What does "do" mean in Odia?
English "do" has two lives. As a main verb it means to perform an action: "do your work," "what did he do?" As an auxiliary it carries the grammar of other verbs: "DO you speak Odia?", "I DON'T know," "why DO you call me Lord?" Odia has a verb for the first life, କରିବା (karibā), and no equivalent at all for the second. This lesson teaches both facts.
1. କରିବା is "to do." The word you see in a dictionary, କରିବା, is the verbal noun in -ବା (Lesson 14): "doing, to do." The stem is କର- (kar-), and the endings of Lessons 8 to 14 attach to it: ମୁଁ କରେ (muṁ kare), "I do"; ମୁଁ କରୁଛି (muṁ karuchhi), "I am doing"; ମୁଁ କରିଛି (muṁ karichhi), "I have done"; ମୁଁ କରିବି (muṁ karibi), "I will do." You met the first three in Lesson 8.
2. The past is short. In the past tense the stem contracts. Where the regular pattern of କିଣିଲି, "I bought," would lead you to expect a long form, Odia says କଲି (kali), "I did"; କଲ (kala), "you did"; କଲା (kalā), "he, she did"; କଲେ (kale), "they did, he or she did" (respectful). This is the one irregular corner of the verb, and you will hear it every day.
3. Odia has no auxiliary "do." A question is the plain sentence said as a question: ତୁମେ କାମ କଲ? (tume kāma kala?), "you did the work?", that is, "DID you do the work?" A negative simply adds ନାହିଁ (nāhiṁ) after the verb: ମୁଁ ଜାଣେ ନାହିଁ, "I know not," that is, "I don't know." So when you translate "do" into Odia, first ask whether it is a real action. If it is only the auxiliary, it disappears.
4. କରିବା makes new verbs. Put a noun in front of କରିବା and you have a verb: କାମ କରିବା (kāma karibā), "to do work, to work"; ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରିବା (ceṣṭā karibā), "to make an effort, to try"; ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିବା (sāhājya karibā), "to give help, to help"; ପୂଜା କରିବା (pūjā karibā), "to worship"; ସଫା କରିବା (saphā karibā), "to make clean, to clean." You have already used two: ତିଆରି କରିବା, "to make" (Lesson 14), and ପ୍ରଣାମ କରିବା, "to pay respects" (Lesson 6). A large part of the Odia vocabulary of action is built this way, and so କରିବା is one of the commonest words in the language.
5. Where the word comes from. କରିବା descends through Prakrit from Sanskrit करोति (karoti), "he does." The same root gives the noun କର୍ମ (karma), "deed, action," which you will meet in the literary examples of this lesson.
A note on the script. କରିବା is three letters: କ (ka) with its inherent vowel, ର (ra) carrying the vowel sign ି (i), and ବ (ba) carrying ା (ā). In Odia the ି sits as a hook at the top right of its consonant. ର is a light tap of the tongue, like the t of American water. In the past forms the ର is gone: କଲି is simply କ + ଲ with ି.
- "To do" is କରିବା (karibā); its stem is କର- (kar-) - Present: ମୁଁ କରେ "I do"; ମୁଁ କରୁଛି "I am doing"; perfect ମୁଁ କରିଛି "I have done"; future ମୁଁ କରିବି "I will do" - The past is irregular and short: କଲି, କଲ, କଲା, କଲେ, "did" - Commands: କର "do!" (to ତୁମେ); କରନ୍ତୁ "please do" (to ଆପଣ); କର ନାହିଁ "don't!" - Odia has no auxiliary "do": questions need no extra word, and negatives add ନାହିଁ after the verb - Noun + କରିବା makes a verb: କାମ କରିବା "to work," ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରିବା "to try," ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିବା "to help" - କରି, "having done," links actions: କାମ କରି ଘରକୁ ଆସିଲେ, "having done the work, he came home"
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15.1a ତୁମେ you କ'ଣ what କରୁଛ are-doing
15.1b tume (TU-me) you-2.FAMILIAR.NOM ka'ṇa (KAW-naw) what-Q karuchha (KAW-ru-chhaw) do-PROG.2.FAMILIAR
15.2a ମୁଁ I କାମ work କରୁଛି am-doing
15.2b muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM kāma (KAA-maw) work karuchhi (KAW-ru-chhi) do-PROG.1SG
15.3a ଏହା this କର do
15.3b ehā (EH-haa) this-NOM kara (KAW-raw) do-IMP.2.FAMILIAR
15.4a ତାହା that କର do ନାହିଁ not
15.4b tāhā (TAA-haa) that-NOM kara (KAW-raw) do-IMP.2.FAMILIAR nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) NEG
15.5a ସେ he କ'ଣ what କଲା did
15.5b se (se) he-3SG.NOM ka'ṇa (KAW-naw) what-Q kalā (KAW-laa) do-PST.3SG
15.6a ତୁମେ you ତୁମ your କାମ work କଲ did
15.6b tume (TU-me) you-2.FAMILIAR.NOM tuma (TU-maw) you-2.FAMILIAR.GEN.SHORT kāma (KAA-maw) work kala (KAW-law) do-PST.2.FAMILIAR
15.7a ବାପା father ସବୁଦିନ every-day ବିଲରେ in-field କାମ work କରନ୍ତି does
15.7b bāpā (BAA-paa) father sabudina (SAW-bu-di-naw) all-day=every-day bilare (BI-law-re) field-LOC kāma (KAA-maw) work karanti (KAW-rawn-ti) do-HAB.3.HON
15.8a ମୁଁ I ତାହା that କରି having-done ନାହିଁ not
15.8b muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM tāhā (TAA-haa) that-NOM kari (KAW-ri) do-CVB nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) NEG=have-not
15.9a ଦୟା mercy କରି having-done ମୋତେ me ସାହାଯ୍ୟ help କରନ୍ତୁ please-do
15.9b dayā (DAW-yaa) mercy kari (KAW-ri) do-CVB=please mote (MO-te) I-1SG.ACC sāhājya (SAA-haaj-jaw) help karantu (KAW-rawn-tu) do-IMP.HON
15.10a ଆମେ we କାଲି tomorrow ସେହି that କାମ work କରିବା shall-do
15.10b āme (AA-me) we-1PL.NOM kāli (KAA-li) tomorrow sehi (SE-hi) that-DEM.ADJ kāma (KAA-maw) work karibā (KAW-ri-baa) do-FUT.1PL
15.11a ତୁମେ you ଯାହା what କହିବ will-say ମୁଁ I ତାହା that କରିବି will-do
15.11b tume (TU-me) you-2.FAMILIAR.NOM jāhā (JAA-haa) what-REL kahiba (KAW-hi-baw) say-FUT.2.FAMILIAR muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM tāhā (TAA-haa) that-CORREL karibi (KAW-ri-bi) do-FUT.1SG
15.12a ସେ she ଆମ us ପାଇଁ for ବହୁତ much କିଛି something କରିଛନ୍ତି has-done
15.12b se (se) she-3.HON.NOM āma (AA-maw) we-1PL.GEN.SHORT pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP bahuta (BAW-hu-taw) much kichhi (KI-chhi) something karichhanti (KAW-ri-chhawn-ti) do-PRF.3.HON
15.13a ଯଦି if ତୁମେ you ଚେଷ୍ଟା effort କର do ତେବେ then ତୁମେ you ଏହା this କରି doing ପାରିବ will-be-able
15.13b jadi (JAW-di) if tume (TU-me) you-2.FAMILIAR.NOM ceṣṭā (CHES-taa) effort kara (KAW-raw) do-HAB.2.FAMILIAR tebe (TE-be) then-CORREL tume (TU-me) you-2.FAMILIAR.NOM ehā (EH-haa) this-NOM kari (KAW-ri) do-CVB pāriba (PAA-ri-baw) be-able-FUT.2.FAMILIAR
15.14a ସେ he କାମ work କରି having-done ଘରକୁ to-home ଆସିଲେ came
15.14b se (se) he-3.HON.NOM kāma (KAA-maw) work kari (KAW-ri) do-CVB gharaku (GHAW-raw-ku) house-DAT āsile (AA-si-le) come-PST.3.HON
15.15a ବାପା father କହନ୍ତି says ଯେ that ଯିଏ who ଚେଷ୍ଟା effort କରେ does ନାହିଁ not ସେ he କିଛି anything ଶିଖେ learns ନାହିଁ not
15.15b bāpā (BAA-paa) father kahanti (KAW-hawn-ti) say-HAB.3.HON je (je) that-COMP jie (JI-e) who-REL ceṣṭā (CHES-taa) effort kare (KAW-re) do-HAB.3SG nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) NEG se (se) he-3SG.NOM=CORREL kichhi (KI-chhi) anything śikhe (SI-khe) learn-HAB.3SG nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) NEG
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15.1 ତୁମେ କ'ଣ କରୁଛ? (tume ka'ṇa karuchha?) What are you doing?
15.2 ମୁଁ କାମ କରୁଛି। (muṁ kāma karuchhi.) I am working.
15.3 ଏହା କର। (ehā kara.) Do this.
15.4 ତାହା କର ନାହିଁ। (tāhā kara nāhiṁ.) Don't do that.
15.5 ସେ କ'ଣ କଲା? (se ka'ṇa kalā?) What did he do?
15.6 ତୁମେ ତୁମ କାମ କଲ? (tume tuma kāma kala?) Did you do your work?
15.7 ବାପା ସବୁଦିନ ବିଲରେ କାମ କରନ୍ତି। (bāpā sabudina bilare kāma karanti.) Father works in the fields every day.
15.8 ମୁଁ ତାହା କରି ନାହିଁ। (muṁ tāhā kari nāhiṁ.) I didn't do that.
15.9 ଦୟା କରି ମୋତେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରନ୍ତୁ। (dayā kari mote sāhājya karantu.) Please help me.
15.10 ଆମେ କାଲି ସେହି କାମ କରିବା। (āme kāli sehi kāma karibā.) We'll do that job tomorrow.
15.11 ତୁମେ ଯାହା କହିବ, ମୁଁ ତାହା କରିବି। (tume jāhā kahiba, muṁ tāhā karibi.) I will do whatever you say.
15.12 ସେ ଆମ ପାଇଁ ବହୁତ କିଛି କରିଛନ୍ତି। (se āma pāiṁ bahuta kichhi karichhanti.) She has done a great deal for us.
15.13 ଯଦି ତୁମେ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କର, ତେବେ ତୁମେ ଏହା କରି ପାରିବ। (jadi tume ceṣṭā kara, tebe tume ehā kari pāriba.) If you try, you will be able to do it.
15.14 ସେ କାମ କରି ଘରକୁ ଆସିଲେ। (se kāma kari gharaku āsile.) He came home after doing his work.
15.15 ବାପା କହନ୍ତି ଯେ ଯିଏ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରେ ନାହିଁ, ସେ କିଛି ଶିଖେ ନାହିଁ। (bāpā kahanti je jie ceṣṭā kare nāhiṁ, se kichhi śikhe nāhiṁ.) Father says that whoever doesn't try learns nothing.
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15.1 ତୁମେ କ'ଣ କରୁଛ?
15.2 ମୁଁ କାମ କରୁଛି।
15.3 ଏହା କର।
15.4 ତାହା କର ନାହିଁ।
15.5 ସେ କ'ଣ କଲା?
15.6 ତୁମେ ତୁମ କାମ କଲ?
15.7 ବାପା ସବୁଦିନ ବିଲରେ କାମ କରନ୍ତି।
15.8 ମୁଁ ତାହା କରି ନାହିଁ।
15.9 ଦୟା କରି ମୋତେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରନ୍ତୁ।
15.10 ଆମେ କାଲି ସେହି କାମ କରିବା।
15.11 ତୁମେ ଯାହା କହିବ, ମୁଁ ତାହା କରିବି।
15.12 ସେ ଆମ ପାଇଁ ବହୁତ କିଛି କରିଛନ୍ତି।
15.13 ଯଦି ତୁମେ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କର, ତେବେ ତୁମେ ଏହା କରି ପାରିବ।
15.14 ସେ କାମ କରି ଘରକୁ ଆସିଲେ।
15.15 ବାପା କହନ୍ତି ଯେ ଯିଏ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରେ ନାହିଁ, ସେ କିଛି ଶିଖେ ନାହିଁ।
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These are the grammar rules for "do" in Odia:
1. The forms of କରିବା. The stem is କର- (kar-). The endings are those of every Odia verb; only the past is irregular. Here are the forms for each person. ତୁ is the intimate "you" (Lesson 14) and ତୁମେ the familiar "you." The respectful third-person forms also serve ଆପଣ, the polite "you," and ସେମାନେ, "they."
