house," "that day." It links a description to a noun: "the book that is on the table," "the girl who lived next door." And it joins one clause to another: "I know that he is telling the truth." Odia has a separate tool for each job, and this lesson teaches all three.
1. Pointing: ସେହି (sehi). Before a noun, "that" is ସେହି (sehi): ସେହି ଘର (sehi ghara), "that house"; ସେହି ଦିନ (sehi dina), "that day." Its partner for "this" is ଏହି (ehi), which you met in Lesson 1. ସେହି never changes its form. The noun after it takes the case ending: ସେହି ଦୋକାନକୁ (sehi dokānaku), "to that shop." Two shorter forms do the same job. ସେ (se) is common in writing and speech: ସେ ପିଲାଟି (se pilāṭi), "that child." ସେଇ (sei) is the everyday spoken form. When "that" stands alone, without a noun, Odia uses the pronoun ତାହା (tāhā) or, in speech, ସେଇଟା (seiṭā), "that one." You learned these in Lesson 10 as the Odia "it."
2. Linking: ଯେଉଁ … ସେହି (jeuṁ … sehi). Odia has no relative pronoun that follows the noun, as English "that" and "which" do. Instead, the description comes FIRST, marked by a relative word beginning with ଯ- (j-). Then the main clause follows, picked up by a matching word beginning with ସେ- (se-) or ତ- (t-). "Give me the book that is on the table" becomes "On the table which book is, that book give me": ଟେବୁଲ ଉପରେ ଯେଉଁ ବହିଟି ଅଛି, ସେହି ବହିଟି ମୋତେ ଦିଅ। Grammarians call this the relative–correlative construction. Odia uses it for people (ଯିଏ … ସେ, "who … he"), things (ଯାହା … ତାହା, "what … that"), times (ଯେତେବେଳେ … ସେତେବେଳେ, "when … then") and places (ଯେଉଁଠାରେ … ସେଠାରେ, "where … there"). Lesson 10 introduced the pattern briefly. Here it is the centre of the lesson.
3. Joining: ଯେ (je). After verbs of saying, knowing and thinking, the English conjunction "that" is ଯେ (je): ମୁଁ ଜାଣେ ଯେ ସେ ସତ କହୁଛି (muṁ jāṇe je se sata kahuchhi), "I know that he is telling the truth." Here Odia word order is the same as English: the main verb, then ଯେ, then the reported clause.
So the "that" family is built from two little sounds: se- points away, and je- opens a relative clause that se- then closes. Once you hear the pair, you will hear it everywhere in Odia.
A note on the script. ସେହି is two letters. ସ (sa) carries the vowel sign େ (e), which is WRITTEN BEFORE the consonant it belongs to, although it is pronounced after it. Then ହ (ha) carries the vowel sign ି (i), a small hook on the top right of the letter. So in ସେହି the eye meets the e-sign first, then ସ, then ହ with its hook. ଯେଉଁ (jeuṁ) is ଯ (ja) with େ, then the independent vowel ଉ (u) with the candrabindu ଁ, which makes the vowel nasal.
- Before a noun, "that" is ସେହି (sehi); shorter ସେ (se); spoken ସେଇ (sei). "This" is ଏହି (ehi) - ସେହି never changes; the noun after it takes the endings: ସେହି ଲୋକଙ୍କୁ, "(to) that gentleman" - Standing alone, "that" is ତାହା (tāhā), or spoken ସେଇଟା (seiṭā), "that one" (Lesson 10) - English "the book that …" is the relative–correlative: ଯେଉଁ ବହି … ସେହି ବହି, with the description FIRST - The pairs: ଯେଉଁ … ସେହି (which … that), ଯିଏ … ସେ (who … he/she), ଯାହା … ତାହା (what … that), ଯେତେବେଳେ … ସେତେବେଳେ (when … then) - The conjunction "that" after say, know, think is ଯେ (je): ମୁଁ ଜାଣେ ଯେ … - ସେ is both "that" (before a noun) and "he/she" (alone). Only the position tells you which
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13.1a ସେହି that ଘରଟି the-house ବଡ଼ big
13.1b sehi (SE-hi) that-DEM.ADJ gharaṭi (GHAW-raw-ti) house-CLF.DEF baṛa (BAW-raw) big
13.2a ସେ that ପିଲାଟି the-child କିଏ who
13.2b se (se) that-DEM.ADJ pilāṭi (PI-laa-ti) child-CLF.DEF kie (KI-e) who-Q
13.3a ସେଇଟା that-one କ'ଣ what
13.3b seiṭā (SE-i-taa) that-CLF=that-one ka'ṇa (KAW-naw) what-Q
13.4a ମୁଁ I ସେହି that ଦୋକାନକୁ to-shop ଯାଉଛି am-going
13.4b muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM sehi (SE-hi) that-DEM.ADJ dokānaku (DO-kaa-naw-ku) shop-DAT jāuchhi (JAA-u-chhi) go-PROG.1SG
13.5a ସେହି that ଦିନ day ବର୍ଷା rain ହେଉଥିଲା was-happening
13.5b sehi (SE-hi) that-DEM.ADJ dina (DI-naw) day barṣā (BAWR-saa) rain heuthilā (HE-u-thi-laa) become-PST.PROG.3SG
13.6a ତୁମେ you ସେହି that ଚିଠିଟି the-letter ପଢ଼ିଲ read କି Q
13.6b tume (TU-me) you-2.INFORMAL.NOM sehi (SE-hi) that-DEM.ADJ ciṭhiṭi (CHI-thi-ti) letter-CLF.DEF paṛhila (PAW-rhi-law) read-PST.2.INFORMAL ki (ki) Q
13.7a ମୁଁ I ସେହି that ଲୋକଙ୍କୁ gentleman ଚିହ୍ନେ recognise ନାହିଁ not
13.7b muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM sehi (SE-hi) that-DEM.ADJ lokaṅku (LO-kawng-ku) person-DAT.HON cihne (CHIN-he) know-PRES.1SG nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) NEG
13.8a ସେହି that ସମୟରେ at-time ମୋ my ବାପା father କଟକରେ in-Cuttack ରହୁଥିଲେ was-living
13.8b sehi (SE-hi) that-DEM.ADJ samayare (SAW-maw-yaw-re) time-LOC mo (mo) my-1SG.GEN.SHORT bāpā (BAA-paa) father kaṭakare (KAW-taw-kaw-re) Cuttack-LOC rahuthile (RAW-hu-thi-le) stay-PST.PROG.3.HON
13.9a ଟେବୁଲ table ଉପରେ on ଯେଉଁ which ବହିଟି the-book ଅଛି is ସେହି that ବହିଟି the-book ମୋତେ to-me ଦିଅ give
13.9b ṭebula (TE-bu-law) table upare (U-paw-re) on-POSTP jeuṁ (JE-ũ) which-REL bahiṭi (BAW-hi-ti) book-CLF.DEF achhi (AW-chhi) be-EXIST.3SG sehi (SE-hi) that-CORREL bahiṭi (BAW-hi-ti) book-CLF.DEF mote (MO-te) I-1SG.DAT dia (DI-aw) give-IMP.2.INFORMAL
13.10a ମୁଁ I ଜାଣେ know ଯେ that ସେ he ସତ truth କହୁଛି is-telling
13.10b muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM jāṇe (JAA-ne) know-PRES.1SG je (je) that-COMP se (se) he-3SG.NOM sata (SAW-taw) truth kahuchhi (KAW-hu-chhi) say-PROG.3SG
13.11a ଯିଏ who ପରିଶ୍ରମ hard-work କରେ does ସେ he ସଫଳ successful ହୁଏ becomes
13.11b jie (JI-e) who-REL.PERSON pariśrama (PAW-ri-sraw-maw) labour kare (KAW-re) do-PRES.3SG se (se) that-CORREL=he saphaḷa (SAW-phaw-law) successful hue (HU-e) become-PRES.3SG
13.12a ମୁଁ I କାଲି yesterday ଯାହା what କହିଥିଲି had-said ତାହା that ଭୁଲିଯାଅ forget
13.12b muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM kāli (KAA-li) yesterday jāhā (JAA-haa) what-REL kahithili (KAW-hi-thi-li) say-PST.PRF.1SG tāhā (TAA-haa) that-CORREL bhulijāa (BHU-li-jaa-aw) forget-CVB-go-IMP.2.INFORMAL
13.13a ଆମ our ପାଖ next ଘରେ in-house ଯେଉଁ which ଝିଅଟି the-girl ରହୁଥିଲା was-living ସେ she ଏବେ now ଡାକ୍ତର doctor ହୋଇଛି has-become
13.13b āma (AA-maw) we-1PL.GEN.SHORT pākha (PAA-khaw) side=next ghare (GHAW-re) house-LOC jeuṁ (JE-ũ) which-REL jhiaṭi (JHI-aw-ti) girl-CLF.DEF rahuthilā (RAW-hu-thi-laa) stay-PST.PROG.3SG se (se) that-CORREL=she ebe (E-be) now ḍāktara (DAAK-taw-raw) doctor hoichhi (HO-i-chhi) become-PRF.3SG
13.14a ଯେତେବେଳେ when ମୁଁ I ପୁରୀ Puri ପହଞ୍ଚିଲି reached ସେତେବେଳେ then ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ sun ଅସ୍ତ setting ହେଉଥିଲା was-happening
13.14b jetebeḷe (JE-te-be-le) REL-time-LOC=when muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM purī (PU-ree) Puri pahañcili (PAW-hawn-chi-li) arrive-PST.1SG setebeḷe (SE-te-be-le) that-time-LOC=then sūrya (SOOR-jaw) sun asta (AWS-taw) setting heuthilā (HE-u-thi-laa) become-PST.PROG.3SG
13.15a ଶିକ୍ଷକ teacher କହିଲେ said ଯେ that ଯେଉଁ which ଛାତ୍ରମାନେ students ସେହି that ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର of-question ଉତ୍ତର answer ଜାଣନ୍ତି know ସେମାନେ they ହାତ hand ଟେକନ୍ତୁ should-raise
13.15b śikṣaka (SIK-khaw-kaw) teacher kahile (KAW-hi-le) say-PST.3.HON je (je) that-COMP jeuṁ (JE-ũ) which-REL chhātramāne (CHHAAT-raw-maa-ne) student-PL.NOM sehi (SE-hi) that-DEM.ADJ praśnara (PRAWS-naw-raw) question-GEN uttara (UT-taw-raw) answer jāṇanti (JAA-nawn-ti) know-PRES.3PL semāne (SE-maa-ne) that-PL=they-CORREL hāta (HAA-taw) hand ṭekantu (TE-kawn-tu) raise-IMP.3PL
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13.1 ସେହି ଘରଟି ବଡ଼। (sehi gharaṭi baṛa.) That house is big.
