What does "he" mean in Odia?
English "he" is the pronoun for a man or a boy who has already been mentioned: "Where is Rabi? He is at school." Odia uses ସେ (se) for this. You have met it in almost every lesson so far. This lesson looks at it closely, because it works differently from English "he" in three ways.
1. ସେ has no gender. ସେ means "he," and it also means "she." Lesson 10 said this in passing; here it is the main point. ସେ ଘରେ ଅଛି (se ghare achhi) can be "he is at home" or "she is at home." Odia verbs do not show gender either, so nothing in the sentence tells you which. Only the context, or a noun, does that: ମୋ ଭାଇ (mo bhāi), "my brother"; ମୋ ଭଉଣୀ (mo bhauṇī), "my sister."
2. ସେ shows respect instead. English chooses between "he" and "she." Odia chooses between the plain and the respectful, and it shows the choice in the verb. ସେ ଆସିଲା (se āsilā), "he came," is said of a child, a younger brother or a close friend. ସେ ଆସିଲେ (se āsile), "he came," is said of a father, a teacher, a guest or a stranger. The pronoun is the same; the ending of the verb carries the respect. You met the two endings in Lesson 15: କଲା for Rabi, କଲେ for his mother.
3. The other cases use another stem. "Him" and "his" are not built on ସେ but on ତା- (tā-):
- plain: ତାକୁ (tāku), "him"; ତାର or ତା' (tāra, tā'), "his" - respectful: ତାଙ୍କୁ (tāṅku), "him"; ତାଙ୍କର or ତାଙ୍କ (tāṅkara, tāṅka), "his"
You have already used most of these: ତାର ଗୋଟିଏ କୁକୁର ଥିଲା, "he had a dog" (Lesson 11), and ତାଙ୍କ ଆଖିରେ ଲୁହ ଥିଲା, "she had tears in her eyes" (Lesson 11). Again, the same forms serve for "her."
There is also a "he" for someone who is near: ଏ (e), "this one, he here." You say it when you introduce someone: ଏ ମୋ ସାଙ୍ଗ (e mo sāṅga), "this is my friend." ସେ points away, ଏ points here, just as ତାହା and ଏହା do for things (Lesson 10).
Where the word comes from. ସେ goes back to Sanskrit सः (saḥ), "he, that." The same word gives Bengali সে, also "he, she." It is close to the demonstrative ସେହି, "that" (Lesson 13). In some phrases ସେ itself still means "that": ସେଦିନ (sedina), "that day," as in Lesson 15.
A note on the script. ସେ is one letter: the consonant ସ (sa) with the vowel sign େ (e), which is written in front of its consonant, on the left. So you read ସେ as "se," though the eye meets the vowel sign first. ତାଙ୍କ is ତ with ା, then the conjunct ଙ୍କ (ṅ + k): ଙ (ṅa) with a small କ (ka) written beneath it. Its sound is the nk of English ink.
- ସେ (se) means "he" and also "she"; Odia pronouns have no gender - The verb shows respect, not gender: ସେ ଆସିଲା "he came" (plain), ସେ ଆସିଲେ "he came" (respectful) - "Him": ତାକୁ (plain), ତାଙ୍କୁ (respectful) - "His": ତାର / ତା' (plain), ତାଙ୍କର / ତାଙ୍କ (respectful) - ଏ (e), "this one, he here," for someone present: ଏ ମୋ ସାଙ୍ଗ, "this is my friend" - When "his" means "his own," Odia prefers ନିଜ (nija): ସେ ନିଜ ଘରକୁ ଗଲା, "he went to his own home" - When the person is clear, ସେ is often left out
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16.1a ସେ he ଆସିଲା came
16.1b se (se) he-3SG.NOM āsilā (AA-si-laa) come-PST.3SG
16.2a ସେ he ମୋ my ଭାଇ brother
16.2b se (se) he-3SG.NOM mo (mo) I-1SG.GEN.SHORT bhāi (BHAA-i) brother
16.3a ସେ he କିଏ who
16.3b se (se) he-3SG.NOM kie (KI-e) who-Q
16.4a ସେ he ଆସିଲେ came
16.4b se (se) he-3.HON.NOM āsile (AA-si-le) come-PST.3.HON
16.5a ତାକୁ him ଡାକ call
16.5b tāku (TAA-ku) he-3SG.ACC ḍāka (DAA-kaw) call-IMP.2.FAMILIAR
16.6a ତାର his ନାମ name ରବି Rabi
16.6b tāra (TAA-raw) he-3SG.GEN nāma (NAA-maw) name rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi
16.7a ଲିପି Lipi କାହିଁ where ସେ she ଘରେ at-home ଅଛି is
16.7b lipi (LI-pi) Lipi kāhiṁ (KAA-hĩ) where-Q se (se) she-3SG.NOM ghare (GHAW-re) house-LOC achhi (AW-chhi) be-EXIST.3SG
16.8a ମୁଁ I ତାଙ୍କୁ him ଜାଣେ know ନାହିଁ not
16.8b muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM tāṅku (TAANG-ku) he-3.HON.ACC jāṇe (JAA-ne) know-HAB.1SG nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) NEG
16.9a ମୋ my ବାପା father ଜଣେ a ଶିକ୍ଷକ teacher ସେ he ସ୍କୁଲରେ at-school ପଢ଼ାନ୍ତି teaches
16.9b mo (mo) I-1SG.GEN.SHORT bāpā (BAA-paa) father jaṇe (JAW-ne) one-CLF.PERSON=a śikṣaka (SIK-khaw-kaw) teacher se (se) he-3.HON.NOM skulare (SKU-law-re) school-LOC paṛhānti (PAW-rhaan-ti) teach-HAB.3.HON
16.10a ଏ this-one ମୋ my ସାଙ୍ଗ friend ତା' his ନାମ name ସୋନୁ Sonu
16.10b e (e) this-one-3SG.PROX.NOM mo (mo) I-1SG.GEN.SHORT sāṅga (SAANG-gaw) friend tā' (taa) he-3SG.GEN.SHORT nāma (NAA-maw) name sonu (SO-nu) Sonu
16.11a ତା' his ବାପା father ଜଣେ a ଡାକ୍ତର doctor ସେ he ଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱରରେ in-Bhubaneswar ରହନ୍ତି lives
16.11b tā' (taa) he-3SG.GEN.SHORT bāpā (BAA-paa) father jaṇe (JAW-ne) one-CLF.PERSON=a ḍāktara (DAAK-taw-raw) doctor se (se) he-3.HON.NOM bhubaneśwarare (BHU-baw-ne-swaw-raw-re) Bhubaneswar-LOC rahanti (RAW-hawn-ti) live-HAB.3.HON
16.12a ସ୍କୁଲ school ପରେ after ସେ he ନିଜ own ସାଇକେଲରେ on-bicycle ଘରକୁ to-home ଗଲା went
16.12b skula (SKU-law) school pare (PAW-re) after-POSTP se (se) he-3SG.NOM nija (NI-jaw) self=own sāikelare (SAA-i-ke-law-re) bicycle-LOC=by-bicycle gharaku (GHAW-raw-ku) house-DAT galā (GAW-laa) go-PST.3SG
16.13a ସେ he ଯେତେବେଳେ when ଆସିବ will-come ସେତେବେଳେ then ମୁଁ I ତାକୁ him ଏହି this ବହିଟି the-book ଦେବି will-give
16.13b se (se) he-3SG.NOM jetebeḷe (JE-te-be-le) when-REL āsiba (AA-si-baw) come-FUT.3SG setebeḷe (SE-te-be-le) then-CORREL muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM tāku (TAA-ku) he-3SG.DAT ehi (E-hi) this-DEM.ADJ bahiṭi (BAW-hi-ti) book-CLF.DEF debi (DE-bi) give-FUT.1SG
16.14a ଲୋକମାନେ people କହନ୍ତି say ଯେ that ସେ he ବହୁତ very ଭଲ good ଗୀତ song ଗାଏ sings
16.14b lokamāne (LO-kaw-maa-ne) person-PL.NOM kahanti (KAW-hawn-ti) say-HAB.3PL je (je) that-COMP se (se) he-3SG.NOM bahuta (BAW-hu-taw) very bhala (BHAW-law) good gīta (GEE-taw) song gāe (GAA-e) sing-HAB.3SG
16.15a ମୁଁ I ତାଙ୍କୁ him ପଚାରିଲି asked କିନ୍ତୁ but ସେ he କିଛି anything କହିଲେ said ନାହିଁ not କେବଳ only ହସିଲେ smiled
16.15b muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM tāṅku (TAANG-ku) he-3.HON.ACC pacārili (PAW-chaa-ri-li) ask-PST.1SG kintu (KIN-tu) but se (se) he-3.HON.NOM kichhi (KI-chhi) anything kahile (KAW-hi-le) say-PST.3.HON nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) NEG kebaḷa (KE-baw-law) only hasile (HAW-si-le) smile-PST.3.HON
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16.1 ସେ ଆସିଲା। (se āsilā.) He came.
16.2 ସେ ମୋ ଭାଇ। (se mo bhāi.) He is my brother.
16.3 ସେ କିଏ? (se kie?) Who is he?
16.4 ସେ ଆସିଲେ। (se āsile.) He has come. (respectful)
16.5 ତାକୁ ଡାକ। (tāku ḍāka.) Call him.
16.6 ତାର ନାମ ରବି। (tāra nāma rabi.) His name is Rabi.
16.7 ଲିପି କାହିଁ? ସେ ଘରେ ଅଛି। (lipi kāhiṁ? se ghare achhi.) Where is Lipi? She is at home.
16.8 ମୁଁ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଜାଣେ ନାହିଁ। (muṁ tāṅku jāṇe nāhiṁ.) I don't know him.
16.9 ମୋ ବାପା ଜଣେ ଶିକ୍ଷକ; ସେ ସ୍କୁଲରେ ପଢ଼ାନ୍ତି। (mo bāpā jaṇe śikṣaka; se skulare paṛhānti.) My father is a teacher; he teaches at a school.
16.10 ଏ ମୋ ସାଙ୍ଗ; ତା' ନାମ ସୋନୁ। (e mo sāṅga; tā' nāma sonu.) This is my friend; his name is Sonu.
16.11 ତା' ବାପା ଜଣେ ଡାକ୍ତର; ସେ ଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱରରେ ରହନ୍ତି। (tā' bāpā jaṇe ḍāktara; se bhubaneśwarare rahanti.) His father is a doctor; he lives in Bhubaneswar.
16.12 ସ୍କୁଲ ପରେ ସେ ନିଜ ସାଇକେଲରେ ଘରକୁ ଗଲା। (skula pare se nija sāikelare gharaku galā.) After school he went home on his bicycle.
16.13 ସେ ଯେତେବେଳେ ଆସିବ, ସେତେବେଳେ ମୁଁ ତାକୁ ଏହି ବହିଟି ଦେବି। (se jetebeḷe āsiba, setebeḷe muṁ tāku ehi bahiṭi debi.) When he comes, I'll give him this book.
16.14 ଲୋକମାନେ କହନ୍ତି ଯେ ସେ ବହୁତ ଭଲ ଗୀତ ଗାଏ। (lokamāne kahanti je se bahuta bhala gīta gāe.) People say that he sings very well.
16.15 ମୁଁ ତାଙ୍କୁ ପଚାରିଲି, କିନ୍ତୁ ସେ କିଛି କହିଲେ ନାହିଁ, କେବଳ ହସିଲେ। (muṁ tāṅku pacārili, kintu se kichhi kahile nāhiṁ, kebaḷa hasile.) I asked him, but he said nothing; he only smiled.
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16.1 ସେ ଆସିଲା।
16.2 ସେ ମୋ ଭାଇ।
16.3 ସେ କିଏ?
16.4 ସେ ଆସିଲେ।
16.5 ତାକୁ ଡାକ।
16.6 ତାର ନାମ ରବି।
16.7 ଲିପି କାହିଁ? ସେ ଘରେ ଅଛି।
16.8 ମୁଁ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଜାଣେ ନାହିଁ।
16.9 ମୋ ବାପା ଜଣେ ଶିକ୍ଷକ; ସେ ସ୍କୁଲରେ ପଢ଼ାନ୍ତି।
16.10 ଏ ମୋ ସାଙ୍ଗ; ତା' ନାମ ସୋନୁ।
16.11 ତା' ବାପା ଜଣେ ଡାକ୍ତର; ସେ ଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱରରେ ରହନ୍ତି।
16.12 ସ୍କୁଲ ପରେ ସେ ନିଜ ସାଇକେଲରେ ଘରକୁ ଗଲା।
16.13 ସେ ଯେତେବେଳେ ଆସିବ, ସେତେବେଳେ ମୁଁ ତାକୁ ଏହି ବହିଟି ଦେବି।
16.14 ଲୋକମାନେ କହନ୍ତି ଯେ ସେ ବହୁତ ଭଲ ଗୀତ ଗାଏ।
16.15 ମୁଁ ତାଙ୍କୁ ପଚାରିଲି, କିନ୍ତୁ ସେ କିଛି କହିଲେ ନାହିଁ, କେବଳ ହସିଲେ।
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These are the grammar rules for "he" in Odia:
1. One pronoun for "he" and "she." ସେ (se) serves for both. In 16.1 it is a boy; in 16.7 it is Lipi, a girl. Nothing in the grammar changes: the verb ଅଛି is the same for him and for her. If you need to say which, use a noun: ପୁଅ (pua), "son, boy"; ଝିଅ (jhia), "daughter, girl"; ଭାଇ (bhāi), "brother"; ଭଉଣୀ (bhauṇī), "sister." The English translator has to choose "he" or "she" from the story; the Odia writer never has to.
2. Plain and respectful. What ସେ does mark is respect, and it marks it in the verb. The respectful forms are the ones you learned in Lesson 15 for ସେ (respectful) and ସେମାନେ, "they":
- ସେ ଅଛି (se achhi), "he is (there)"; ସେ ଅଛନ୍ତି (se achhanti), respectful - ସେ ଥିଲା (se thilā), "he was"; ସେ ଥିଲେ (se thile), respectful - ସେ ଆସିଲା (se āsilā), "he came" (16.1); ସେ ