What does "for" mean in Odia?
English "for" does several jobs. It names the person who benefits: "this is for you." It names a purpose: "water for drinking," "what did you come for?" It names a reason: "closed for the rain." It names a price: "I bought it for two hundred rupees." And it measures time: "I have lived here for two years." Odia has one main word for the first three jobs, ପାଇଁ (pāiṁ), and different tools for the last two.
1. ପାଇଁ is a postposition. Like the other Odia "prepositions" you have learned, ପାଇଁ comes AFTER its noun, not before it: ତୁମ ପାଇଁ (tuma pāiṁ), "for you," literally "you for." You met it briefly in Lesson 6 as one of the Odia words for "to," and in Lesson 12 in the purpose form -ବା ପାଇଁ. Here it is the centre of the lesson.
2. What comes before ପାଇଁ. A pronoun takes its short genitive form: ମୋ ପାଇଁ (mo pāiṁ), "for me"; ତୁମ ପାଇଁ (tuma pāiṁ), "for you"; ଆମ ପାଇଁ (āma pāiṁ), "for us"; ତା ପାଇଁ (tā pāiṁ), "for him, her"; ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ (tāṅka pāiṁ), "for him, her" (respectful); ଆପଣଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ (āpaṇaṅka pāiṁ), "for you" (polite). A plural noun or a respected person takes the oblique ending -ଙ୍କ (-ṅka): ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ, "for the children"; ବାପାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ, "for Father." An ordinary noun stays as it is: ଦେଶ ପାଇଁ (deśa pāiṁ), "for the country." A verb goes into its verbal noun in -ବା (-bā): ପିଇବା ପାଇଁ (piibā pāiṁ), "for drinking."
3. ନିମନ୍ତେ (nimante), the formal "for." Written and formal Odia has a second word with the same meaning: ନିମନ୍ତେ. It works exactly like ପାଇଁ: ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ନିମନ୍ତେ, "for man." You will meet it in the Bible, in official notices and in careful prose. In conversation say ପାଇଁ; learn to recognise ନିମନ୍ତେ.
4. "For" a price and "for" a time. These are not ପାଇଁ. A price takes the locative ending -ରେ (-re): ଦୁଇ ଶହ ଟଙ୍କାରେ (dui śaha ṭaṅkāre), "for two hundred rupees," literally "in two hundred rupees." You met this in Lesson 13 (13.22). A length of time up to now is expressed with ହେଲା (helā), "it has become": ଦୁଇ ବର୍ଷ ହେଲା ମୁଁ ଏଠାରେ ରହୁଛି, "two years it has become, I am living here," that is, "I have been living here for two years." A length of time in the future usually needs no word at all: ଏକ ସପ୍ତାହ ବିଶ୍ରାମ, "a week's rest," "rest for a week."
A note on the script. ପାଇଁ is two letters. ପ (pa) carries the vowel sign ା (ā). Then comes the full vowel letter ଇ (i), because it follows a vowel, not a consonant. Over the ଇ sits the candrabindu ଁ, the moon-and-dot, which makes the vowel nasal. So ପାଇଁ is said "PAA-ĩ," with the second vowel through the nose. ନିମନ୍ତେ has a conjunct: ନ୍ତ (nta), where the ନ (na) loses its own vowel and joins the ତ (ta) below it. The vowel sign େ (e) is written BEFORE the conjunct, though it is pronounced after it.
- "For" (for someone, for some purpose, because of something) is ପାଇଁ (pāiṁ), placed AFTER the word: ତୁମ ପାଇଁ, "for you" - Pronouns before ପାଇଁ take the short genitive: ମୋ, ତୁମ, ଆମ, ତା, ତାଙ୍କ, ଆପଣଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ - Plurals and respected people take -ଙ୍କ: ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ, ବାପାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ; ordinary nouns stay bare: ଦେଶ ପାଇଁ - Purpose with a verb: the verbal noun in -ବା + ପାଇଁ: ପିଇବା ପାଇଁ, "for drinking" - "What for?" is କ'ଣ ପାଇଁ; "for whom?" is କାହା ପାଇଁ; "for that reason" is ସେଥିପାଇଁ - ନିମନ୍ତେ (nimante) is the formal, written "for," used exactly like ପାଇଁ - A price takes -ରେ (ଟଙ୍କାରେ); a time up to now takes ହେଲା (ଦୁଇ ବର୍ଷ ହେଲା)
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14.1a ଏହା this ତୁମ you ପାଇଁ for
14.1b ehā (EH-haa) this-NOM tuma (TU-maw) you-2.INFORMAL.GEN.SHORT pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP
14.2a ମୋ me ପାଇଁ for ଗୋଟିଏ one ଚା tea
14.2b mo (mo) I-1SG.GEN.SHORT pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP goṭie (GO-ti-e) one-CLF cā (chaa) tea
14.3a ଏହି this ଚିଠିଟି the-letter କାହା whom ପାଇଁ for
14.3b ehi (E-hi) this-DEM.ADJ ciṭhiṭi (CHI-thi-ti) letter-CLF.DEF kāhā (KAA-haa) who-OBL-Q pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP
14.4a ମା' mother ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କ children ପାଇଁ for ଖାଇବା food ରାନ୍ଧୁଛନ୍ତି is-cooking
14.4b mā' (maa) mother pilāmānaṅka (PI-laa-maa-nawng-kaw) child-PL-GEN.OBL pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP khāibā (KHAA-i-baa) eat-VN=food rāndhuchhanti (RAAN-dhu-chhawn-ti) cook-PROG.3.HON
14.5a ଏହି this ଉପହାରଟି the-gift ବାପାଙ୍କ father ପାଇଁ for
14.5b ehi (E-hi) this-DEM.ADJ upahāraṭi (U-paw-haa-raw-ti) gift-CLF.DEF bāpāṅka (BAA-paang-kaw) father-GEN.HON pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP
14.6a ମୁଁ I ପଢ଼ିବା studying ପାଇଁ for କଟକ Cuttack ଯିବି will-go
14.6b muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM paṛhibā (PAW-rhi-baa) study-VN pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP kaṭaka (KAW-taw-kaw) Cuttack jibi (JI-bi) go-FUT.1SG
14.7a ଏହି this ପାଣି water ପିଇବା drinking ପାଇଁ for ନୁହେଁ is-not
14.7b ehi (E-hi) this-DEM.ADJ pāṇi (PAA-ni) water piibā (PI-i-baa) drink-VN pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP nuheṁ (NU-hẽ) be-NEG.3SG
14.8a ତୁମେ you କ'ଣ what ପାଇଁ for ଏଠାକୁ to-here ଆସିଛ have-come
14.8b tume (TU-me) you-2.INFORMAL.NOM ka'ṇa (KAW-naw) what-Q pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP eṭhāku (E-thaa-ku) here-DAT āsichha (AA-si-chhaw) come-PRF.2.INFORMAL
14.9a ଆମେ we ପୂଜା festival ପାଇଁ for ନୂଆ new ଲୁଗା clothes କିଣିଲୁ bought
14.9b āme (AA-me) we-1PL.NOM pūjā (POO-jaa) worship=festival pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP nuā (NU-aa) new lugā (LU-gaa) cloth=clothes kiṇilu (KI-ni-lu) buy-PST.1PL
14.10a ବର୍ଷା rain ପାଇଁ for ଆଜି today ସ୍କୁଲ school ବନ୍ଦ closed ଅଛି is
14.10b barṣā (BAWR-saa) rain pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP=because-of āji (AA-ji) today skula (SKU-law) school banda (BAWN-daw) closed achhi (AW-chhi) be-EXIST.3SG
14.11a ଦୁଇ two ବର୍ଷ years ହେଲା has-become ମୁଁ I ଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱରରେ in-Bhubaneswar ରହୁଛି am-living
14.11b dui (DU-i) two barṣa (BAWR-saw) year helā (HE-laa) become-PST.3SG muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM bhubaneśwarare (BHU-baw-nes-waw-raw-re) Bhubaneswar-LOC rahuchhi (RAW-hu-chhi) stay-PROG.1SG
14.12a ମୁଁ I ଏହି this ବହିଟି the-book ଦୁଇ two ଶହ hundred ଟଙ୍କାରେ in-rupees କିଣିଲି bought
14.12b muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM ehi (E-hi) this-DEM.ADJ bahiṭi (BAW-hi-ti) book-CLF.DEF dui (DU-i) two śaha (SAW-haw) hundred ṭaṅkāre (TAWNG-kaa-re) rupee-LOC=for kiṇili (KI-ni-li) buy-PST.1SG
14.13a ଯେଉଁ which ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କ children ପାଇଁ for ଏହି this ସ୍କୁଲ school ତିଆରି made ହେଲା became ସେମାନେ they ଏବେ now ବଡ଼ big ହୋଇଛନ୍ତି have-become
14.13b jeuṁ (JE-ũ) which-REL pilāmānaṅka (PI-laa-maa-nawng-kaw) child-PL-GEN.OBL pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP ehi (E-hi) this-DEM.ADJ skula (SKU-law) school tiāri (TI-aa-ri) made helā (HE-laa) become-PST.3SG semāne (SE-maa-ne) that-PL=they-CORREL ebe (E-be) now baṛa (BAW-raw) big hoichhanti (HO-i-chhawn-ti) become-PRF.3PL
14.14a ଦେଶ country ପାଇଁ for ସେ he ନିଜର own ଜୀବନ life ଦେଲେ gave
14.14b deśa (DE-saw) country pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP se (se) he-3.HON.NOM nijara (NI-jaw-raw) self-GEN=own jībana (JEE-baw-naw) life dele (DE-le) give-PST.3.HON
14.15a ଡାକ୍ତର doctor କହିଲେ said ଯେ that ଭଲ well ହେବା becoming ପାଇଁ for ମୋତେ to-me ଏକ one ସପ୍ତାହ week ବିଶ୍ରାମ rest ନେବାକୁ to-take ପଡ଼ିବ will-fall
14.15b ḍāktara (DAAK-taw-raw) doctor kahile (KAW-hi-le) say-PST.3.HON je (je) that-COMP bhala (BHAW-law) good=well hebā (HE-baa) become-VN pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP mote (MO-te) I-1SG.DAT eka (E-kaw) one saptāha (SAWP-taa-haw) week biśrāma (BIS-raa-maw) rest nebāku (NE-baa-ku) take-VN-DAT=to-take paṛiba (PAW-ri-baw) fall-FUT.3SG=must
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14.1 ଏହା ତୁମ ପାଇଁ। (ehā tuma pāiṁ.) This is for you.
14.2 ମୋ ପାଇଁ ଗୋଟିଏ ଚା। (mo pāiṁ goṭie cā.) One tea for me.
14.3 ଏହି ଚିଠିଟି କାହା ପାଇଁ? (ehi ciṭhiṭi kāhā pāiṁ?) Who is this letter for?
14.4 ମା' ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଖାଇବା ରାନ୍ଧୁଛନ୍ତି। (mā' pilāmānaṅka pāiṁ khāibā rāndhuchhanti.) Mother is cooking food for the children.
14.5 ଏହି ଉପହାରଟି ବାପାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ। (ehi upahāraṭi bāpāṅka pāiṁ.) This gift is for Father.
14.6 ମୁଁ ପଢ଼ିବା ପାଇଁ କଟକ ଯିବି। (muṁ paṛhibā pāiṁ kaṭaka jibi.) I will go to Cuttack to study.
14.7 ଏହି ପାଣି ପିଇବା ପାଇଁ ନୁହେଁ। (ehi pāṇi piibā pāiṁ nuheṁ.) This water is not for drinking.
14.8 ତୁମେ କ'ଣ ପାଇଁ ଏଠାକୁ ଆସିଛ? (tume ka'ṇa pāiṁ eṭhāku āsichha?) What have you come here for?
14.9 ଆମେ ପୂଜା ପାଇଁ ନୂଆ ଲୁଗା କିଣିଲୁ। (āme pūjā pāiṁ nuā lugā kiṇilu.) We bought new clothes for the festival.
14.10 ବର୍ଷା ପାଇଁ ଆଜି ସ୍କୁଲ ବନ୍ଦ ଅଛି। (barṣā pāiṁ āji skula banda achhi.) School is closed today because of the rain.
14.11 ଦୁଇ ବର୍ଷ ହେଲା ମୁଁ ଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱରରେ ରହୁଛି। (dui barṣa helā muṁ bhubaneśwarare rahuchhi.) I have been living in Bhubaneswar for two years.
14.12 ମୁଁ ଏହି ବହିଟି ଦୁଇ ଶହ ଟଙ୍କାରେ କିଣିଲି। (muṁ ehi bahiṭi dui śaha ṭaṅkāre kiṇili.) I bought this book for two hundred rupees.
14.13 ଯେଉଁ ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଏହି ସ୍କୁଲ ତିଆରି ହେଲା, ସେମାନେ ଏବେ ବଡ଼ ହୋଇଛନ୍ତି। (jeuṁ pilāmānaṅka pāiṁ ehi skula tiāri helā, semāne ebe baṛa hoichhanti.) The children this school was built for have now grown up.
14.14 ଦେଶ ପାଇଁ ସେ ନିଜର ଜୀବନ ଦେଲେ। (deśa pāiṁ se nijara jībana dele.) He gave his life for his country.
14.15 ଡାକ୍ତର କହିଲେ ଯେ ଭଲ ହେବା ପାଇଁ ମୋତେ ଏକ ସପ୍ତାହ ବିଶ୍ରାମ ନେବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିବ। (ḍāktara kahile je bhala hebā pāiṁ mote eka saptāha biśrāma nebāku paṛiba.) The doctor said that to get well I will have to rest for a week.
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14.1 ଏହା ତୁମ ପାଇଁ।
14.2 ମୋ ପାଇଁ ଗୋଟିଏ ଚା।
14.3 ଏହି ଚିଠିଟି କାହା ପାଇଁ?
14.4 ମା' ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଖାଇବା ରାନ୍ଧୁଛନ୍ତି।
14.5 ଏହି ଉପହାରଟି ବାପାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ।
14.6 ମୁଁ ପଢ଼ିବା ପାଇଁ କଟକ ଯିବି।
14.7 ଏହି ପାଣି ପିଇବା ପାଇଁ ନୁହେଁ।
14.8 ତୁମେ କ'ଣ ପାଇଁ ଏଠାକୁ ଆସିଛ?
14.9 ଆମେ ପୂଜା ପାଇଁ ନୂଆ ଲୁଗା କିଣିଲୁ।
14.10 ବର୍ଷା ପାଇଁ ଆଜି ସ୍କୁଲ ବନ୍ଦ ଅଛି।
14.11 ଦୁଇ ବର୍ଷ ହେଲା ମୁଁ ଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱରରେ ରହୁଛି।
14.12 ମୁଁ ଏହି ବହିଟି ଦୁଇ ଶହ ଟଙ୍କାରେ କିଣିଲି।
14.13 ଯେଉଁ ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଏହି ସ୍କୁଲ ତିଆରି ହେଲା, ସେମାନେ ଏବେ ବଡ଼ ହୋଇଛନ୍ତି।
14.14 ଦେଶ ପାଇଁ ସେ ନିଜର ଜୀବନ ଦେଲେ।
14.15 ଡାକ୍ତର କହିଲେ ଯେ ଭଲ ହେବା ପାଇଁ ମୋତେ ଏକ ସପ୍ତାହ ବିଶ୍ରାମ ନେବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିବ।
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These are the grammar rules for "for" in Odia:
1. ପାଇଁ is a postposition. It follows the word it governs and never changes its own form. The phrase it makes can stand almost anywhere in the sentence: at the end, as the predicate (ଏହା ତୁମ ପାଇଁ, 14.1); at the start (ଦେଶ ପାଇଁ ସେ …, 14.14); or before the verb (… ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଖାଇବା ରାନ୍ଧୁଛନ୍ତି, 14.4). Notice that 14.1 and 14.5 have no verb: "this (is) for you." In the present, Odia needs no "is" here.
2. The form before ପାଇଁ. Pronouns take their short genitive (the form without -ର):
- ମୋ ପାଇଁ (mo pāiṁ), "for me" — ଆମ ପାଇଁ (āma pāiṁ), "for us" - ତୁମ ପାଇଁ (tuma pāiṁ), "for you" (familiar) — ଆପଣଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ (āpaṇaṅka pāiṁ), "for you" (polite) - ତୋ ପାଇଁ (to pāiṁ), "for you" (intimate, to someone you call ତୁ) - ତା ପାଇଁ (tā pāiṁ), "for him, her" — ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ (tāṅka pāiṁ), "for him, her" (respectful) - ସେମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ (semānaṅka pāiṁ), "for them" - କାହା ପାଇଁ (kāhā pāiṁ), "for whom?" (14.3)
Nouns for people take -ଙ୍କ (-ṅka) when they are plural or respected: ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ (14.4), ବାପାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ (14.5). Other nouns stay bare: ଦେଶ ପାଇଁ (14.14), ପୂଜା ପାଇଁ (14.9), ବର୍ଷା ପାଇଁ (14.10).
3. Purpose with a verb: -ବା ପାଇଁ. Put the verb in its verbal noun (the dictionary form in -ବା) and add ପାଇଁ: ପଢ଼ିବା ପାଇଁ, "in order to study" (14.6); ପିଇବା ପାଇଁ, "for drinking" (14.7); ଭଲ ହେବା ପାଇଁ, "in order to get well" (14.15). Lesson 12 taught the other purpose form, -ବାକୁ. Both are correct; -ବାକୁ is the everyday choice after verbs of motion, and -ବା ପାଇଁ stresses the aim. Only -ବା ପାଇଁ can describe what a thing is FOR: ଏହି ପାଣି ପିଇବା ପାଇଁ ନୁହେଁ, "this water is not for drinking."
4. Reason: "because of." ପାଇଁ also gives the cause: ବର୍ଷା ପାଇଁ ଆଜି ସ୍କୁଲ ବନ୍ଦ ଅଛି, "school is closed today because of the rain" (14.10). The fixed word ସେଥିପାଇଁ (sethipāiṁ), "for that reason, therefore" (Lesson 10), is built the same way.
5. Questions. "What for?" is କ'ଣ ପାଇଁ (ka'ṇa pāiṁ) (14.8). It asks about purpose; କାହିଁକି (kāhiṁki), "why?", asks more generally about cause. "For whom?" is କାହା ପାଇଁ (14.3).
6. The formal ନିମନ୍ତେ. ନିମନ୍ତେ (nimante) means the same as ପାଇଁ and takes the same forms before it: ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ନିମନ୍ତେ, "for man"; ଆହ୍ଵାନ କରିବା ନିମନ୍ତେ, "in order to call" (Section F). It belongs to written and formal Odia. The Bible translation in Section F prefers it; the same translation also uses ପାଇଁ (ଘୁଷୁରି ଚରାଇବା ପାଇଁ, Luke 15:15, Lesson 12). In the dialogue Lipi uses ନିମନ୍ତେ in a letter, and her brother teases her for it (14.28–14.29).
7. "For" a price: -ରେ. The price takes the locative ending: ଦୁଇ ଶହ ଟଙ୍କାରେ, "for two hundred rupees" (14.12). Do not use ପାଇଁ for a price: ପାଇଁ names a purpose or a beneficiary, not what you pay.
8. "For" a length of time. A period lasting up to now is counted with ହେଲା (helā), "it has become," placed after the time and BEFORE the clause. The verb is usually in the present progressive: ଦୁଇ ବର୍ଷ ହେଲା ମୁଁ ଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱରରେ ରହୁଛି, "I have been living in Bhubaneswar for two years" (14.11). The same pattern opens the elder son's complaint in the parable of Lessons 11–13: ଏତେ ବର୍ଷ ହେଲା ମୁଁ … ଖଟିଆସିଅଛି, "so many years I have been slaving (for you)" (Luke 15:29), there with the perfect. Other periods simply stand without any word: ଏକ ସପ୍ତାହ ବିଶ୍ରାମ, "rest for a week" (14.15); ଦିନସାରା, "for the whole day" (14.25).
9. ପାଇଁ in a relative clause. In the relative–correlative construction of Lesson 13, ପାଇଁ stays inside the ଯ- clause, after its noun: ଯେଉଁ ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଏହି ସ୍କୁଲ ତିଆରି ହେଲା, ସେମାନେ …, "the children for whom this school was built, they …" (14.13).
Common Mistakes:
- Putting ପାଇଁ before the word, as in English. Incorrect: ପାଇଁ ତୁମ. Correct: ତୁମ ପାଇଁ - Using the subject pronoun before ପାଇଁ. Incorrect: ମୁଁ ପାଇଁ, ତୁମେ ପାଇଁ. Correct: ମୋ ପାଇଁ, ତୁମ ପାଇଁ - Forgetting the respectful -ଙ୍କ. For a parent or teacher: ବାପାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ, not ବାପା ପାଇଁ - Using a finite verb before ପାଇଁ. Incorrect: ପିଏ ପାଇଁ. Correct: ପିଇବା ପାଇଁ - Using ପାଇଁ for a price. Say ଦୁଇ ଶହ ଟଙ୍କାରେ, not ଦୁଇ ଶହ ଟଙ୍କା ପାଇଁ, when you mean "I bought it for 200" - Translating "for two years" with ପାଇଁ. For time up to now, use ହେଲା: ଦୁଇ ବର୍ଷ ହେଲା … - Using ନିମନ୍ତେ in casual speech. It is correct, but it sounds bookish (14.29)
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
Giving and receiving. ପାଇଁ is the word of gifts, festivals and family duty, and so it is one of the commonest words in daily Odia. Mothers cook for children, children buy clothes for the festival, everyone brings sweets for the guests. The dialogue takes place in a family preparing for a grandmother's birthday, and every line uses it.
ପୂଜା and new clothes. ପୂଜା (pūjā) means "worship," but on its own it also names the great autumn festivals, above all Durga Puja. Buying new clothes for the festival, ପୂଜା ପାଇଁ ନୂଆ ଲୁଗା (14.9), is a household custom across Odisha and eastern India.
Two "fors," two registers. Odia keeps many pairs of everyday and formal words. ପାଇଁ is the everyday "for"; ନିମନ୍ତେ is the formal one, at home in print, in official language and in the Bible. Using ନିମନ୍ତେ in a family conversation sounds as if one were reading aloud, which is exactly Rabi's joke in 14.29.
କାଲି, yesterday and tomorrow. In the dialogue, କାଲି (kāli) means "tomorrow." In 13.12 it meant "yesterday." The same word does both jobs, and the tense of the verb tells you which: କାଲି ସକାଳେ ବଜାର ଯିବି, "I will go to the market tomorrow morning" (14.23); ମୁଁ କାଲି ଯାହା କହିଥିଲି, "what I said yesterday" (13.12).
ପିଠା and ରସଗୋଲା. ପିଠା (piṭhā) is the general word for home-made Odia cakes, sweet or savoury, most of them made from rice, and prepared especially for festivals and family occasions. ରସଗୋଲା (rasagolā), soft cheese balls in syrup, is the sweet most closely tied to Odisha in the popular mind and a natural thing to bring "for the children."
ଜେଜେମା and ମାଉସୀ. Odia kinship words are precise. ଜେଜେମା (jejemā) is the father's mother; ମାଉସୀ (māusī) is the mother's sister. Both are addressed and spoken of with the respectful forms: ଜେଜେମାଙ୍କ, ତାଙ୍କ, ରାନ୍ଧୁଛନ୍ତି.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
From the Odia Bible, the Gospel of Mark 2:17 and 2:27, in the Odia Old Version (re-edited) of the Bible Society of India (© 2014 The Bible Society of India), the edition cited in Lessons 10 to 13. Both are sayings of Jesus. In 2:17 he answers those who object that he eats with tax collectors and sinners; in 2:27 he answers those who object that his disciples pick grain on the Sabbath. Both turn on "for." This translation uses the formal ନିମନ୍ତେ (rule 6) each time: once with a noun, once with a verbal noun.
17a ଯୀଶୁ Jesus ତାହା that ଶୁଣି having-heard ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ to-them କହିଲେ said ସୁସ୍ଥ healthy ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କର of-people ବୈଦ୍ୟଠାରେ at-physician ପ୍ରୟୋଜନ need ନାହିଁ is-not ମାତ୍ର but ଅସୁସ୍ଥ sick ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କର of-people ପ୍ରୟୋଜନ need ଅଛି is ମୁଁ I ଧାର୍ମିକମାନଙ୍କୁ righteous-ones ଆହ୍ଵାନ call କରିବା doing ନିମନ୍ତେ for ଆସି come ନାହିଁ not କିନ୍ତୁ but ପାପୀମାନଙ୍କୁ sinners ଆହ୍ଵାନ call କରିବା doing ନିମନ୍ତେ for ଆସିଅଛି have-come
17b jīśu (JEE-su) Jesus tāhā (TAA-haa) that-NOM śuṇi (SU-ni) hear-CVB semānaṅku (SE-maa-nawng-ku) that-PL-DAT=to-them kahile (KAW-hi-le) say-PST.3.HON sustha (SUS-thaw) healthy lokamānaṅkara (LO-kaw-maa-nawng-kaw-raw) person-PL-GEN baidyaṭhāre (BOI-dyaw-thaa-re) physician-LOC prayojana (PRAW-yo-jaw-naw) need nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) NEG.EXIST mātra (MAAT-raw) but asustha (AW-sus-thaw) sick lokamānaṅkara (LO-kaw-maa-nawng-kaw-raw) person-PL-GEN prayojana (PRAW-yo-jaw-naw) need achhi (AW-chhi) be-EXIST.3SG muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM dhārmikamānaṅku (DHAAR-mi-kaw-maa-nawng-ku) righteous-PL-ACC āhwāna (AAH-waa-naw) call karibā (KAW-ri-baa) do-VN nimante (NI-mawn-te) for-POSTP.FORMAL āsi (AA-si) come-CVB nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) NEG=have-not kintu (KIN-tu) but pāpīmānaṅku (PAA-pee-maa-nawng-ku) sinner-PL-ACC āhwāna (AAH-waa-naw) call karibā (KAW-ri-baa) do-VN nimante (NI-mawn-te) for-POSTP.FORMAL āsiachhi (AA-si-aw-chhi) come-PRF.1SG
27a ଆଉ and ଯୀଶୁ Jesus ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ to-them କହିଲେ said ବିଶ୍ରାମବାର Sabbath ମନୁଷ୍ୟ man ନିମନ୍ତେ for ହୋଇଅଛି has-become ମନୁଷ୍ୟ man ବିଶ୍ରାମବାର Sabbath ନିମନ୍ତେ for ହୋଇନାହିଁ has-not-become
27b āu (AA-u) and jīśu (JEE-su) Jesus semānaṅku (SE-maa-nawng-ku) that-PL-DAT=to-them kahile (KAW-hi-le) say-PST.3.HON biśrāmabāra (BIS-raa-maw-baa-raw) rest-day=Sabbath manuṣya (MAW-nus-yaw) human nimante (NI-mawn-te) for-POSTP.FORMAL hoiachhi (HO-i-aw-chhi) become-PRF.3SG manuṣya (MAW-nus-yaw) human biśrāmabāra (BIS-raa-maw-baa-raw) rest-day=Sabbath nimante (NI-mawn-te) for-POSTP.FORMAL hoināhiṁ (HO-i-naa-hĩ) become-CVB-NEG=has-not-become
ଯୀଶୁ ତାହା ଶୁଣି ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ କହିଲେ, ସୁସ୍ଥ ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କର ବୈଦ୍ୟଠାରେ ପ୍ରୟୋଜନ ନାହିଁ, ମାତ୍ର ଅସୁସ୍ଥ ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କର ପ୍ରୟୋଜନ ଅଛି; ମୁଁ ଧାର୍ମିକମାନଙ୍କୁ ଆହ୍ଵାନ କରିବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ଆସି ନାହିଁ, କିନ୍ତୁ ପାପୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ଆହ୍ଵାନ କରିବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ଆସିଅଛି। (Mark 2:17)
"When Jesus heard it, he said to them, 'Those who are well have no need of a physician, but those who are sick do. I have not come to call the righteous, but to call sinners.'"