13.2 ସେ ପିଲାଟି କିଏ? (se pilāṭi kie?) Who is that child?
13.3 ସେଇଟା କ'ଣ? (seiṭā ka'ṇa?) What is that?
13.4 ମୁଁ ସେହି ଦୋକାନକୁ ଯାଉଛି। (muṁ sehi dokānaku jāuchhi.) I am going to that shop.
13.5 ସେହି ଦିନ ବର୍ଷା ହେଉଥିଲା। (sehi dina barṣā heuthilā.) It was raining that day.
13.6 ତୁମେ ସେହି ଚିଠିଟି ପଢ଼ିଲ କି? (tume sehi ciṭhiṭi paṛhila ki?) Did you read that letter?
13.7 ମୁଁ ସେହି ଲୋକଙ୍କୁ ଚିହ୍ନେ ନାହିଁ। (muṁ sehi lokaṅku cihne nāhiṁ.) I don't know that gentleman.
13.8 ସେହି ସମୟରେ ମୋ ବାପା କଟକରେ ରହୁଥିଲେ। (sehi samayare mo bāpā kaṭakare rahuthile.) At that time my father was living in Cuttack.
13.9 ଟେବୁଲ ଉପରେ ଯେଉଁ ବହିଟି ଅଛି, ସେହି ବହିଟି ମୋତେ ଦିଅ। (ṭebula upare jeuṁ bahiṭi achhi, sehi bahiṭi mote dia.) Give me the book that is on the table.
13.10 ମୁଁ ଜାଣେ ଯେ ସେ ସତ କହୁଛି। (muṁ jāṇe je se sata kahuchhi.) I know that he is telling the truth.
13.11 ଯିଏ ପରିଶ୍ରମ କରେ, ସେ ସଫଳ ହୁଏ। (jie pariśrama kare, se saphaḷa hue.) Whoever works hard succeeds.
13.12 ମୁଁ କାଲି ଯାହା କହିଥିଲି, ତାହା ଭୁଲିଯାଅ। (muṁ kāli jāhā kahithili, tāhā bhulijāa.) Forget what I said yesterday.
13.13 ଆମ ପାଖ ଘରେ ଯେଉଁ ଝିଅଟି ରହୁଥିଲା, ସେ ଏବେ ଡାକ୍ତର ହୋଇଛି। (āma pākha ghare jeuṁ jhiaṭi rahuthilā, se ebe ḍāktara hoichhi.) The girl who used to live next door to us has now become a doctor.
13.14 ଯେତେବେଳେ ମୁଁ ପୁରୀ ପହଞ୍ଚିଲି, ସେତେବେଳେ ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଅସ୍ତ ହେଉଥିଲା। (jetebeḷe muṁ purī pahañcili, setebeḷe sūrya asta heuthilā.) When I reached Puri, the sun was setting.
13.15 ଶିକ୍ଷକ କହିଲେ ଯେ ଯେଉଁ ଛାତ୍ରମାନେ ସେହି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ଜାଣନ୍ତି, ସେମାନେ ହାତ ଟେକନ୍ତୁ। (śikṣaka kahile je jeuṁ chhātramāne sehi praśnara uttara jāṇanti, semāne hāta ṭekantu.) The teacher said that the students who knew the answer to that question should raise their hands.
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13.1 ସେହି ଘରଟି ବଡ଼।
13.2 ସେ ପିଲାଟି କିଏ?
13.3 ସେଇଟା କ'ଣ?
13.4 ମୁଁ ସେହି ଦୋକାନକୁ ଯାଉଛି।
13.5 ସେହି ଦିନ ବର୍ଷା ହେଉଥିଲା।
13.6 ତୁମେ ସେହି ଚିଠିଟି ପଢ଼ିଲ କି?
13.7 ମୁଁ ସେହି ଲୋକଙ୍କୁ ଚିହ୍ନେ ନାହିଁ।
13.8 ସେହି ସମୟରେ ମୋ ବାପା କଟକରେ ରହୁଥିଲେ।
13.9 ଟେବୁଲ ଉପରେ ଯେଉଁ ବହିଟି ଅଛି, ସେହି ବହିଟି ମୋତେ ଦିଅ।
13.10 ମୁଁ ଜାଣେ ଯେ ସେ ସତ କହୁଛି।
13.11 ଯିଏ ପରିଶ୍ରମ କରେ, ସେ ସଫଳ ହୁଏ।
13.12 ମୁଁ କାଲି ଯାହା କହିଥିଲି, ତାହା ଭୁଲିଯାଅ।
13.13 ଆମ ପାଖ ଘରେ ଯେଉଁ ଝିଅଟି ରହୁଥିଲା, ସେ ଏବେ ଡାକ୍ତର ହୋଇଛି।
13.14 ଯେତେବେଳେ ମୁଁ ପୁରୀ ପହଞ୍ଚିଲି, ସେତେବେଳେ ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଅସ୍ତ ହେଉଥିଲା।
13.15 ଶିକ୍ଷକ କହିଲେ ଯେ ଯେଉଁ ଛାତ୍ରମାନେ ସେହି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ଜାଣନ୍ତି, ସେମାନେ ହାତ ଟେକନ୍ତୁ।
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These are the grammar rules for "that" in Odia:
1. The demonstrative adjective: ସେହି, ସେ, ସେଇ. Before a noun, "that" is ସେହି (sehi). It is fixed: it takes no endings for case, number or politeness. The noun after it carries everything:
- ସେହି ଘରଟି, "that house" (13.1); ସେହି ଦୋକାନକୁ, "to that shop" (13.4) - ସେହି ଲୋକଙ୍କୁ, "(to) that gentleman," with the honorific dative -ଙ୍କୁ (13.7) - ସେହି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର, "of that question" (13.15)
The short form ସେ (se) does the same job: ସେ ପିଲାଟି, "that child" (13.2); ସେ ଦେଶରେ, "in that country" (Lesson 12, Section F). ସେଇ (sei) is the form you will hear most in conversation. All three mean the same; ସେହି is the safe written choice.
2. Near and far. Odia points with two sets of words, near (e-) and far (se- or ta-). Learn them as pairs:
- ଏହି (ehi), "this" — ସେହି (sehi), "that" (before a noun) - ଏହା (ehā), "this, it" — ତାହା (tāhā), "that, it" (standing alone; Lesson 10) - ଏଇଟା (eiṭā), "this one" — ସେଇଟା (seiṭā), "that one" (spoken; 13.3) - ଏଠାରେ (eṭhāre), "here" — ସେଠାରେ (seṭhāre), "there" (13.22) - ଏହିପରି (ehipari), "like this" — ସେହିପରି (sehipari), "like that" (13.22) - ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ (eguṛika), "these (things)" — ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ (seguṛika), "those (things)" (13.23)
3. ସେହି with the classifier -ଟି / -ଟା. "That" with a noun usually brings the classifier: ସେହି ଘରଟି, ସେହି ଚିଠିଟି. The classifier marks one particular, known thing, and so it makes "that" sharper. -ଟି (-ṭi) is a little gentler and more polite; -ଟା (-ṭā) is plainer and more colloquial. The classifier can also stand without a noun: ସେଇଟି, ସେଇଟା, "that one"; ଯେଉଁଟି, "the one which"; କେଉଁଟି, "which one?" (13.17).
4. "That" as a pronoun. When nothing follows, use ତାହା (tāhā), which declines like a noun: ତାହାକୁ (tāhāku), "(to) that"; ତାହାର (tāhāra), "of that, its" (13.23). Do not use ସେହି alone for a thing in careful Odia: say ତାହା or ସେଇଟା.
5. ସେ: "that" or "he/she"? The same small word ସେ is the personal pronoun "he, she" (Lesson 10) and the short demonstrative "that." Position decides. Before a noun it means "that": ସେ ପିଲାଟି, "that child." Standing as a subject it means "he/she": ସେ ସତ କହୁଛି, "he is telling the truth" (13.10). The two uses share one origin: "he" in Odia is simply "that (person)."
6. The relative–correlative construction. English puts the relative clause AFTER its noun: "the book that is on the table." Odia puts it BEFORE, marked by a ଯ- (j-) word, and then picks it up in the main clause with a matching ସେ- or ତ- word. The relative clause ends with its own verb, and a comma usually separates the two halves:
- ଯେଉଁ … ସେହି, "which … that" (adjectives, before a noun): ଟେବୁଲ ଉପରେ ଯେଉଁ ବହିଟି ଅଛି, ସେହି ବହିଟି ମୋତେ ଦିଅ, "give me the book that is on the table" (13.9) - ଯିଏ … ସେ, "who … he/she" (a person): ଯିଏ ପରିଶ୍ରମ କରେ, ସେ ସଫଳ ହୁଏ, "whoever works hard succeeds" (13.11) - ଯାହା … ତାହା, "what … that" (a thing): ମୁଁ କାଲି ଯାହା କହିଥିଲି, ତାହା ଭୁଲିଯାଅ, "forget what I said yesterday" (13.12) - ଯେତେବେଳେ … ସେତେବେଳେ, "when … then" (time): 13.14 - ଯେଉଁଠାରେ … ସେଠାରେ, "where … there" (place). In 13.22 the place is named with ଯେଉଁ and a noun instead: ରାସ୍ତା ସେପାଖରେ ଯେଉଁ ଦୋକାନ ଅଛି, ସେଠାରେ …, "the shop that is across the road, there …"
The ସେ- word can be a simple ସେ or ସେମାନେ when it refers to a person or people: ଯେଉଁ ଝିଅଟି …, ସେ …, "the girl who …, she …" (13.13); ଯେଉଁ ଛାତ୍ରମାନେ …, ସେମାନେ …, "the students who …, they …" (13.15). The relative word may also stand after a few words of its own clause, as ଟେବୁଲ ଉପରେ ଯେଉଁ ବହିଟି (13.9) and ଆମ ପାଖ ଘରେ ଯେଉଁ ଝିଅଟି (13.13) show. What matters is that the whole relative clause comes before the main clause.
7. Relative words decline too. ଯାହା and ତାହା take case endings like nouns: ଯାହାକୁ (jāhāku), "to whom, which (object)"; ଯାହାର (jāhāra), "whose." ଯେଉଁ, like ସେହି, does not change; its noun takes the ending: ଯେଉଁ ଦୋକାନର କଥା, "the talk of which shop," that is, "the shop (you) spoke of" (13.27).
8. The conjunction ଯେ, "that." After verbs of saying, knowing, thinking, hearing and the like, ଯେ (je) introduces the content. The order is the English one: main clause, ଯେ, reported clause.
- ମୁଁ ଜାଣେ ଯେ ସେ ସତ କହୁଛି, "I know that he is telling the truth" (13.10) - ମୋ ମା' କହିଥିଲେ ଯେ ଏଠାରେ ଦାମ ଠିକ୍ ଥାଏ, "my mother said that prices here are fair" (13.20) - After ଏଡ଼େ (eṛe), "so much," ଯେ means "so … that": ଈଶ୍ଵର ଜଗତକୁ ଏଡ଼େ ପ୍ରେମ କଲେ ଯେ …, "God so loved the world that …" (John 3:16, Odia Bible)
9. The quotative ବୋଲି (boli). Odia has a second way to report: the reported clause comes FIRST and ବୋଲି, "saying," closes it before the main verb. ସେ ସତ କହୁଛି ବୋଲି ମୁଁ ଜାଣେ means the same as 13.10. In Section F the elder son "began to ask what all that was": ସେହିସବୁ କଅଣ ବୋଲି ପଚାରିବାକୁ ଲାଗିଲା (Luke 15:26). Both are good Odia; learn to recognise both, and use ଯେ yourself until the ବୋଲି order feels natural.
Common Mistakes:
- Putting the relative clause after the noun, as in English. Incorrect: ସେହି ବହିଟି ଯେ ଟେବୁଲ ଉପରେ ଅଛି ମୋତେ ଦିଅ. Correct: ଟେବୁଲ ଉପରେ ଯେଉଁ ବହିଟି ଅଛି, ସେହି ବହିଟି ମୋତେ ଦିଅ - Confusing the conjunction ଯେ with the relative ଯେଉଁ. ଯେ joins a reported clause (ଜାଣେ ଯେ …); ଯେଉଁ goes before a noun (ଯେଉଁ ବହି …) - Adding endings to ସେହି. Incorrect: ସେହିକୁ ଦୋକାନ. Correct: ସେହି ଦୋକାନକୁ - Using ସେହି alone for "that (thing)." Prefer ତାହା, or spoken ସେଇଟା: ସେଇଟା କ'ଣ? (13.3) - Forgetting the honorific on the noun after ସେହି. For a respected person: ସେହି ଲୋକଙ୍କୁ, not ସେହି ଲୋକକୁ (13.7) - Mixing a ଯ- word with the wrong partner. Keep the pairs: ଯେତେବେଳେ … ସେତେବେଳେ, not ଯେତେବେଳେ … ଏବେ
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An inheritance from Sanskrit. The pairing of a ଯ- word with a ସେ- or ତ- word is very old. Sanskrit had it (yaḥ … saḥ, "who … he"; yat … tat, "what … that"), and the modern languages of North and East India keep it. Bengali says যে … সে (je … se), almost exactly as Odia does. Hindi says जो … वह (jo … vah). A learner who knows any of these will find ଯେଉଁ … ସେହି familiar. English speakers find it strange at first, because the description arrives before you know what it describes. Read such sentences to the end, then go back to the ଯ- clause.
A proverb-shaped pattern. Because the ଯ- clause states a condition and the ସେ- clause a result, the construction is a natural home for sayings and rules of life: ଯିଏ ପରିଶ୍ରମ କରେ, ସେ ସଫଳ ହୁଏ, "whoever works hard succeeds" (13.11). Teachers' instructions use it too: "the students who know the answer, they should raise their hands" (13.15).
Pointing politely. In shops and markets "that one" is the commonest word you will need. A request is softened with ଟିକେ (ṭike), "a little": ଟିକେ ଦେଖାନ୍ତୁ, "please show (me) a little" (13.16). The classifier -ଟି on ସେଇଟି also sounds gentler than -ଟା.
Sambalpuri saris. The dialogue takes place in a handloom shop. The Sambalpuri sari, from western Odisha, is woven in the bandha (ବାନ୍ଧ, "tie") technique, a form of ikat: the threads are tied and dyed in a pattern BEFORE they go on the loom, so that the design appears as they are woven. Traditional motifs include the conch (ଶଙ୍ଖ, śaṅkha), the wheel (ଚକ୍ର, cakra) and the flower (ଫୁଲ, phula). The Bargarh district is one of the main weaving centres. Hand-woven saris cost more than machine-made imitations, as the shopkeeper explains in 13.23.
ସେହି in writing and speech. Newspapers, textbooks and the Bible use ସେହି, ଏହି, ତାହା and ଏହା. Speech prefers ସେଇ, ଏଇ, ସେଇଟା and ଏଇଟା. Both are standard Odia; learn the written forms first and recognise the spoken ones.
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From the Odia Bible, the Gospel of Luke 15:30–32, in the Odia Old Version (re-edited) of the Bible Society of India (© 2014 The Bible Society of India), the edition cited in Lessons 10, 11 and 12. Lesson 11 gave the opening of the parable of the prodigal son, and Lesson 12 his fall into hunger. Here is its end. The elder son, back from the fields, refuses to join the feast and complains to his father; the father answers him. In three verses the whole "that" family appears: ଏହି ଯେଉଁ ପୁଅ, "this son of yours who"; ଯେତେବେଳେ … ସେତେବେଳେ, "when … then"; ଯାହାସବୁ … ସେହିସବୁ, "all that … all that"; and ସେହି ହେତୁରୁ, "for that reason."
30a କିନ୍ତୁ but ତୁମ୍ଭର your ଏହି this ଯେଉଁ which ପୁଅ son ବେଶ୍ୟାମାନଙ୍କ prostitutes ସହିତ with ତୁମ୍ଭର your ସର୍ବସ୍ଵ everything ଖାଇ having-eaten ଉଡ଼ାଇ having-blown-away ଦେଇଅଛି has-given ଯେତେବେଳେ when ସେ he ଆସିଲା came ସେତେବେଳେ then ତୁମ୍ଭେ you ତାହା him ପାଇଁ for ମୋଟା fat ପଶୁଟି the-animal ମାରିଲ killed
30b kintu (KIN-tu) but tumbhara (TUM-bhaw-raw) you-2.GEN.LIT ehi (E-hi) this-DEM.ADJ jeuṁ (JE-ũ) which-REL pua (PU-aw) son beśyāmānaṅka (BES-yaa-maa-nawng-kaw) prostitute-PL-GEN.OBL sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP tumbhara (TUM-bhaw-raw) you-2.GEN.LIT sarbaswa (SAWR-baws-waw) all-property khāi (KHAA-i) eat-CVB uṛāi (U-raa-i) fly-CAUS-CVB=squander deiachhi (DE-i-aw-chhi) give-PRF.3SG jetebeḷe (JE-te-be-le) REL-time-LOC=when se (se) he-3SG.NOM āsilā (AA-si-laa) come-PST.3SG setebeḷe (SE-te-be-le) that-time-LOC=then tumbhe (TUM-bhe) you-2.NOM.LIT tāhā (TAA-haa) he-3SG.OBL pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP moṭā (MO-taa) fat paśuṭi (PAW-su-ti) animal-CLF.DEF mārila (MAA-ri-law) kill-PST.2
31a ସେଥିରେ thereupon ସେ he ତାହାକୁ to-him କହିଲେ said ପୁଅରେ O-son ତୁ you ତ indeed ସବୁବେଳେ always ମୋʼ my ସାଙ୍ଗରେ with ଅଛୁ are ଆଉ and ଯାହାସବୁ whatever-all ମୋହର mine ସେହିସବୁ that-all ତୋହର yours
31b sethire (SE-thi-re) that-INAN.OBL-LOC=thereupon se (se) he-3.HON.NOM tāhāku (TAA-haa-ku) he-3SG.DAT kahile (KAW-hi-le) say-PST.3.HON puare (PU-aw-re) son-VOC tu (tu) you-2.INTIMATE.NOM ta (taw) indeed-EMPH sabubeḷe (SAW-bu-be-le) all-time-LOC=always mo' (mo) my-1SG.GEN.SHORT sāṅgare (SAANG-gaw-re) company-LOC=with achhu (AW-chhu) be-EXIST.2.INTIMATE āu (AA-u) and jāhāsabu (JAA-haa-saw-bu) what-REL-all mohara (MO-haw-raw) I-1SG.GEN.LIT=mine sehisabu (SE-hi-saw-bu) that-CORREL-all tohara (TO-haw-raw) you-2.INTIMATE.GEN.LIT=yours
32a କିନ୍ତୁ but ଏହି this ଯେ who ତୋହର your ଭାଇଟି the-brother ମୃତ dead ହୋଇଥିଲା had-become ପୁନର୍ବାର again ବଞ୍ଚିଲା lived ହଜିଯାଇଥିଲା had-been-lost ଆଉ and ମିଳିଲା was-found ସେହି that ହେତୁରୁ from-reason ଉତ୍ସବ feasting ଓ and ଆନନ୍ଦ joy କରିବା doing ଉଚିତ proper ଥିଲା was
32b kintu (KIN-tu) but ehi (E-hi) this-DEM je (je) who-REL tohara (TO-haw-raw) you-2.INTIMATE.GEN.LIT bhāiṭi (BHAA-i-ti) brother-CLF.DEF mṛta (MRU-taw) dead hoithilā (HO-i-thi-laa) become-PST.PRF.3SG punarbāra (PU-nawr-baa-raw) again bañcilā (BAWN-chi-laa) live-PST.3SG hajijāithilā (HAW-ji-jaa-i-thi-laa) lose-CVB-go-PST.PRF.3SG=had-been-lost āu (AA-u) and miḷilā (MI-li-laa) be-found-PST.3SG sehi (SE-hi) that-CORREL heturu (HE-tu-ru) reason-ABL utsaba (UT-saw-baw) festival=feasting o (o) and ānanda (AA-nawn-daw) joy karibā (KAW-ri-baa) do-VN ucita (U-chi-taw) proper thilā (THI-laa) be-PST.3SG
କିନ୍ତୁ ତୁମ୍ଭର ଏହି ଯେଉଁ ପୁଅ ବେଶ୍ୟାମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ତୁମ୍ଭର ସର୍ବସ୍ଵ ଖାଇ ଉଡ଼ାଇ ଦେଇଅଛି, ଯେତେବେଳେ ସେ ଆସିଲା, ସେତେବେଳେ ତୁମ୍ଭେ ତାହା ପାଇଁ ମୋଟା ପଶୁଟି ମାରିଲ। ସେଥିରେ ସେ ତାହାକୁ କହିଲେ, ପୁଅରେ, ତୁ ତ ସବୁବେଳେ ମୋʼ ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ଅଛୁ, ଆଉ ଯାହାସବୁ ମୋହର, ସେହିସବୁ ତୋହର; କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହି ଯେ ତୋହର ଭାଇଟି ମୃତ ହୋଇଥିଲା, ପୁନର୍ବାର ବଞ୍ଚିଲା, ହଜିଯାଇଥିଲା, ଆଉ ମିଳିଲା, ସେହି ହେତୁରୁ ଉତ୍ସବ ଓ ଆନନ୍ଦ କରିବା ଉଚିତ ଥିଲା।
"But this son of yours, who has eaten up your property with prostitutes: when he came, you killed the fatted animal for him." Then he said to him, "Son, you are always with me, and all that is mine is yours. But this brother of yours was dead and has come to life again; he was lost and has been found. For that reason it was right to feast and rejoice."
କିନ୍ତୁ ତୁମ୍ଭର ଏହି ଯେଉଁ ପୁଅ ବେଶ୍ୟାମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ତୁମ୍ଭର ସର୍ବସ୍ଵ ଖାଇ ଉଡ଼ାଇ ଦେଇଅଛି, ଯେତେବେଳେ ସେ ଆସିଲା, ସେତେବେଳେ ତୁମ୍ଭେ ତାହା ପାଇଁ ମୋଟା ପଶୁଟି ମାରିଲ। ସେଥିରେ ସେ ତାହାକୁ କହିଲେ, ପୁଅରେ, ତୁ ତ ସବୁବେଳେ ମୋʼ ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ଅଛୁ, ଆଉ ଯାହାସବୁ ମୋହର, ସେହିସବୁ ତୋହର; କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହି ଯେ ତୋହର ଭାଇଟି ମୃତ ହୋଇଥିଲା, ପୁନର୍ବାର ବଞ୍ଚିଲା, ହଜିଯାଇଥିଲା, ଆଉ ମିଳିଲା, ସେହି ହେତୁରୁ ଉତ୍ସବ ଓ ଆନନ୍ଦ କରିବା ଉଚିତ ଥିଲା।
ତୁମ୍ଭର ଏହି ଯେଉଁ ପୁଅ … ଦେଇଅଛି (tumbhara ehi jeuṁ pua … deiachhi), "this son of yours, who has squandered …" The relative clause comes first, as Section D, rule 6 requires, and it is long: the whole of the son's misconduct is packed in front of the main clause. The elder son does not say "my brother." He says "this son of YOURS," with the near demonstrative ଏହି, and he lets ଯେଉଁ pile up the charge. The grammar carries the resentment.
ଯେତେବେଳେ ସେ ଆସିଲା, ସେତେବେଳେ … (jetebeḷe se āsilā, setebeḷe …), "when he came, then …" The time pair of rule 6, exactly as in 13.14. Note that the elder son uses the plain, non-honorific ଆସିଲା for his brother, while the narrator uses the honorific କହିଲେ for the father in verse 31.
ଯାହାସବୁ ମୋହର, ସେହିସବୁ ତୋହର (jāhāsabu mohara, sehisabu tohara), "whatever is mine, all that is yours." This is the ଯାହା … ତାହା pattern, with ସବୁ, "all," joined to both halves, and with ସେହି in place of ତାହା. There is no verb: in the present, "X is mine" needs no "is" when the genitive is the predicate (Lesson 11 has the past, with ଥିଲା). ମୋହର and ତୋହର are the older literary forms of ମୋର and ତୋର.
ଏହି ଯେ ତୋହର ଭାଇଟି … ସେହି ହେତୁରୁ (ehi je tohara bhāiṭi … sehi heturu), "this brother of yours who … for that reason." The father answers the elder son in the son's own grammar: the relative ଯେ (here close to "this one here, who"), then four short verbs, then the correlative ସେହି, here with ହେତୁରୁ, "from the reason." Notice the father's ତୋହର ଭାଇଟି, "YOUR brother," in reply to the son's "this son of YOURS." The demonstrative and the possessive answer each other.
ତୁ (tu), the intimate "you." The father calls his son ତୁ, with the verb ଅଛୁ (achhu), "you are." This is the most intimate level of "you," used for small children and very close family. Earlier the elder son addressed his father with the literary ତୁମ୍ଭେ (tumbhe). Use ତୁମେ or ଆପଣ yourself; recognise ତୁ when you hear it.
କରିବା ଉଚିତ ଥିଲା (karibā ucita thilā), "it was proper to do." The verbal noun of Lesson 12 before ଉଚିତ, "proper, right," gives "should." The dialogue uses the same pattern in the present: ଠିକ୍ ଦାମ ମିଳିବା ଉଚିତ, "(they) should get a fair price" (13.24).
Script note. This edition writes ସର୍ବସ୍ଵ with ଵ (va, U+0B35), where modern spelling uses ୱ (wa, U+0B71): ସର୍ବସ୍ୱ. It also writes ମୋʼ with a modifier apostrophe. The quotation keeps the edition's spelling.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
Meera (ମୀରା) goes to a handloom shop in Bhubaneswar to buy a Sambalpuri sari. Meera speaks the even-numbered lines, the shopkeeper the odd ones. She calls him ଭାଇ (bhāi), "brother," the usual friendly address to a shopkeeper, and both use the polite ଆପଣ (āpaṇa).
13.16a ଭାଇ brother ସେହି that ନାଲି red ଶାଢ଼ୀଟି the-sari ମୋତେ to-me ଟିକେ a-little ଦେଖାନ୍ତୁ please-show
13.16b bhāi (BHAA-i) brother-VOC sehi (SE-hi) that-DEM.ADJ nāli (NAA-li) red śāṛhīṭi (SAA-rhee-ti) sari-CLF.DEF mote (MO-te) I-1SG.DAT ṭike (TI-ke) a-little dekhāntu (DE-khaan-tu) show-IMP.HON
13.17a କେଉଁଟି which-one ଉପର upper ଥାକରେ on-shelf ଯେଉଁଟି which-one ଅଛି is ସେଇଟି that-one
13.17b keuṁṭi (KE-ũ-ti) which-Q-CLF upara (U-paw-raw) upper thākare (THAA-kaw-re) shelf-LOC jeuṁṭi (JE-ũ-ti) which-REL-CLF achhi (AW-chhi) be-EXIST.3SG seiṭi (SE-i-ti) that-CLF=that-one
13.18a ନା no ତା its ପାଖରେ beside ଯେଉଁ which ଶାଢ଼ୀଟି the-sari ଅଛି is ସେଇଟି that-one ସେଥିରେ on-it ଧଳା white ଶଙ୍ଖ conches ଅଛି are
13.18b nā (naa) no tā (taa) that-GEN.SHORT=its pākhare (PAA-khaw-re) side-LOC jeuṁ (JE-ũ) which-REL śāṛhīṭi (SAA-rhee-ti) sari-CLF.DEF achhi (AW-chhi) be-EXIST.3SG seiṭi (SE-i-ti) that-CLF=that-one sethire (SE-thi-re) that-INAN.OBL-LOC=on-it dhaḷā (DHAW-laa) white śaṅkha (SAWNG-khaw) conch achhi (AW-chhi) be-EXIST.3SG
13.19a ଏହା this ଖାଣ୍ଟି genuine ସମ୍ବଲପୁରୀ Sambalpuri ବାନ୍ଧ bandha ଶାଢ଼ୀ sari ଯେଉଁ which ତନ୍ତୀ weaver ଏହାକୁ it ବୁଣିଛନ୍ତି has-woven ସେ he ବରଗଡ଼ର of-Bargarh ଲୋକ person
13.19b ehā (EH-haa) this-NOM khāṇṭi (KHAAN-ti) genuine sambalapurī (SAWM-baw-law-pu-ree) Sambalpuri bāndha (BAAN-dhaw) tie-dye śāṛhī (SAA-rhee) sari jeuṁ (JE-ũ) which-REL tantī (TAWN-tee) weaver ehāku (EH-haa-ku) this-ACC buṇichhanti (BU-ni-chhawn-ti) weave-PRF.3.HON se (se) that-CORREL=he baragaṛara (BAW-raw-gaw-raw-raw) Bargarh-GEN loka (LO-kaw) person
13.20a ଏହାର its ଦାମ price କେତେ how-much ମୋ my ମା' mother କହିଥିଲେ had-said ଯେ that ଏଠାରେ here ଦାମ price ଠିକ୍ right ଥାଏ stays
13.20b ehāra (EH-haa-raw) this-GEN=its dāma (DAA-maw) price kete (KE-te) how-much mo (mo) my-1SG.GEN.SHORT mā' (maa) mother kahithile (KAW-hi-thi-le) say-PST.PRF.3.HON je (je) that-COMP eṭhāre (E-thaa-re) here-LOC dāma (DAA-maw) price ṭhik (thik) right thāe (THAA-e) be-HAB.3SG
13.21a ତିନି three ହଜାର thousand ଟଙ୍କା rupees ଆପଣଙ୍କ your ମା' mother ଯାହା what କହିଛନ୍ତି has-said ତାହା that ଠିକ୍ right ଏଠାରେ here କେହି anyone ଅଧିକ extra ଦାମ price ନିଏ takes ନାହିଁ not
13.21b tini (TI-ni) three hajāra (HAW-jaa-raw) thousand ṭaṅkā (TAWNG-kaa) rupee āpaṇaṅka (AA-paw-nawng-kaw) you-2.HON.GEN mā' (maa) mother jāhā (JAA-haa) what-REL kahichhanti (KAW-hi-chhawn-ti) say-PRF.3.HON tāhā (TAA-haa) that-CORREL ṭhik (thik) right eṭhāre (E-thaa-re) here-LOC kehi (KE-hi) anyone adhika (AW-dhi-kaw) more dāma (DAA-maw) price nie (NI-e) take-PRES.3SG nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) NEG
13.22a ରାସ୍ତା road ସେପାଖରେ on-that-side ଯେଉଁ which ଦୋକାନ shop ଅଛି is ସେଠାରେ there ମୁଁ I ଏହିପରି like-this ଶାଢ଼ୀ sari ଦୁଇ two ହଜାର thousand ଟଙ୍କାରେ for-rupees ଦେଖିଲି saw
13.22b rāstā (RAAS-taa) road sepākhare (SE-paa-khaw-re) that-side-LOC jeuṁ (JE-ũ) which-REL dokāna (DO-kaa-naw) shop achhi (AW-chhi) be-EXIST.3SG seṭhāre (SE-thaa-re) there-LOC.CORREL muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM ehipari (E-hi-paw-ri) this-like śāṛhī (SAA-rhee) sari dui (DU-i) two hajāra (HAW-jaa-raw) thousand ṭaṅkāre (TAWNG-kaa-re) rupee-LOC=for dekhili (DE-khi-li) see-PST.1SG
13.23a ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ those ମେସିନରେ by-machine ତିଆରି made ଯେଉଁ which ଶାଢ଼ୀ sari ହାତ hand ତନ୍ତରେ on-loom ବୁଣାଯାଏ is-woven ତାହାର its ଦାମ price ଅଧିକ more
13.23b seguṛika (SE-gu-ri-kaw) that-PL.INAN=those mesinare (ME-si-naw-re) machine-LOC tiāri (TI-aa-ri) made jeuṁ (JE-ũ) which-REL śāṛhī (SAA-rhee) sari hāta (HAA-taw) hand tantare (TAWN-taw-re) loom-LOC buṇājāe (BU-naa-jaa-e) weave-PASS-PRES.3SG=is-woven tāhāra (TAA-haa-raw) that-GEN.CORREL=its dāma (DAA-maw) price adhika (AW-dhi-kaw) more
13.24a ଠିକ୍ right କଥା word ଯେଉଁ which କାରିଗରମାନେ craftsmen ଏତେ so-much ପରିଶ୍ରମ labour କରନ୍ତି do ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ to-them ଠିକ୍ right ଦାମ price ମିଳିବା getting ଉଚିତ proper
13.24b ṭhik (thik) right kathā (KAW-thaa) word=matter jeuṁ (JE-ũ) which-REL kārigaramāne (KAA-ri-gaw-raw-maa-ne) craftsman-PL.NOM ete (E-te) this-much=so-much pariśrama (PAW-ri-sraw-maw) labour karanti (KAW-rawn-ti) do-PRES.3PL semānaṅku (SE-maa-nawng-ku) that-PL-DAT=to-them ṭhik (thik) right dāma (DAA-maw) price miḷibā (MI-li-baa) be-obtained-VN ucita (U-chi-taw) proper
13.25a ଆପଣ you ସେହି that ନୀଳ blue ବ୍ଲାଉଜ blouse କପଡ଼ାଟି the-cloth ମଧ୍ୟ also ଦେଖନ୍ତୁ please-look ଏହି this ଶାଢ଼ୀ sari ସହିତ with ତାହା it ଭଲ well ମେଳ match ଖାଇବ will-eat
13.25b āpaṇa (AA-paw-naw) you-2.HON.NOM sehi (SE-hi) that-DEM.ADJ nīḷa (NEE-law) blue blāuja (BLAA-u-jaw) blouse kapaṛāṭi (KAW-paw-raa-ti) cloth-CLF.DEF madhya (MAWDH-yaw) also dekhantu (DE-khawn-tu) see-IMP.HON ehi (E-hi) this-DEM.ADJ śāṛhī (SAA-rhee) sari sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP tāhā (TAA-haa) that-NOM=it bhala (BHAW-law) good=well meḷa (ME-law) union=match khāiba (KHAA-i-baw) eat-FUT.3SG=will-go-with
13.26a ହଁ yes ସେଇଟି that-one ସୁନ୍ଦର beautiful କିନ୍ତୁ but ମୋ my ପାଖରେ with ତିନି three ହଜାରରୁ than-thousand ଅଧିକ more ଟଙ୍କା money ନାହିଁ is-not
13.26b haṁ (hã) yes seiṭi (SE-i-ti) that-CLF=that-one sundara (SUN-daw-raw) beautiful kintu (KIN-tu) but mo (mo) my-1SG.GEN.SHORT pākhare (PAA-khaw-re) side-LOC=with tini (TI-ni) three hajāraru (HAW-jaa-raw-ru) thousand-ABL=than adhika (AW-dhi-kaw) more ṭaṅkā (TAWNG-kaa) money nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) not-exist-NEG.EXIST
13.27a ତାହେଲେ then ମୁଁ I ସେହି that କପଡ଼ାଟି the-cloth ଶାଢ଼ୀ sari ସହିତ with ମାଗଣାରେ free ଦେଉଛି am-giving ଆପଣ you ଯେଉଁ which ଦୋକାନର of-shop କଥା talk କହିଲେ spoke ସେଠାକୁ to-there ମୁଁ I ଆପଣଙ୍କୁ you ଯିବାକୁ to-go ଦେବି will-let ନାହିଁ not
13.27b tāhele (TAA-he-le) that-be-COND=then muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM sehi (SE-hi) that-DEM.ADJ kapaṛāṭi (KAW-paw-raa-ti) cloth-CLF.DEF śāṛhī (SAA-rhee) sari sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP māgaṇāre (MAA-gaw-naa-re) free-LOC=free-of-charge deuchhi (DE-u-chhi) give-PROG.1SG āpaṇa (AA-paw-naw) you-2.HON.NOM jeuṁ (JE-ũ) which-REL dokānara (DO-kaa-naw-raw) shop-GEN kathā (KAW-thaa) matter=talk kahile (KAW-hi-le) say-PST.2.HON seṭhāku (SE-thaa-ku) there-DAT=to-there muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM āpaṇaṅku (AA-paw-nawng-ku) you-2.HON.DAT jibāku (JI-baa-ku) go-VN-DAT=to-go debi (DE-bi) give-FUT.1SG=let nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) NEG
13.28a ଆପଣ you ଜଣେ a ଭଲ good ଦୋକାନୀ shopkeeper ମା' mother ଠିକ୍ right କହିଥିଲେ had-said ଯେ that ଏହି this ଦୋକାନ shop ସବୁଠାରୁ of-all ଭଲ good
13.28b āpaṇa (AA-paw-naw) you-2.HON.NOM jaṇe (JAW-ne) one-CLF.PERSON=a bhala (BHAW-law) good dokānī (DO-kaa-nee) shopkeeper mā' (maa) mother ṭhik (thik) right kahithile (KAW-hi-thi-le) say-PST.PRF.3.HON je (je) that-COMP ehi (E-hi) this-DEM.ADJ dokāna (DO-kaa-naw) shop sabuṭhāru (SAW-bu-thaa-ru) all-ABL=of-all bhala (BHAW-law) good
13.29a ଆପଣଙ୍କ your ମାଙ୍କୁ to-mother ମୋର my ନମସ୍କାର greetings କହିବେ will-say ଯିଏ who ଥରେ once ଆମ our ଦୋକାନକୁ to-shop ଆସେ comes ସେ he ପୁଣି again ଆସେ comes
13.29b āpaṇaṅka (AA-paw-nawng-kaw) you-2.HON.GEN māṅku (MAANG-ku) mother-DAT.HON mora (MO-raw) my-1SG.GEN namaskāra (NAW-maws-kaa-raw) greeting kahibe (KAW-hi-be) say-FUT.2.HON jie (JI-e) who-REL.PERSON thare (THAW-re) once āma (AA-maw) we-1PL.GEN.SHORT dokānaku (DO-kaa-naw-ku) shop-DAT āse (AA-se) come-PRES.3SG se (se) that-CORREL=he puṇi (PU-ni) again āse (AA-se) come-PRES.3SG
13.30a ସେଥିପାଇଁ for-that ତ indeed ମୁଁ I ଆଜି today ଆସିଲି came ଯେଉଁ which ଦିନ day ଏହି this ଶାଢ଼ୀ sari ପିନ୍ଧିବି will-wear ସେହି that ଦିନ day ଆପଣଙ୍କୁ you ମନେ in-mind ପକାଇବି will-put
13.30b sethipāiṁ (SE-thi-paa-ĩ) that-INAN.OBL-for=therefore ta (taw) indeed-EMPH muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM āji (AA-ji) today āsili (AA-si-li) come-PST.1SG jeuṁ (JE-ũ) which-REL dina (DI-naw) day ehi (E-hi) this-DEM.ADJ śāṛhī (SAA-rhee) sari pindhibi (PIN-dhi-bi) wear-FUT.1SG sehi (SE-hi) that-CORREL dina (DI-naw) day āpaṇaṅku (AA-paw-nawng-ku) you-2.HON.DAT mane (MAW-ne) mind-LOC pakāibi (PAW-kaa-i-bi) put-FUT.1SG=will-remember
13.16 ଭାଇ, ସେହି ନାଲି ଶାଢ଼ୀଟି ମୋତେ ଟିକେ ଦେଖାନ୍ତୁ। (bhāi, sehi nāli śāṛhīṭi mote ṭike dekhāntu.) Excuse me, could you show me that red sari?
13.17 କେଉଁଟି? ଉପର ଥାକରେ ଯେଉଁଟି ଅଛି, ସେଇଟି? (keuṁṭi? upara thākare jeuṁṭi achhi, seiṭi?) Which one? The one on the top shelf?
13.18 ନା, ତା ପାଖରେ ଯେଉଁ ଶାଢ଼ୀଟି ଅଛି, ସେଇଟି। ସେଥିରେ ଧଳା ଶଙ୍ଖ ଅଛି। (nā, tā pākhare jeuṁ śāṛhīṭi achhi, seiṭi. sethire dhaḷā śaṅkha achhi.) No, the sari next to it. It has white conches on it.
13.19 ଏହା ଖାଣ୍ଟି ସମ୍ବଲପୁରୀ ବାନ୍ଧ ଶାଢ଼ୀ। ଯେଉଁ ତନ୍ତୀ ଏହାକୁ ବୁଣିଛନ୍ତି, ସେ ବରଗଡ଼ର ଲୋକ। (ehā khāṇṭi sambalapurī bāndha śāṛhī. jeuṁ tantī ehāku buṇichhanti, se baragaṛara loka.) This is a genuine Sambalpuri bandha sari. The weaver who made it is from Bargarh.
13.20 ଏହାର ଦାମ କେତେ? ମୋ ମା' କହିଥିଲେ ଯେ ଏଠାରେ ଦାମ ଠିକ୍ ଥାଏ। (ehāra dāma kete? mo mā' kahithile je eṭhāre dāma ṭhik thāe.) How much is it? My mother told me that the prices here are fair.
13.21 ତିନି ହଜାର ଟଙ୍କା। ଆପଣଙ୍କ ମା' ଯାହା କହିଛନ୍ତି, ତାହା ଠିକ୍; ଏଠାରେ କେହି ଅଧିକ ଦାମ ନିଏ ନାହିଁ। (tini hajāra ṭaṅkā. āpaṇaṅka mā' jāhā kahichhanti, tāhā ṭhik; eṭhāre kehi adhika dāma nie nāhiṁ.) Three thousand rupees. What your mother told you is right; nobody here overcharges.
13.22 ରାସ୍ତା ସେପାଖରେ ଯେଉଁ ଦୋକାନ ଅଛି, ସେଠାରେ ମୁଁ ଏହିପରି ଶାଢ଼ୀ ଦୁଇ ହଜାର ଟଙ୍କାରେ ଦେଖିଲି। (rāstā sepākhare jeuṁ dokāna achhi, seṭhāre muṁ ehipari śāṛhī dui hajāra ṭaṅkāre dekhili.) In the shop across the road I saw a sari like this for two thousand rupees.
13.23 ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମେସିନରେ ତିଆରି। ଯେଉଁ ଶାଢ଼ୀ ହାତ ତନ୍ତରେ ବୁଣାଯାଏ, ତାହାର ଦାମ ଅଧିକ। (seguṛika mesinare tiāri. jeuṁ śāṛhī hāta tantare buṇājāe, tāhāra dāma adhika.) Those are machine-made. A sari that is woven on a handloom costs more.
13.24 ଠିକ୍ କଥା। ଯେଉଁ କାରିଗରମାନେ ଏତେ ପରିଶ୍ରମ କରନ୍ତି, ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ଠିକ୍ ଦାମ ମିଳିବା ଉଚିତ। (ṭhik kathā. jeuṁ kārigaramāne ete pariśrama karanti, semānaṅku ṭhik dāma miḷibā ucita.) That's true. Craftsmen who work so hard should get a fair price.
13.25 ଆପଣ ସେହି ନୀଳ ବ୍ଲାଉଜ କପଡ଼ାଟି ମଧ୍ୟ ଦେଖନ୍ତୁ; ଏହି ଶାଢ଼ୀ ସହିତ ତାହା ଭଲ ମେଳ ଖାଇବ। (āpaṇa sehi nīḷa blāuja kapaṛāṭi madhya dekhantu; ehi śāṛhī sahita tāhā bhala meḷa khāiba.) Have a look at that blue blouse fabric too; it will go well with this sari.
13.26 ହଁ, ସେଇଟି ସୁନ୍ଦର। କିନ୍ତୁ ମୋ ପାଖରେ ତିନି ହଜାରରୁ ଅଧିକ ଟଙ୍କା ନାହିଁ। (haṁ, seiṭi sundara. kintu mo pākhare tini hajāraru adhika ṭaṅkā nāhiṁ.) Yes, that one is lovely. But I don't have more than three thousand rupees with me.
13.27 ତାହେଲେ ମୁଁ ସେହି କପଡ଼ାଟି ଶାଢ଼ୀ ସହିତ ମାଗଣାରେ ଦେଉଛି। ଆପଣ ଯେଉଁ ଦୋକାନର କଥା କହିଲେ, ସେଠାକୁ ମୁଁ ଆପଣଙ୍କୁ ଯିବାକୁ ଦେବି ନାହିଁ! (tāhele muṁ sehi kapaṛāṭi śāṛhī sahita māgaṇāre deuchhi. āpaṇa jeuṁ dokānara kathā kahile, seṭhāku muṁ āpaṇaṅku jibāku debi nāhiṁ!) Then I'll give you that fabric free with the sari. I'm not letting you go to the shop you mentioned!
13.28 ଆପଣ ଜଣେ ଭଲ ଦୋକାନୀ! ମା' ଠିକ୍ କହିଥିଲେ ଯେ ଏହି ଦୋକାନ ସବୁଠାରୁ ଭଲ। (āpaṇa jaṇe bhala dokānī! mā' ṭhik kahithile je ehi dokāna sabuṭhāru bhala.) You're a good shopkeeper! Mother was right when she said that this shop is the best.
13.29 ଆପଣଙ୍କ ମାଙ୍କୁ ମୋର ନମସ୍କାର କହିବେ। ଯିଏ ଥରେ ଆମ ଦୋକାନକୁ ଆସେ, ସେ ପୁଣି ଆସେ। (āpaṇaṅka māṅku mora namaskāra kahibe. jie thare āma dokānaku āse, se puṇi āse.) Please give your mother my regards. Whoever comes to our shop once comes back again.
13.30 ସେଥିପାଇଁ ତ ମୁଁ ଆଜି ଆସିଲି। ଯେଉଁ ଦିନ ଏହି ଶାଢ଼ୀ ପିନ୍ଧିବି, ସେହି ଦିନ ଆପଣଙ୍କୁ ମନେ ପକାଇବି। (sethipāiṁ ta muṁ āji āsili. jeuṁ dina ehi śāṛhī pindhibi, sehi dina āpaṇaṅku mane pakāibi.) That's exactly why I came today. The day I wear this sari, I'll think of you.
13.16 ଭାଇ, ସେହି ନାଲି ଶାଢ଼ୀଟି ମୋତେ ଟିକେ ଦେଖାନ୍ତୁ।
13.17 କେଉଁଟି? ଉପର ଥାକରେ ଯେଉଁଟି ଅଛି, ସେଇଟି?
13.18 ନା, ତା ପାଖରେ ଯେଉଁ ଶାଢ଼ୀଟି ଅଛି, ସେଇଟି। ସେଥିରେ ଧଳା ଶଙ୍ଖ ଅଛି।
13.19 ଏହା ଖାଣ୍ଟି ସମ୍ବଲପୁରୀ ବାନ୍ଧ ଶାଢ଼ୀ। ଯେଉଁ ତନ୍ତୀ ଏହାକୁ ବୁଣିଛନ୍ତି, ସେ ବରଗଡ଼ର ଲୋକ।
13.20 ଏହାର ଦାମ କେତେ? ମୋ ମା' କହିଥିଲେ ଯେ ଏଠାରେ ଦାମ ଠିକ୍ ଥାଏ।
13.21 ତିନି ହଜାର ଟଙ୍କା। ଆପଣଙ୍କ ମା' ଯାହା କହିଛନ୍ତି, ତାହା ଠିକ୍; ଏଠାରେ କେହି ଅଧିକ ଦାମ ନିଏ ନାହିଁ।
13.22 ରାସ୍ତା ସେପାଖରେ ଯେଉଁ ଦୋକାନ ଅଛି, ସେଠାରେ ମୁଁ ଏହିପରି ଶାଢ଼ୀ ଦୁଇ ହଜାର ଟଙ୍କାରେ ଦେଖିଲି।
13.23 ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମେସିନରେ ତିଆରି। ଯେଉଁ ଶାଢ଼ୀ ହାତ ତନ୍ତରେ ବୁଣାଯାଏ, ତାହାର ଦାମ ଅଧିକ।
13.24 ଠିକ୍ କଥା। ଯେଉଁ କାରିଗରମାନେ ଏତେ ପରିଶ୍ରମ କରନ୍ତି, ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ଠିକ୍ ଦାମ ମିଳିବା ଉଚିତ।
13.25 ଆପଣ ସେହି ନୀଳ ବ୍ଲାଉଜ କପଡ଼ାଟି ମଧ୍ୟ ଦେଖନ୍ତୁ; ଏହି ଶାଢ଼ୀ ସହିତ ତାହା ଭଲ ମେଳ ଖାଇବ।
13.26 ହଁ, ସେଇଟି ସୁନ୍ଦର। କିନ୍ତୁ ମୋ ପାଖରେ ତିନି ହଜାରରୁ ଅଧିକ ଟଙ୍କା ନାହିଁ।
13.27 ତାହେଲେ ମୁଁ ସେହି କପଡ଼ାଟି ଶାଢ଼ୀ ସହିତ ମାଗଣାରେ ଦେଉଛି। ଆପଣ ଯେଉଁ ଦୋକାନର କଥା କହିଲେ, ସେଠାକୁ ମୁଁ ଆପଣଙ୍କୁ ଯିବାକୁ ଦେବି ନାହିଁ!
13.28 ଆପଣ ଜଣେ ଭଲ ଦୋକାନୀ! ମା' ଠିକ୍ କହିଥିଲେ ଯେ ଏହି ଦୋକାନ ସବୁଠାରୁ ଭଲ।
13.29 ଆପଣଙ୍କ ମାଙ୍କୁ ମୋର ନମସ୍କାର କହିବେ। ଯିଏ ଥରେ ଆମ ଦୋକାନକୁ ଆସେ, ସେ ପୁଣି ଆସେ।
13.30 ସେଥିପାଇଁ ତ ମୁଁ ଆଜି ଆସିଲି। ଯେଉଁ ଦିନ ଏହି ଶାଢ଼ୀ ପିନ୍ଧିବି, ସେହି ଦିନ ଆପଣଙ୍କୁ ମନେ ପକାଇବି।
A dialogue of pointing. Shopping is made of "that one," "the one which," "those." Every line of the dialogue contains a member of the "that" family, and each pattern of Section D appears:
- ସେହି before a noun: ସେହି ନାଲି ଶାଢ଼ୀଟି (13.16); ସେହି ନୀଳ ବ୍ଲାଉଜ କପଡ଼ାଟି (13.25); ସେହି କପଡ଼ାଟି (13.27) - ସେଇଟି, "that one," standing alone: 13.17, 13.18, 13.26 - ଯେଉଁ … ସେ- pairs: ଯେଉଁ ଶାଢ଼ୀଟି …, ସେଇଟି (13.18); ଯେଉଁ ତନ୍ତୀ …, ସେ (13.19); ଯେଉଁ ଦୋକାନ …, ସେଠାରେ (13.22); ଯେଉଁ କାରିଗରମାନେ …, ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ (13.24); ଯେଉଁ ଦିନ …, ସେହି ଦିନ (13.30) - ଯେଉଁ … ତାହା: ଯେଉଁ ଶାଢ଼ୀ …, ତାହାର ଦାମ (13.23) - ଯାହା … ତାହା: ଯାହା କହିଛନ୍ତି, ତାହା ଠିକ୍ (13.21) - ଯିଏ … ସେ: ଯିଏ ଥରେ … ଆସେ, ସେ ପୁଣି ଆସେ (13.29) - The conjunction ଯେ: କହିଥିଲେ ଯେ … (13.20, 13.28)
The correlative in a different case. The ଯ- word and its ସେ- partner need not be in the same case. In 13.24 ଯେଉଁ କାରିଗରମାନେ is the subject of its clause (nominative), but its partner ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ is dative, because in the main clause the craftsmen are the ones who "receive" the price. In 13.23 ଯେଉଁ ଶାଢ଼ୀ is the subject, but ତାହାର is genitive: "of that (sari) the price." Each half takes the case its own clause needs.
ଯେଉଁଟି and କେଉଁଟି. With the classifier, "which" and "which one?" stand alone, without a noun: ଯେଉଁଟି, "the one which" (relative), and କେଉଁଟି, "which one?" (question), in 13.17. The question words of Odia begin with କ- (k-): କେଉଁ, "which?"; କିଏ, "who?"; କ'ଣ, "what?"; କେତେ, "how much?" (13.20). The relatives begin with ଯ-, and the correlatives with ସ- or ତ-. Learn them as a set of three: କେଉଁ, ଯେଉଁ, ସେହି.
ସେପାଖରେ, "on the other side." ସେ- also builds place words: ସେପାଖ, "that side," ସେଠାରେ, "there," ସେଠାକୁ, "to there" (13.27). Compare ଏପାଖ, ଏଠାରେ, ଏଠାକୁ with ଏ-.
Polite imperatives in -ନ୍ତୁ. Meera asks ଦେଖାନ୍ତୁ, "please show" (13.16), and the shopkeeper invites her ଦେଖନ୍ତୁ, "please look" (13.25). The -ନ୍ତୁ ending is the polite imperative used with ଆପଣ. Compare the informal ଦିଅ, "give," in 13.9. In 13.29 the shopkeeper uses the polite future, କହିବେ, "you will say," as a gentle request: "please give (my) greetings."
ମେଳ ଖାଇବା, "to match." Literally "to eat agreement." Odia uses ଖାଇବା, "to eat," in several fixed phrases. Learn this one as a unit: X ସହିତ ମେଳ ଖାଏ, "X goes with (it)."
ମନେ ପକାଇବା, "to remember." Literally "to put into the mind." The person remembered is in the dative: ଆପଣଙ୍କୁ ମନେ ପକାଇବି, "I will remember you" (13.30).
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
Respelling key. As in the earlier lessons: capitals mark the syllable to stress lightly (usually the first). "aw" is the Odia inherent vowel ଅ [ɔ], as in English law. "aa" is ଆ [aː], as in father. A tilde (ã, ĩ, ũ, ẽ) marks a nasal vowel, written with the candrabindu ଁ.
The key forms:
- ସେହି (sehi) [sehi]: "SE-hi." A pure e, as in Italian se, not the English diphthong of say. The ହ is a light, breathed h, clearly heard between the two vowels - ସେଇ (sei) [sei]: "SE-i." Two vowels, with no y glide between them - ସେ (se) [se]: one short syllable. "That" and "he/she" sound the same - ଯେଉଁ (jeuṁ) [dʒeũ]: "JE-ũ." ଯ is pronounced like ଜ, [dʒ], as in English jet. The final ଉଁ is a nasal u: let the air flow through the nose - ଯେ (je) [dʒe]: "je." One short syllable, unstressed in the sentence: ଜାଣେ ଯେ … [dʒaːɳe dʒe] - ଯିଏ (jie) [dʒie]: "JI-e." Two syllables - ଯାହା (jāhā) [dʒaːhaː], ତାହା (tāhā) [t̪aːhaː]: "JAA-haa," "TAA-haa." Both vowels long. The ତ is dental, with the tongue against the back of the upper teeth - ଯେତେବେଳେ (jetebeḷe) [dʒet̪ebeɭe], ସେତେବେଳେ (setebeḷe) [set̪ebeɭe]: four syllables each. The ଳ is the retroflex lateral: an l with the tongue tip curled back - ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ (seguṛika) [seguɽikɔ]: the flap ଡ଼, a quick tap of the curled-back tongue
Sounds absent from English:
- ଶ, ଷ and ସ are all [s] in standard Odia, as Lesson 12 explained: ଶାଢ଼ୀ [saːɽʱiː], "SAA-rhee"; ଶଙ୍ଖ [sɔŋkʰɔ], "SAWNG-khaw." - ଢ଼ (ṛha) in ଶାଢ଼ୀ: a breathy flap, the tongue curled back and tapped once with a puff of breath. - ଣ (ṇa) in ଖାଣ୍ଟି [kʰaːɳʈi], ଜାଣେ [dʒaːɳe], ଆପଣ [aːpɔɳɔ]: an n with the tongue curled back. Before ଟ it joins the retroflex stop: ଣ୍ଟ. - ହ୍ନ in ଚିହ୍ନେ (cihne) [tʃinʰe]: written h before n, but pronounced as a breathy n: "CHIN-he." - ଋ-sign ୃ in ମୃତ (mṛta) [mrut̪ɔ]: Odia pronounces the vowel sign ୃ as ru: "MRU-taw."
Intonation. In a relative–correlative sentence the voice rises at the end of the ଯ- clause, pauses at the comma, and falls through the ସେ- clause to the final verb: ଯିଏ ପରିଶ୍ରମ କରେ ↗, ସେ ସଫଳ ହୁଏ ↘. The rise tells the listener "the main clause is coming." In a question with କେଉଁଟି or କ'ଣ, the question word takes the high point: କେଉଁଟି? (13.17).
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
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