The habitual present, "do, does":
- ମୁଁ କରେ (muṁ kare), "I do" - ତୁ କରୁ (tu karu), "you do" (intimate) - ତୁମେ କର (tume kara), "you do" (familiar) - ସେ କରେ (se kare), "he, she does" - ସେ କରନ୍ତି (se karanti), "he, she does" (respectful); ସେମାନେ କରନ୍ତି, "they do"
The present progressive, "am doing":
- ମୁଁ କରୁଛି (muṁ karuchhi), "I am doing" - ତୁ କରୁଛୁ (tu karuchhu), "you are doing" (intimate) - ତୁମେ କରୁଛ (tume karuchha), "you are doing" (familiar) - ସେ କରୁଛି (se karuchhi), "he, she is doing" - ସେ କରୁଛନ୍ତି (se karuchhanti), "he, she is doing" (respectful); "they are doing"
The past, "did":
- ମୁଁ କଲି (muṁ kali), "I did" - ତୁ କଲୁ (tu kalu), "you did" (intimate) - ତୁମେ କଲ (tume kala), "you did" (familiar) - ସେ କଲା (se kalā), "he, she did" - ସେ କଲେ (se kale), "he, she did" (respectful); "they did" - ଆମେ କଲୁ (āme kalu), "we did"
The future, "will do":
- ମୁଁ କରିବି (muṁ karibi), "I will do" - ତୁ କରିବୁ (tu karibu), "you will do" (intimate) - ତୁମେ କରିବ (tume kariba), "you will do" (familiar) - ସେ କରିବ (se kariba), "he, she will do" - ସେ କରିବେ (se karibe), "he, she will do" (respectful); "they will do" - ଆମେ କରିବା (āme karibā), "we will do, let's do" (Lesson 14, Part D)
The perfect, "have done," is built on କରି: ମୁଁ କରିଛି (muṁ karichhi), ସେ କରିଛନ୍ତି (se karichhanti) (15.12). The past progressive, "was doing," is built on କରୁ: ସେ କରୁଥିଲେ (se karuthile), "he was doing" (respectful) (15.22).
2. The irregular past. Every other form keeps କର-, but the past uses କଲ-: କଲି, କଲ, କଲା, କଲେ, କଲୁ (15.5, 15.6, 15.20, 15.26, 15.27). Learn these as words. Notice that କଲେ has a second use: after ଯଦି or on its own it can mean "if (one) does." The Bible translation of Section F says ସେହିପ୍ରକାର କଲେ ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଧନ୍ୟ, "if you do so, you are blessed" (John 13:17).
3. No auxiliary "do" in questions. English needs "do" to make a question; Odia does not. A question-word question keeps the order of a statement, with the question word where the answer would stand: ତୁମେ କ'ଣ କରୁଛ? "you what are-doing?" (15.1); ସେ କ'ଣ କଲା? (15.5). A yes–no question is the statement itself, said with a rising voice: ତୁମେ ତୁମ କାମ କଲ? "Did you do your work?" (15.6). Written Odia may add the particle କି (ki): ମୁଁ ତୁମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି କଅଣ କରିଅଛି, ତାହା କି ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ବୁଝୁଅଛ? "Do you understand what I have done to you?" (John 13:12). In English every one of these has a "do"; in Odia there is a କରିବା only when someone really does something.
4. No auxiliary "do" in negatives. Put ନାହିଁ after the verb:
- ମୁଁ କରେ ନାହିଁ (muṁ kare nāhiṁ), "I don't do"; ସେ କରେ ନାହିଁ, "he doesn't do" (15.15) - ମୁଁ କରୁ ନାହିଁ (muṁ karu nāhiṁ), "I am not doing" - ମୁଁ କରିବି ନାହିଁ (muṁ karibi nāhiṁ), "I won't do" - ମୁଁ କରି ନାହିଁ (muṁ kari nāhiṁ), "I haven't done, I didn't do" (15.8). The negative of the perfect drops ଅଛି, as ଆସି ନାହିଁ did in Lesson 14 (F-D). This is the usual way to deny having done something.
The same rule works for any verb: ଶିଖେ ନାହିଁ, "doesn't learn" (15.15); ଜାଣନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ, "they do not know" (Section E).
5. Commands. To someone you call ତୁମେ, the command is the bare stem with its vowel: କର (kara), "do!" (15.3). To someone you call ଆପଣ, add -ନ୍ତୁ: କରନ୍ତୁ (karantu), "please do" (15.9). "Don't!" is the command + ନାହିଁ: ତାହା କର ନାହିଁ, "don't do that" (15.4). The Bible uses exactly this form: ବିଚାର କର ନାହିଁ, "do not judge" (Luke 6:37). Notice that the familiar command କର and the familiar present କର are the same word: in 15.13, ଯଦି ତୁମେ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କର means "if you try," not "try!" Section F's verse plays on this.
6. Noun + କରିବା. କରିବା is the commonest "light verb" in Odia. The noun carries the meaning; କରିବା carries the tense and the person:
- କାମ କରିବା (kāma karibā), "to work" (15.2, 15.7) - ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରିବା (ceṣṭā karibā), "to try" (15.13, 15.15) - ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିବା (sāhājya karibā), "to help" (15.9, 15.21) - ସଫା କରିବା (saphā karibā), "to clean" (15.20) - ପୂଜା କରିବା (pūjā karibā), "to worship, to do puja" (15.23) - ତିଆରି କରିବା (tiāri karibā), "to make" (15.27) - କ୍ଷମା କରିବା (kṣamā karibā), "to forgive"; ଦୟା କରିବା (dayā karibā), "to have mercy"; ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା (byabahāra karibā), "to treat, to behave towards" (Section F)
The two parts stay side by side, and ନାହିଁ comes after the whole: ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରେ ନାହିଁ, "doesn't try" (15.15). With ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିବା the person helped takes -କୁ: ମୋତେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରନ୍ତୁ, "help me" (15.9); ମାଙ୍କୁ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କଲା, "helped Mother" (15.21). Each noun keeps its own construction: with ଉପକାର, "benefit," the person is in the genitive, ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କର ଉପକାର କରନ୍ତୁ, "do us good, help us" (Mark 9:22).
7. କରି, "having done." The conjunctive participle in -ଇ joins two actions done one after the other, as ଶୁଣି, "having heard," did in Lesson 14: ସେ କାମ କରି ଘରକୁ ଆସିଲେ, "having done the work, he came home" (15.14). Two set uses: ଦୟା କରି, "having done mercy," is the Odia "please" (15.9); and କରି ପାରିବା, "to be able to do," puts କରି before ପାରିବା, "to be able": ଏହା କରି ପାରିବ, "you will be able to do it" (15.13).
8. "Do" that is not କରିବା. Do not translate every English "do" with କରିବା. "How do you do?", "that will do," "do the dishes" and the auxiliary "do" all have other Odia equivalents or none. Ask first: is somebody performing an action? Only then use କରିବା.
Common Mistakes:
- Looking for a word for the auxiliary "do." "Do you know?" is simply ତୁମେ ଜାଣ? (tume jāṇa?), "you know?", with no କରିବା - Making a regular past. Say କଲି, କଲା, କଲେ, never a form with -ରିଲ- - Putting ନାହିଁ before the verb. Incorrect: ମୁଁ ନାହିଁ କରେ. Correct: ମୁଁ କରେ ନାହିଁ - Separating the noun from କରିବା with ନାହିଁ. Incorrect: ଚେଷ୍ଟା ନାହିଁ କରେ. Correct: ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରେ ନାହିଁ - Using the familiar କର to an elder. To a parent, teacher or stranger say କରନ୍ତୁ (15.9) - Confusing the future ଆମେ କରିବା, "we will do," with the verbal noun କରିବା, "doing." Look for ଆମେ, or for ପାଇଁ after it
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A language of doing. Odia, like Bengali and Hindi, builds a great many verbs from a noun + its verb "to do." Many of these nouns come from Sanskrit and belong to careful speech: ଆହ୍ୱାନ କରିବା, "to summon" (Lesson 14); ପ୍ରବେଶ କରିବା, "to enter"; ସମ୍ବୋଧନ କରିବା, "to address." Others are everyday words: କାମ, ସଫା, ତିଆରି. Once you know କରିବା, every new noun of action gives you a new verb.
ଦୟା କରି, "please." Much of the courtesy of an Odia request is already in the polite command ending -ନ୍ତୁ (15.9). The usual word for "please," ଦୟା କରି, is itself a କରିବା phrase: "having done mercy, kindly." The Bible uses the phrase in its full sense: a father asks Jesus to help his son, ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ଦୟା କରି ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କର ଉପକାର କରନ୍ତୁ, "have mercy on us and help us" (Mark 9:22). That one verse has three କରିବା verbs: ଦୟା କରି, ଉପକାର କରନ୍ତୁ, and, earlier, କିଛି କରି ପାରନ୍ତି, "you can do anything."
ପୂଜା କରିବା. ପୂଜା, which in Lesson 14 named the great autumn festivals, is first of all an act: worship, done with flowers, lamp and prayer. One does not "say" or "attend" a puja in Odia; one does it, ପୂଜା କରେ. In the narrative below, Grandma spends Sunday morning doing ପୂଜା on the veranda (15.23).
ରବି and ରବିବାର. ରବି (rabi) means "the sun," and it is a common boy's name. ରବିବାର (rabibāra), "the sun's day," is Sunday, built like ସୋମବାର, "Monday" (Lesson 14, F-D). So the title of the narrative, ରବିର ରବିବାର, is a small pun: "Rabi's Sunday," or "the sun's sun-day."
"They know not what they do." One of the best-known sentences in the Gospels is about doing. In the Odia Bible of Section F it reads: ପିତଃ, ଏମାନଙ୍କୁ କ୍ଷମା କର, କାରଣ ଏମାନେ କଅଣ କରୁଅଛନ୍ତି, ତାହା ଜାଣନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ। "Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing" (Luke 23:34). Look at the grammar: କ୍ଷମା କର, "forgive!", is a light verb in the command form; କଅଣ କରୁଅଛନ୍ତି, "what they are doing," is the real "do"; and ଜାଣନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ, "they do not know," has no "do" at all. The edition spells "what" as କଅଣ; the lesson writes the modern contraction କ'ଣ.
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From the Odia Bible, the Gospel of Luke 6:31 and 6:46, in the Odia Old Version (re-edited) of the Bible Society of India (© 2014 The Bible Society of India), the edition cited in Lessons 10 to 14. Both verses come from the Sermon on the Plain. Verse 31 is the Golden Rule. Verse 46 is a reproach to those who call Jesus "Lord" but do not do what he says. The first uses କର twice, once as a statement and once as a command. The second shows exactly where English needs "do" and Odia does not.
31a ଲୋକମାନେ people ତୁମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କ you-all ପ୍ରତି towards ଯେପ୍ରକାର in-which-way ବ୍ୟବହାର behaviour କରନ୍ତୁ should-do ବୋଲି that ଇଚ୍ଛା wish କର you-do ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ you-all ସେମାନଙ୍କ them ପ୍ରତି towards ସେହିପ୍ରକାର in-that-way କର do
31b lokamāne (LO-kaw-maa-ne) person-PL.NOM tumbhamānaṅka (TUM-bhaw-maa-nawng-kaw) you-PL.ARCH-GEN.OBL prati (PRAW-ti) towards-POSTP jeprakāra (JE-praw-kaa-raw) which-REL-manner byabahāra (BYAW-baw-haa-raw) behaviour karantu (KAW-rawn-tu) do-IMP.3PL=should-do boli (BO-li) QUOT=that icchhā (ICH-chhaa) wish kara (KAW-raw) do-HAB.2PL tumbhemāne (TUM-bhe-maa-ne) you-PL.ARCH.NOM semānaṅka (SE-maa-nawng-kaw) that-PL-GEN.OBL=them prati (PRAW-ti) towards-POSTP sehiprakāra (SE-hi-praw-kaa-raw) that-CORREL-manner kara (KAW-raw) do-IMP.2PL
46a ଆଉ and ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ you-all କାହିଁକି why ମୋତେ me ପ୍ରଭୁ Lord ପ୍ରଭୁ Lord ବୋଲି as ସମ୍ଵୋଧନ address କରୁଅଛ are-doing ମାତ୍ର but ମୋହର my ବାକ୍ୟ word ପାଳନ keeping କରୁ doing ନାହଁ not
46b āu (AA-u) and tumbhemāne (TUM-bhe-maa-ne) you-PL.ARCH.NOM kāhiṁki (KAA-hĩ-ki) why-Q mote (MO-te) I-1SG.ACC prabhu (PRAW-bhu) lord prabhu (PRAW-bhu) lord boli (BO-li) QUOT=as sambodhana (SAWM-bo-dhaw-naw) address karuachha (KAW-ru-aw-chhaw) do-PROG.2PL mātra (MAAT-raw) but mohara (MO-haw-raw) I-GEN.ARCH=my bākya (BAAK-yaw) word pāḷana (PAA-law-naw) keeping karu (KAW-ru) do-IPFV.PTCP nāhaṁ (NAA-hã) NEG.2PL
ଲୋକମାନେ ତୁମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ଯେପ୍ରକାର ବ୍ୟବହାର କରନ୍ତୁ ବୋଲି ଇଚ୍ଛା କର, ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ସେହିପ୍ରକାର କର। (Luke 6:31)
"As you wish that others would do to you, do so to them."
ଆଉ, ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ କାହିଁକି ମୋତେ ପ୍ରଭୁ, ପ୍ରଭୁ ବୋଲି ସମ୍ଵୋଧନ କରୁଅଛ, ମାତ୍ର ମୋହର ବାକ୍ୟ ପାଳନ କରୁ ନାହଁ? (Luke 6:46)
"Why do you call me 'Lord, Lord,' and not do what I tell you?"
ଲୋକମାନେ ତୁମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ଯେପ୍ରକାର ବ୍ୟବହାର କରନ୍ତୁ ବୋଲି ଇଚ୍ଛା କର, ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ସେହିପ୍ରକାର କର।
ଆଉ, ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ କାହିଁକି ମୋତେ ପ୍ରଭୁ, ପ୍ରଭୁ ବୋଲି ସମ୍ଵୋଧନ କରୁଅଛ, ମାତ୍ର ମୋହର ବାକ୍ୟ ପାଳନ କରୁ ନାହଁ?
ଇଚ୍ଛା କର … ସେହିପ୍ରକାର କର, "you wish … do likewise." The same word କର appears twice and does two different jobs (rule 5). In ଇଚ୍ଛା କର it is the present: "you wish," literally "you do wishing." At the end of the verse it is a command, "do!" Only the sense tells them apart. Notice also that the first କର is a light verb (ଇଚ୍ଛା କରିବା, "to wish") and the second is the plain verb "to do."
ଯେପ୍ରକାର … ସେହିପ୍ରକାର, "in which way … in that way." This is the relative–correlative pair of Lesson 13, here for manner: ପ୍ରକାର means "kind, way." The same edition also uses the shorter pair ଯେପରି … ସେପରି in a verse on the same theme: ତୁମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ମୁଁ ଯେପରି କରିଅଛି, ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଯେ ସେପରି କର, "that you also should do just as I have done to you" (John 13:15).
ବ୍ୟବହାର କରନ୍ତୁ ବୋଲି ଇଚ୍ଛା କର, "you wish that they should treat (you)." ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା, "to treat, to behave towards," takes the person with ପ୍ରତି, "towards." The verb is in the third-person command form -ନ୍ତୁ: "let them treat." With ବୋଲି, "saying," it becomes the content of the wish: "you wish, saying 'let them treat (me) so.'"
କାହିଁକି … ସମ୍ଵୋଧନ କରୁଅଛ … ପାଳନ କରୁ ନାହଁ, "why do you call … and do not keep." English needs "do" twice to make this question and its negative. Odia needs it not at all (rules 3 and 4): the question word କାହିଁକି, "why," stands before the verb, and the negative is ନାହଁ after it. The only କରିବା forms here are the light verbs ସମ୍ବୋଧନ କରିବା, "to address," and ପାଳନ କରିବା, "to keep, to obey." The English "do" disappears; the Odia "do" stays, but only to carry the nouns.
The older forms. This translation keeps an older, literary Odia. ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ (tumbhemāne), "you all," corresponds to the modern ତୁମେମାନେ. ତୁମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କ is its oblique form. ମୋହର is an older form of ମୋର, "my." The full progressive କରୁଅଛ is the modern contracted କରୁଛ (as କରୁଅଛନ୍ତି is କରୁଛନ୍ତି in Section E). ନାହଁ is the form of the negative used here after "you"; the lesson's own sentences use ନାହିଁ throughout. The negative progressive is the -ଉ form + ନାହଁ, with no ଅଛ: କରୁ ନାହଁ, "you are not doing." Compare ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଏବେ ଜାଣୁ ନାହଁ, "you do not know now" (John 13:7).
Script note. In Lesson 14, the edition's ଵ (U+0B35) stood where modern spelling uses ୱ (wa). Here it stands where modern spelling has ବ: the edition writes ସମ୍ଵୋଧନ, modern Odia ସମ୍ବୋଧନ (sambodhana), from Sanskrit सम्बोधन. The quotation keeps the edition's spelling; the lesson's commentary uses the modern one.
Go and do likewise. The same edition ends the parable of the Good Samaritan with the plain command form of କରିବା: ଯାଅ, ତୁମ୍ଭେ ମଧ୍ୟ ସେହି-ପ୍ରକାର କର, "Go, and you also do likewise" (Luke 10:37). And it gives the irregular past in Jesus' words ମୁଁ ଗୋଟିଏ କର୍ମ କଲି, "I did one deed" (John 7:21). There କର୍ମ, "deed," and କଲି, "I did," come from the same root.
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Rabi (ରବି), the younger brother of Lesson 14, has a free day. The narrative follows him and his family through a Sunday. Rabi and his sister Lipi are children, so the narrator uses the plain forms for them (କଲା, କହିଲା); Mother, Father and Grandma get the respectful forms (କଲେ, କହିଲେ). In this family Mother speaks to Rabi with ତୁମେ.
15.16a ରବିବାର Sunday ଦିନ day ସ୍କୁଲ school ବନ୍ଦ closed ଥିଲା was
15.16b rabibāra (RAW-bi-baa-raw) sun-day=Sunday dina (DI-naw) day skula (SKU-law) school banda (BAWN-daw) closed thilā (THI-laa) be-PST.3SG
15.17a ସକାଳେ in-morning ମା' mother ରବିକୁ Rabi ପଚାରିଲେ asked ଆଜି today ତୁମେ you କ'ଣ what କରିବ will-do
15.17b sakāḷe (SAW-kaa-le) morning-LOC mā' (maa) mother rabiku (RAW-bi-ku) Rabi-ACC pacārile (PAW-chaa-ri-le) ask-PST.3.HON āji (AA-ji) today tume (TU-me) you-2.FAMILIAR.NOM ka'ṇa (KAW-naw) what-Q kariba (KAW-ri-baw) do-FUT.2.FAMILIAR
15.18a ରବି Rabi କହିଲା said ମୁଁ I ଦିନସାରା all-day ଖେଳିବି will-play
15.18b rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi kahilā (KAW-hi-laa) say-PST.3SG muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM dinasārā (DI-naw-saa-raa) day-whole kheḷibi (KHE-li-bi) play-FUT.1SG
15.19a ମା' mother କହିଲେ said ଆଗେ first ଘରର of-house କାମ work କର do ପରେ later ଖେଳ play
15.19b mā' (maa) mother kahile (KAW-hi-le) say-PST.3.HON āge (AA-ge) first gharara (GHAW-raw-raw) house-GEN kāma (KAA-maw) work kara (KAW-raw) do-IMP.2.FAMILIAR pare (PAW-re) later kheḷa (KHE-law) play-IMP.2.FAMILIAR
15.20a ରବି Rabi ପ୍ରଥମେ first ନିଜ own କୋଠରୀ room ସଫା clean କଲା did
15.20b rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi prathame (PRAW-thaw-me) first nija (NI-jaw) self=own koṭharī (KO-thaw-ree) room saphā (SAW-phaa) clean kalā (KAW-laa) do-PST.3SG
15.21a ଲିପି Lipi ରୋଷେଇରେ in-cooking ମାଙ୍କୁ mother ସାହାଯ୍ୟ help କଲା did
15.21b lipi (LI-pi) Lipi roṣeire (RO-se-i-re) cooking-LOC māṅku (MAANG-ku) mother-ACC.HON sāhājya (SAA-haaj-jaw) help kalā (KAW-laa) do-PST.3SG
15.22a ବାପା father ବଗିଚାରେ in-garden କାମ work କରୁଥିଲେ was-doing
15.22b bāpā (BAA-paa) father bagicāre (BAW-gi-chaa-re) garden-LOC kāma (KAA-maw) work karuthile (KAW-ru-thi-le) do-PST.PROG.3.HON
15.23a ଜେଜେମା grandmother ବାରଣ୍ଡାରେ on-veranda ବସି having-sat ପୂଜା worship କରୁଥିଲେ was-doing
15.23b jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother bāraṇḍāre (BAA-rawn-daa-re) veranda-LOC basi (BAW-si) sit-CVB pūjā (POO-jaa) worship karuthile (KAW-ru-thi-le) do-PST.PROG.3.HON
15.24a ଖାଇବା eating ପରେ after ରବି Rabi ପଚାରିଲା asked ମୁଁ I ସବୁ all କାମ work କଲି did ଏବେ now ଖେଳିବାକୁ to-play ଯିବି shall-go
15.24b khāibā (KHAA-i-baa) eat-VN pare (PAW-re) after-POSTP rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi pacārilā (PAW-chaa-ri-laa) ask-PST.3SG muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM sabu (SAW-bu) all kāma (KAA-maw) work kali (KAW-li) do-PST.1SG ebe (E-be) now kheḷibāku (KHE-li-baa-ku) play-VN-DAT=to-play jibi (JI-bi) go-FUT.1SG
15.25a ମା' mother କହିଲେ said ହଁ yes ଯାଅ go ତୁମେ you ଆଜି today ଭଲ good କାମ work କଲ did
15.25b mā' (maa) mother kahile (KAW-hi-le) say-PST.3.HON haṁ (hã) yes jāa (JAA-aw) go-IMP.2.FAMILIAR tume (TU-me) you-2.FAMILIAR.NOM āji (AA-ji) today bhala (BHAW-law) good kāma (KAA-maw) work kala (KAW-law) do-PST.2.FAMILIAR
15.26a ସେଦିନ that-day ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟାରେ in-evening ରବି Rabi ଜେଜେମାଙ୍କୁ grandmother ପଚାରିଲା asked ଜେଜେମା grandmother ଆପଣ you ଦିନସାରା all-day କ'ଣ what କଲେ did
15.26b sedina (SE-di-naw) that-day sandhyāre (SAWN-dhyaa-re) evening-LOC rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi jejemāṅku (JE-je-maang-ku) grandmother-ACC.HON pacārilā (PAW-chaa-ri-laa) ask-PST.3SG jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother-VOC āpaṇa (AA-paw-naw) you-2.POLITE.NOM dinasārā (DI-naw-saa-raa) day-whole ka'ṇa (KAW-naw) what-Q kale (KAW-le) do-PST.HON
15.27a ଜେଜେମା grandmother କହିଲେ said ମୁଁ I ପୂଜା worship କଲି did ଆଉ and ତୁମ your ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କ all ପାଇଁ for ପିଠା cakes ତିଆରି made କଲି did
15.27b jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother kahile (KAW-hi-le) say-PST.3.HON muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM pūjā (POO-jaa) worship kali (KAW-li) do-PST.1SG āu (AA-u) and tuma (TU-maw) you-2.FAMILIAR.GEN.SHORT samastaṅka (SAW-maws-tawng-kaw) all-PL.GEN.OBL pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP piṭhā (PI-thaa) cake tiāri (TI-aa-ri) made kali (KAW-li) do-PST.1SG
15.28a ରବି Rabi କହିଲା said ଆପଣ you ସବୁବେଳେ always ଆମ us ପାଇଁ for କିଛି something ନା or କିଛି something କରନ୍ତି do
15.28b rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi kahilā (KAW-hi-laa) say-PST.3SG āpaṇa (AA-paw-naw) you-2.POLITE.NOM sabubeḷe (SAW-bu-be-le) all-time=always āma (AA-maw) we-1PL.GEN.SHORT pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP kichhi (KI-chhi) something nā (naa) or-NEG kichhi (KI-chhi) something karanti (KAW-rawn-ti) do-HAB.HON
15.29a ଜେଜେମା grandmother ହସି having-smiled କହିଲେ said ଯିଏ who ଭଲ good ପାଏ finds ସେ he କରେ does
15.29b jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother hasi (HAW-si) smile-CVB kahile (KAW-hi-le) say-PST.3.HON jie (JI-e) who-REL bhala (BHAW-law) good pāe (PAA-e) get-HAB.3SG=loves se (se) he-3SG.NOM=CORREL kare (KAW-re) do-HAB.3SG
15.30a ସେଦିନ that-day ରାତିରେ at-night ଶୋଇବା sleeping ଆଗରୁ before ରବି Rabi ଭାବିଲା thought କାଲି tomorrow ମୁଁ I ଜେଜେମାଙ୍କ grandmother ପାଇଁ for କିଛି something କରିବି will-do
15.30b sedina (SE-di-naw) that-day rātire (RAA-ti-re) night-LOC śoibā (SO-i-baa) sleep-VN āgaru (AA-gaw-ru) before-POSTP rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi bhābilā (BHAA-bi-laa) think-PST.3SG kāli (KAA-li) tomorrow muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM jejemāṅka (JE-je-maang-kaw) grandmother-GEN.HON pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP kichhi (KI-chhi) something karibi (KAW-ri-bi) do-FUT.1SG
15.16 ରବିବାର ଦିନ ସ୍କୁଲ ବନ୍ଦ ଥିଲା। (rabibāra dina skula banda thilā.) On Sunday the school was closed.
15.17 ସକାଳେ ମା' ରବିକୁ ପଚାରିଲେ, "ଆଜି ତୁମେ କ'ଣ କରିବ?" (sakāḷe mā' rabiku pacārile, "āji tume ka'ṇa kariba?") In the morning Mother asked Rabi, "What will you do today?"
15.18 ରବି କହିଲା, "ମୁଁ ଦିନସାରା ଖେଳିବି।" (rabi kahilā, "muṁ dinasārā kheḷibi.") Rabi said, "I'll play all day."
15.19 ମା' କହିଲେ, "ଆଗେ ଘରର କାମ କର, ପରେ ଖେଳ।" (mā' kahile, "āge gharara kāma kara, pare kheḷa.") Mother said, "First do the housework, then play."
15.20 ରବି ପ୍ରଥମେ ନିଜ କୋଠରୀ ସଫା କଲା। (rabi prathame nija koṭharī saphā kalā.) First Rabi cleaned his own room.
15.21 ଲିପି ରୋଷେଇରେ ମାଙ୍କୁ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କଲା। (lipi roṣeire māṅku sāhājya kalā.) Lipi helped Mother with the cooking.
15.22 ବାପା ବଗିଚାରେ କାମ କରୁଥିଲେ। (bāpā bagicāre kāma karuthile.) Father was working in the garden.
15.23 ଜେଜେମା ବାରଣ୍ଡାରେ ବସି ପୂଜା କରୁଥିଲେ। (jejemā bāraṇḍāre basi pūjā karuthile.) Grandma was sitting on the veranda doing her puja.
15.24 ଖାଇବା ପରେ ରବି ପଚାରିଲା, "ମୁଁ ସବୁ କାମ କଲି। ଏବେ ଖେଳିବାକୁ ଯିବି?" (khāibā pare rabi pacārilā, "muṁ sabu kāma kali. ebe kheḷibāku jibi?") After the meal Rabi asked, "I've done all my jobs. Can I go and play now?"
15.25 ମା' କହିଲେ, "ହଁ, ଯାଅ। ତୁମେ ଆଜି ଭଲ କାମ କଲ।" (mā' kahile, "haṁ, jāa. tume āji bhala kāma kala.") Mother said, "Yes, go. You did good work today."
15.26 ସେଦିନ ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟାରେ ରବି ଜେଜେମାଙ୍କୁ ପଚାରିଲା, "ଜେଜେମା, ଆପଣ ଦିନସାରା କ'ଣ କଲେ?" (sedina sandhyāre rabi jejemāṅku pacārilā, "jejemā, āpaṇa dinasārā ka'ṇa kale?") That evening Rabi asked Grandma, "Grandma, what did you do all day?"
15.27 ଜେଜେମା କହିଲେ, "ମୁଁ ପୂଜା କଲି, ଆଉ ତୁମ ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ପିଠା ତିଆରି କଲି।" (jejemā kahile, "muṁ pūjā kali, āu tuma samastaṅka pāiṁ piṭhā tiāri kali.") Grandma said, "I did my puja, and I made pitha for all of you."
15.28 ରବି କହିଲା, "ଆପଣ ସବୁବେଳେ ଆମ ପାଇଁ କିଛି ନା କିଛି କରନ୍ତି।" (rabi kahilā, "āpaṇa sabubeḷe āma pāiṁ kichhi nā kichhi karanti.") Rabi said, "You're always doing something or other for us."
15.29 ଜେଜେମା ହସି କହିଲେ, "ଯିଏ ଭଲ ପାଏ, ସେ କରେ।" (jejemā hasi kahile, "jie bhala pāe, se kare.") Grandma smiled and said, "Whoever loves, does."
15.30 ସେଦିନ ରାତିରେ ଶୋଇବା ଆଗରୁ ରବି ଭାବିଲା, "କାଲି ମୁଁ ଜେଜେମାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ କିଛି କରିବି।" (sedina rātire śoibā āgaru rabi bhābilā, "kāli muṁ jejemāṅka pāiṁ kichhi karibi.") That night, before he went to sleep, Rabi thought, "Tomorrow I'll do something for Grandma."
15.16 ରବିବାର ଦିନ ସ୍କୁଲ ବନ୍ଦ ଥିଲା।
15.17 ସକାଳେ ମା' ରବିକୁ ପଚାରିଲେ, "ଆଜି ତୁମେ କ'ଣ କରିବ?"
15.18 ରବି କହିଲା, "ମୁଁ ଦିନସାରା ଖେଳିବି।"
15.19 ମା' କହିଲେ, "ଆଗେ ଘରର କାମ କର, ପରେ ଖେଳ।"
15.20 ରବି ପ୍ରଥମେ ନିଜ କୋଠରୀ ସଫା କଲା।
15.21 ଲିପି ରୋଷେଇରେ ମାଙ୍କୁ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କଲା।
15.22 ବାପା ବଗିଚାରେ କାମ କରୁଥିଲେ।
15.23 ଜେଜେମା ବାରଣ୍ଡାରେ ବସି ପୂଜା କରୁଥିଲେ।
15.24 ଖାଇବା ପରେ ରବି ପଚାରିଲା, "ମୁଁ ସବୁ କାମ କଲି। ଏବେ ଖେଳିବାକୁ ଯିବି?"
15.25 ମା' କହିଲେ, "ହଁ, ଯାଅ। ତୁମେ ଆଜି ଭଲ କାମ କଲ।"
15.26 ସେଦିନ ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟାରେ ରବି ଜେଜେମାଙ୍କୁ ପଚାରିଲା, "ଜେଜେମା, ଆପଣ ଦିନସାରା କ'ଣ କଲେ?"
15.27 ଜେଜେମା କହିଲେ, "ମୁଁ ପୂଜା କଲି, ଆଉ ତୁମ ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ପିଠା ତିଆରି କଲି।"
15.28 ରବି କହିଲା, "ଆପଣ ସବୁବେଳେ ଆମ ପାଇଁ କିଛି ନା କିଛି କରନ୍ତି।"
15.29 ଜେଜେମା ହସି କହିଲେ, "ଯିଏ ଭଲ ପାଏ, ସେ କରେ।"
15.30 ସେଦିନ ରାତିରେ ଶୋଇବା ଆଗରୁ ରବି ଭାବିଲା, "କାଲି ମୁଁ ଜେଜେମାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ କିଛି କରିବି।"
A day of doing. Almost every line has a form of କରିବା, and the tenses of Section D appear in turn:
- Future: କରିବ (15.17), କରିବି (15.30) - Command: କର (15.19) - Past, plain: କଲା (15.20, 15.21); first person କଲି (15.24, 15.27); familiar କଲ (15.25); respectful କଲେ (15.26) - Past progressive, "was doing": କରୁଥିଲେ (15.22, 15.23) - Habitual present: କରନ୍ତି (15.28), କରେ (15.29) - Light verbs: ସଫା କଲା (15.20), ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କଲା (15.21), କାମ କରୁଥିଲେ (15.22), ପୂଜା କରୁଥିଲେ (15.23), ତିଆରି କଲି (15.27)
The narrator's two registers. The narrator says ରବି କହିଲା but ମା' କହିଲେ. Children take the plain third person (-ଲା); parents and grandparents take the respectful form (-ଲେ). Rabi in turn calls his grandmother ଆପଣ and uses the respectful verb with it: ଆପଣ … କ'ଣ କଲେ? (15.26); ଆପଣ … କରନ୍ତି (15.28).
The past progressive -ଉଥିଲେ. କରୁଥିଲେ is କରୁ (the -ଉ form of the progressive) + ଥିଲେ (the past of "to be"): "was doing." Use it for the background of a story, what was going on while something else happened: Father was working, Grandma was doing her puja (15.22–15.23). The same edition of the Bible has it in ଲୋକମାନେ ଠିଆ ହୋଇ ଦେଖୁଥିଲେ, "the people stood watching" (Luke 23:35).
Questions without "do." ଆଜି ତୁମେ କ'ଣ କରିବ? (15.17), ଏବେ ଖେଳିବାକୁ ଯିବି? (15.24), ଆପଣ ଦିନସାରା କ'ଣ କଲେ? (15.26): three questions, and none has an extra word for "do." 15.24 is a yes–no question, recognised only by the voice and the question mark.
ପରେ and ଆଗରୁ. Both follow the verbal noun in -ବା, just as ପାଇଁ does: ଖାଇବା ପରେ, "after eating" (15.24); ଶୋଇବା ଆଗରୁ, "before sleeping" (15.30). On its own ପରେ means "later, afterwards" (15.19).
କିଛି ନା କିଛି, "something or other" (15.28). The doubled pronoun with ନା between the two halves means "one thing or another." It is a set phrase.
ଯିଏ ଭଲ ପାଏ, ସେ କରେ (15.29). Grandma's answer uses the ଯିଏ … ସେ pair of Lesson 13 and the habitual present of rule 1: "the one who loves is the one who does." ଭଲ ପାଇବା, "to love, to like" (Lesson 14), is here used without an object. This is Grandma's own saying, made for the story; it is not a proverb.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
Respelling key. As in the earlier lessons: capitals mark the syllable to stress lightly (usually the first). "aw" is the Odia inherent vowel ଅ [ɔ], as in English law. "aa" is ଆ [aː], as in father. A tilde (ã, ĩ, ũ, ẽ) marks a nasal vowel, written with the candrabindu ଁ.
The key forms:
- କରିବା (karibā) [kɔɾibaː]: "KAW-ri-baa." The ର is a single tap of the tongue, never the English r sound - କରୁଛି (karuchhi) [kɔɾut͡ʃʰi]: "KAW-ru-chhi." The ଛ is a ch with a puff of breath - କଲି, କଲା, କଲେ (kali, kalā, kale) [kɔli], [kɔlaː], [kɔle]: "KAW-li," "KAW-laa," "KAW-le." Keep the first vowel the round aw, not the a of cat - କରନ୍ତୁ (karantu) [kɔɾɔnt̪u]: "KAW-rawn-tu," with a dental ତ - ଚେଷ୍ଟା (ceṣṭā) [t͡ʃesʈaː]: "CHES-taa." The ଷ is [s] (Lesson 12), and the ଟ is retroflex, the tongue tip curled back - ସାହାଯ୍ୟ (sāhājya): "SAA-haaj-jaw." The conjunct ଯ୍ୟ is said as a long j - ନାହଁ (nāhaṁ) [naːɦɔ̃]: "NAA-hã," the edition's negative in Section F, with a nasal final vowel
Sounds absent from English:
- ଠ (ṭha) in କୋଠରୀ, ପିଠା: a retroflex t with a puff of breath. - ଳ (ḷa) in ଖେଳିବି, ସକାଳେ, ସବୁବେଳେ, ପାଳନ: the retroflex lateral, an l with the tongue tip curled back. - ଣ୍ଡ (ṇḍa) in ବାରଣ୍ଡା: a retroflex n + d, both with the tongue curled back. - ଫ (pha) in ସଫା: an aspirated p, a p with a puff of breath. - ଭ, ଘ, ଖ in ଭଲ, ଘରକୁ, ଖେଳ: b, g and k with a strong breath after them. In ଭଲ the breath is "breathy," a murmured bh.
Intonation. A yes–no question has no question word and no "do," so the voice does all the work: it rises at the end. ତୁମେ ତୁମ କାମ କଲ ↗? "Did you do your work?" (15.6) Said with a falling voice, the same words are a statement: "You did your work." In a question-word question the high point falls on the question word: ସେ କ'ଣ ↗ କଲା ↘? (15.5)
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
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Course Index: [latinum.substack.com/p/index](https://latinum.substack.com/p/index)