ଆଉ, ଯୀଶୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ କହିଲେ, ବିଶ୍ରାମବାର ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ନିମନ୍ତେ ହୋଇଅଛି, ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ବିଶ୍ରାମବାର ନିମନ୍ତେ ହୋଇନାହିଁ। (Mark 2:27)
"And Jesus said to them, 'The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath.'"
ଯୀଶୁ ତାହା ଶୁଣି ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ କହିଲେ, ସୁସ୍ଥ ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କର ବୈଦ୍ୟଠାରେ ପ୍ରୟୋଜନ ନାହିଁ, ମାତ୍ର ଅସୁସ୍ଥ ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କର ପ୍ରୟୋଜନ ଅଛି; ମୁଁ ଧାର୍ମିକମାନଙ୍କୁ ଆହ୍ଵାନ କରିବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ଆସି ନାହିଁ, କିନ୍ତୁ ପାପୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ଆହ୍ଵାନ କରିବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ଆସିଅଛି।
ଆଉ, ଯୀଶୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ କହିଲେ, ବିଶ୍ରାମବାର ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ନିମନ୍ତେ ହୋଇଅଛି, ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ବିଶ୍ରାମବାର ନିମନ୍ତେ ହୋଇନାହିଁ।
ଆହ୍ଵାନ କରିବା ନିମନ୍ତେ (āhwāna karibā nimante), "in order to call." This is rule 3's purpose form, with the formal ନିମନ୍ତେ in place of ପାଇଁ. ଆହ୍ଵାନ କରିବା, "to make a call, to summon," is a compound verb: a Sanskrit noun, ଆହ୍ଵାନ, "call," plus କରିବା, "to do." Odia builds many learned verbs this way. In everyday speech you could say ଡାକିବା ପାଇଁ, with the plain verb ଡାକିବା, "to call."
ଆସି ନାହିଁ … ଆସିଅଛି (āsi nāhiṁ … āsiachhi), "I have not come … I have come." The verse is balanced on a negative and a positive perfect. The positive perfect is the participle ଆସି plus ଅଛି, written together: ଆସିଅଛି (in speech, ଆସିଛି). The negative is the same participle plus ନାହିଁ, with no ଅଛି. The pair ହୋଇଅଛି / ହୋଇନାହିଁ in verse 27 works the same way.
ବିଶ୍ରାମବାର ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ନିମନ୍ତେ ହୋଇଅଛି, ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ବିଶ୍ରାମବାର ନିମନ୍ତେ ହୋଇନାହିଁ. A chiasmus, a crossing: Sabbath – man, man – Sabbath. Notice that both nouns stand bare before ନିମନ୍ତେ (rule 2): ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ନିମନ୍ତେ, not ମନୁଷ୍ୟର ନିମନ୍ତେ. The verb ହୋଇଅଛି, "has become," does the work of English "was made": "the Sabbath has come into being for man." ବିଶ୍ରାମବାର is ବିଶ୍ରାମ, "rest" (14.15), plus ବାର, "day of the week," as in ସୋମବାର (somabāra), "Monday."
ସୁସ୍ଥ ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କର ବୈଦ୍ୟଠାରେ ପ୍ରୟୋଜନ ନାହିଁ, "the healthy have no need of a physician." Literally "of healthy people, at a physician, need is not." The person who needs is in the genitive, -ର; the thing needed is marked with ଠାରେ, "at, with"; and the verb is simply "there is not." Like "having" in Lesson 11, "needing" in Odia is a kind of existence.
Two "fors" side by side. This edition says ନିମନ୍ତେ here, but it says ପାଇଁ in Luke 15:15, ଘୁଷୁରି ଚରାଇବା ପାଇଁ (Lesson 12), and in Luke 15:30, ତାହା ପାଇଁ ମୋଟା ପଶୁଟି ମାରିଲ, "you killed the fatted animal for him" (Lesson 13). The two words are true synonyms; the translators move between them as English moves between "for" and "for the sake of."
Script note. As in Lesson 13, this edition writes ଵ (va, U+0B35) where modern spelling uses ୱ (wa, U+0B71): ଆହ୍ଵାନ for ଆହ୍ୱାନ. The quotation keeps the edition's spelling; the lesson's own sentences use ୱ, as in ଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱର.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
Lipi (ଲିପି) and her younger brother Rabi (ରବି) are planning their grandmother's birthday, which is tomorrow. Lipi speaks the even-numbered lines, Rabi the odd ones. As brother and sister they call each other ତୁ (tu), the intimate "you," and speak of their grandmother with the respectful forms.
14.16a ରବି Rabi କାଲି tomorrow ଜେଜେମାଙ୍କ grandmother's ଜନ୍ମଦିନ birthday ତାଙ୍କ her ପାଇଁ for ଆମେ we କ'ଣ what କିଣିବା shall-buy
14.16b rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi-VOC kāli (KAA-li) tomorrow jejemāṅka (JE-je-maang-kaw) grandmother-GEN.HON janmadina (JAWN-maw-di-naw) birth-day tāṅka (TAANG-kaw) she-3.HON.GEN pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP āme (AA-me) we-1PL.NOM ka'ṇa (KAW-naw) what-Q kiṇibā (KI-ni-baa) buy-FUT.1PL
14.17a ମୁଁ I ତାଙ୍କ her ପାଇଁ for ଗୋଟିଏ one ନୂଆ new ଶାଢ଼ୀ sari କିଣିବାକୁ to-buy ଚାହେଁ want
14.17b muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM tāṅka (TAANG-kaw) she-3.HON.GEN pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP goṭie (GO-ti-e) one-CLF nuā (NU-aa) new śāṛhī (SAA-rhee) sari kiṇibāku (KI-ni-baa-ku) buy-VN-DAT=to-buy cāheṁ (CHAA-hẽ) want-PRES.1SG
14.18a ଶାଢ଼ୀ sari ପାଇଁ for ଆମ our ପାଖରେ with ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ enough ଟଙ୍କା money ନାହିଁ is-not
14.18b śāṛhī (SAA-rhee) sari pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP āma (AA-maw) we-1PL.GEN.SHORT pākhare (PAA-khaw-re) side-LOC=with jatheṣṭa (JAW-thes-taw) enough ṭaṅkā (TAWNG-kaa) money nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) NEG.EXIST
14.19a ତାହେଲେ then ତାଙ୍କ her ପାଇଁ for ଗୋଟିଏ one ବହି book କିଣିବା shall-buy ସେ she ପଢ଼ିବାକୁ reading ଭଲ good ପାଆନ୍ତି finds
14.19b tāhele (TAA-he-le) that-be-COND=then tāṅka (TAANG-kaw) she-3.HON.GEN pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP goṭie (GO-ti-e) one-CLF bahi (BAW-hi) book kiṇibā (KI-ni-baa) buy-FUT.1PL se (se) she-3.HON.NOM paṛhibāku (PAW-rhi-baa-ku) read-VN-DAT bhala (BHAW-law) good pāanti (PAA-awn-ti) get-PRES.3.HON=likes
14.20a ଭଲ good କଥା idea ମୁଁ I ମାଙ୍କ mother ସହିତ with ତାଙ୍କ her ପାଇଁ for ପିଠା cakes ତିଆରି made କରିବି will-do
14.20b bhala (BHAW-law) good kathā (KAW-thaa) word=idea muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM māṅka (MAANG-kaw) mother-GEN.HON sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP tāṅka (TAANG-kaw) she-3.HON.GEN pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP piṭhā (PI-thaa) cake tiāri (TI-aa-ri) made karibi (KAW-ri-bi) do-FUT.1SG
14.21a ଆଉ and ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କ children ପାଇଁ for କ'ଣ what ମାଉସୀଙ୍କ aunt's ପିଲାମାନେ children ମଧ୍ୟ also ଆସିବେ will-come
14.21b āu (AA-u) and pilāmānaṅka (PI-laa-maa-nawng-kaw) child-PL-GEN.OBL pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP ka'ṇa (KAW-naw) what-Q māusīṅka (MAA-u-seeng-kaw) mother's-sister-GEN.HON pilāmāne (PI-laa-maa-ne) child-PL.NOM madhya (MAWDH-yaw) also āsibe (AA-si-be) come-FUT.3PL
14.22a ସେମାନଙ୍କ them ପାଇଁ for ରସଗୋଲା rasagolas ଆଣିବା shall-bring
14.22b semānaṅka (SE-maa-nawng-kaw) that-PL-GEN.OBL=them pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP rasagolā (RAW-saw-go-laa) rasagola āṇibā (AA-ni-baa) bring-FUT.1PL
14.23a ଠିକ୍ right ଅଛି is ମୁଁ I ସେଥିପାଇଁ for-that କାଲି tomorrow ସକାଳେ in-morning ବଜାର market ଯିବି will-go
14.23b ṭhik (thik) right achhi (AW-chhi) be-EXIST.3SG muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM sethipāiṁ (SE-thi-paa-ĩ) that-INAN.OBL-for kāli (KAA-li) tomorrow sakāḷe (SAW-kaa-le) morning-LOC bajāra (BAW-jaa-raw) market jibi (JI-bi) go-FUT.1SG
14.24a ଜେଜେମା grandmother କହନ୍ତି says ଯେ that ପରିବାର family ପାଇଁ for ସମୟ time ଦେବା giving ସବୁଠାରୁ of-all ବଡ଼ big ଉପହାର gift
14.24b jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother kahanti (KAW-hawn-ti) say-PRES.3.HON je (je) that-COMP paribāra (PAW-ri-baa-raw) family pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP samaya (SAW-maw-yaw) time debā (DE-baa) give-VN sabuṭhāru (SAW-bu-thaa-ru) all-ABL=of-all baṛa (BAW-raw) big upahāra (U-paw-haa-raw) gift
14.25a ସେଥିପାଇଁ for-that ତ indeed ଆମେ we ସମସ୍ତେ all ତାଙ୍କ her ପାଖରେ beside ଦିନସାରା all-day ରହିବା shall-stay
14.25b sethipāiṁ (SE-thi-paa-ĩ) that-INAN.OBL-for=therefore ta (taw) indeed-EMPH āme (AA-me) we-1PL.NOM samaste (SAW-maws-te) all-PL tāṅka (TAANG-kaw) she-3.HON.GEN pākhare (PAA-khaw-re) side-LOC dinasārā (DI-naw-saa-raa) day-whole rahibā (RAW-hi-baa) stay-FUT.1PL
14.26a ଦଶ ten ବର୍ଷ years ହେଲା has-become ସେ she ଆମ us ପାଇଁ for ସବୁଦିନ every-day ରାନ୍ଧୁଛନ୍ତି is-cooking
14.26b daśa (DAW-saw) ten barṣa (BAWR-saw) year helā (HE-laa) become-PST.3SG se (se) she-3.HON.NOM āma (AA-maw) we-1PL.GEN.SHORT pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP sabudina (SAW-bu-di-naw) all-day=every-day rāndhuchhanti (RAAN-dhu-chhawn-ti) cook-PROG.3.HON
14.27a କାଲି tomorrow ସେ she ରାନ୍ଧିବେ will-cook ନାହିଁ not ଆମେ we ତାଙ୍କ her ପାଇଁ for ରାନ୍ଧିବା shall-cook
14.27b kāli (KAA-li) tomorrow se (se) she-3.HON.NOM rāndhibe (RAAN-dhi-be) cook-FUT.3.HON nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) NEG āme (AA-me) we-1PL.NOM tāṅka (TAANG-kaw) she-3.HON.GEN pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP rāndhibā (RAAN-dhi-baa) cook-FUT.1PL
14.28a ଆଉ and ମୁଁ I ତାଙ୍କ her ନିମନ୍ତେ for ଗୋଟିଏ one ଚିଠି letter ଲେଖିବି will-write
14.28b āu (AA-u) and muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM tāṅka (TAANG-kaw) she-3.HON.GEN nimante (NI-mawn-te) for-POSTP.FORMAL goṭie (GO-ti-e) one-CLF ciṭhi (CHI-thi) letter lekhibi (LE-khi-bi) write-FUT.1SG
14.29a ନିମନ୍ତେ nimante ତୁ you ତ indeed ବହି book ଭଳି like କଥା words କହୁଛୁ are-saying
14.29b nimante (NI-mawn-te) for-POSTP.FORMAL tu (tu) you-2.INTIMATE.NOM ta (taw) indeed-EMPH bahi (BAW-hi) book bhaḷi (BHAW-li) like-POSTP kathā (KAW-thaa) word kahuchhu (KAW-hu-chhu) say-PROG.2.INTIMATE
14.30a ଚିଠି letter ପାଇଁ for ଟିକେ a-little ସୁନ୍ଦର beautiful ଭାଷା language ଦରକାର needed
14.30b ciṭhi (CHI-thi) letter pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP ṭike (TI-ke) a-little sundara (SUN-daw-raw) beautiful bhāṣā (BHAA-saa) language darakāra (DAW-raw-kaa-raw) needed
14.16 ରବି, କାଲି ଜେଜେମାଙ୍କ ଜନ୍ମଦିନ। ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଆମେ କ'ଣ କିଣିବା? (rabi, kāli jejemāṅka janmadina. tāṅka pāiṁ āme ka'ṇa kiṇibā?) Rabi, tomorrow is Grandma's birthday. What shall we buy for her?
14.17 ମୁଁ ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଗୋଟିଏ ନୂଆ ଶାଢ଼ୀ କିଣିବାକୁ ଚାହେଁ। (muṁ tāṅka pāiṁ goṭie nuā śāṛhī kiṇibāku cāheṁ.) I want to buy her a new sari.
14.18 ଶାଢ଼ୀ ପାଇଁ ଆମ ପାଖରେ ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ ଟଙ୍କା ନାହିଁ। (śāṛhī pāiṁ āma pākhare jatheṣṭa ṭaṅkā nāhiṁ.) We don't have enough money for a sari.
14.19 ତାହେଲେ ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଗୋଟିଏ ବହି କିଣିବା। ସେ ପଢ଼ିବାକୁ ଭଲ ପାଆନ୍ତି। (tāhele tāṅka pāiṁ goṭie bahi kiṇibā. se paṛhibāku bhala pāanti.) Then let's buy her a book. She loves reading.
14.20 ଭଲ କଥା। ମୁଁ ମାଙ୍କ ସହିତ ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ପିଠା ତିଆରି କରିବି। (bhala kathā. muṁ māṅka sahita tāṅka pāiṁ piṭhā tiāri karibi.) Good idea. I'll make pitha for her with Mum.
14.21 ଆଉ ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ କ'ଣ? ମାଉସୀଙ୍କ ପିଲାମାନେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଆସିବେ। (āu pilāmānaṅka pāiṁ ka'ṇa? māusīṅka pilāmāne madhya āsibe.) And what about the children? Auntie's children are coming too.
14.22 ସେମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ରସଗୋଲା ଆଣିବା। (semānaṅka pāiṁ rasagolā āṇibā.) Let's get rasagolas for them.
14.23 ଠିକ୍ ଅଛି। ମୁଁ ସେଥିପାଇଁ କାଲି ସକାଳେ ବଜାର ଯିବି। (ṭhik achhi. muṁ sethipāiṁ kāli sakāḷe bajāra jibi.) All right. I'll go to the market for that tomorrow morning.
14.24 ଜେଜେମା କହନ୍ତି ଯେ ପରିବାର ପାଇଁ ସମୟ ଦେବା ସବୁଠାରୁ ବଡ଼ ଉପହାର। (jejemā kahanti je paribāra pāiṁ samaya debā sabuṭhāru baṛa upahāra.) Grandma says that giving time to your family is the greatest gift.
14.25 ସେଥିପାଇଁ ତ ଆମେ ସମସ୍ତେ ତାଙ୍କ ପାଖରେ ଦିନସାରା ରହିବା। (sethipāiṁ ta āme samaste tāṅka pākhare dinasārā rahibā.) That's exactly why we'll all spend the whole day with her.
14.26 ଦଶ ବର୍ଷ ହେଲା ସେ ଆମ ପାଇଁ ସବୁଦିନ ରାନ୍ଧୁଛନ୍ତି। (daśa barṣa helā se āma pāiṁ sabudina rāndhuchhanti.) For ten years she has cooked for us every day.
14.27 କାଲି ସେ ରାନ୍ଧିବେ ନାହିଁ; ଆମେ ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ରାନ୍ଧିବା। (kāli se rāndhibe nāhiṁ; āme tāṅka pāiṁ rāndhibā.) Tomorrow she won't cook; we'll cook for her.
14.28 ଆଉ ମୁଁ ତାଙ୍କ ନିମନ୍ତେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଚିଠି ଲେଖିବି। (āu muṁ tāṅka nimante goṭie ciṭhi lekhibi.) And I shall write a letter for her.
14.29 "ନିମନ୍ତେ"? ତୁ ତ ବହି ଭଳି କଥା କହୁଛୁ! ("nimante"? tu ta bahi bhaḷi kathā kahuchhu!) "Nimante"? You're talking like a book!
14.30 ଚିଠି ପାଇଁ ଟିକେ ସୁନ୍ଦର ଭାଷା ଦରକାର! (ciṭhi pāiṁ ṭike sundara bhāṣā darakāra!) A letter needs a bit of beautiful language!
14.16 ରବି, କାଲି ଜେଜେମାଙ୍କ ଜନ୍ମଦିନ। ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଆମେ କ'ଣ କିଣିବା?
14.17 ମୁଁ ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଗୋଟିଏ ନୂଆ ଶାଢ଼ୀ କିଣିବାକୁ ଚାହେଁ।
14.18 ଶାଢ଼ୀ ପାଇଁ ଆମ ପାଖରେ ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ ଟଙ୍କା ନାହିଁ।
14.19 ତାହେଲେ ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଗୋଟିଏ ବହି କିଣିବା। ସେ ପଢ଼ିବାକୁ ଭଲ ପାଆନ୍ତି।
14.20 ଭଲ କଥା। ମୁଁ ମାଙ୍କ ସହିତ ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ପିଠା ତିଆରି କରିବି।
14.21 ଆଉ ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ କ'ଣ? ମାଉସୀଙ୍କ ପିଲାମାନେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଆସିବେ।
14.22 ସେମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ରସଗୋଲା ଆଣିବା।
14.23 ଠିକ୍ ଅଛି। ମୁଁ ସେଥିପାଇଁ କାଲି ସକାଳେ ବଜାର ଯିବି।
14.24 ଜେଜେମା କହନ୍ତି ଯେ ପରିବାର ପାଇଁ ସମୟ ଦେବା ସବୁଠାରୁ ବଡ଼ ଉପହାର।
14.25 ସେଥିପାଇଁ ତ ଆମେ ସମସ୍ତେ ତାଙ୍କ ପାଖରେ ଦିନସାରା ରହିବା।
14.26 ଦଶ ବର୍ଷ ହେଲା ସେ ଆମ ପାଇଁ ସବୁଦିନ ରାନ୍ଧୁଛନ୍ତି।
14.27 କାଲି ସେ ରାନ୍ଧିବେ ନାହିଁ; ଆମେ ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ରାନ୍ଧିବା।
14.28 ଆଉ ମୁଁ ତାଙ୍କ ନିମନ୍ତେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଚିଠି ଲେଖିବି।
14.29 "ନିମନ୍ତେ"? ତୁ ତ ବହି ଭଳି କଥା କହୁଛୁ!
14.30 ଚିଠି ପାଇଁ ଟିକେ ସୁନ୍ଦର ଭାଷା ଦରକାର!
A dialogue of giving. Every line contains ପାଇଁ, ସେଥିପାଇଁ or ନିମନ୍ତେ, and the forms of Section D appear in turn:
- Pronouns in the short genitive: ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ (14.16, 14.17, 14.19, 14.20, 14.27); ଆମ ପାଇଁ (14.26); ସେମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ (14.22) - Nouns: bare ଶାଢ଼ୀ ପାଇଁ (14.18), ପରିବାର ପାଇଁ (14.24), ଚିଠି ପାଇଁ (14.30); plural ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ (14.21) - ସେଥିପାଇଁ, "for that": 14.23 (for that purpose), 14.25 (for that reason) - The formal ନିମନ୍ତେ: ତାଙ୍କ ନିମନ୍ତେ (14.28), which Rabi mocks (14.29) - Time up to now with ହେଲା: ଦଶ ବର୍ଷ ହେଲା … ରାନ୍ଧୁଛନ୍ତି (14.26)
"For X, Y is needed." In 14.18 and 14.30 the thing needed follows ପାଇଁ, and the verb is "there is not" (ନାହିଁ) or the noun ଦରକାର, "need, needed": ଚିଠି ପାଇଁ … ଭାଷା ଦରକାର, "for a letter … language is needed." Odia says "for X, Y is needed" where English says "X needs Y."
The future in -ବା: "let's." ଆମେ କ'ଣ କିଣିବା? (14.16) and କିଣିବା, ଆଣିବା, ରହିବା, ରାନ୍ଧିବା (14.19, 14.22, 14.25, 14.27): the first person plural future ends in -ବା, and so it looks exactly like the verbal noun. With ଆମେ, or in a suggestion, it means "we shall" or "let's." Before ପାଇଁ, as in ଦେବା ପାଇଁ, it is the verbal noun. The context always tells you which.
ଭଲ ପାଇବା, "to like, to love." Literally "to find good": ସେ ପଢ଼ିବାକୁ ଭଲ ପାଆନ୍ତି, "she likes reading" (14.19). The thing liked takes -କୁ. ପାଆନ୍ତି is the respectful present of ପାଇବା, "to get, to find."
ଭଳି, "like." ବହି ଭଳି, "like a book" (14.29): another postposition, placed after its noun just as ପାଇଁ is.
ତୁ between siblings. Lipi and Rabi do not use ତୁମେ to each other. In 14.29 Rabi says ତୁ … କହୁଛୁ, with the intimate verb ending -ଛୁ (Lesson 13, F-D). For Grandma they use ସେ with the respectful verbs: କହନ୍ତି, ରାନ୍ଧୁଛନ୍ତି, ରାନ୍ଧିବେ.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
Respelling key. As in the earlier lessons: capitals mark the syllable to stress lightly (usually the first). "aw" is the Odia inherent vowel ଅ [ɔ], as in English law. "aa" is ଆ [aː], as in father. A tilde (ã, ĩ, ũ, ẽ) marks a nasal vowel, written with the candrabindu ଁ.
The key forms:
- ପାଇଁ (pāiṁ) [paːĩ]: "PAA-ĩ." Two vowels, the second one nasal. Do not add an n or ng at the end: the air goes through the nose, but the tongue does not close - ନିମନ୍ତେ (nimante) [nimɔnt̪e]: "NI-mawn-te." The ତ is dental, with the tongue against the back of the upper teeth - ସେଥିପାଇଁ (sethipāiṁ) [set̪ʰipaːĩ]: "SE-thi-paa-ĩ." The ଥ is a dental t with a puff of breath, not the English th - ତାଙ୍କ (tāṅka) [t̪aːŋkɔ]: "TAANG-kaw." The ଙ୍କ is ng + k, as in English ink - ଜେଜେମା (jejemā) [dʒedʒemaː]: "JE-je-maa" - ଚାହେଁ (cāheṁ) [tʃaːɦẽ]: "CHAA-hẽ," with a nasal final e - ନୁହେଁ (nuheṁ) [nuɦẽ]: "NU-hẽ," the same nasal ending
Sounds absent from English:
- ଢ଼ (ṛha) in ପଢ଼ିବା (paṛhibā) [pɔɽʱibaː]: the breathy flap of ଶାଢ଼ୀ (Lesson 13), the tongue curled back and tapped once with a puff of breath. - ଠ (ṭha) in ଚିଠି, ପିଠା, ଠିକ୍: a retroflex t with a puff of breath, the tongue tip curled back. - ଳ (ḷa) in ସକାଳେ [sɔkaːɭe], ଭଳି [bʱɔɭi]: the retroflex lateral, an l with the tongue tip curled back. - ଶ, ଷ and ସ are all [s] in standard Odia (Lesson 12): ଦଶ [d̪ɔsɔ], ବର୍ଷ [bɔrsɔ], ଭାଷା [bʱaːsaː], ବିଶ୍ରାମ [bisraːmɔ]. - ଵ / ୱ after ହ୍ in ଆହ୍ଵାନ (āhwāna): "AAH-waa-naw." Keep the h light and do not insert a vowel between it and the w.
Intonation. In 14.16 and 14.21, the question word କ'ଣ carries the high point: ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଆମେ କ'ଣ ↗ କିଣିବା ↘? A ପାଇଁ phrase at the start of a sentence (ଦେଶ ପାଇଁ …, ଶାଢ଼ୀ ପାଇଁ …) is said with a small rise and a pause, like a topic: "As for the country, …"
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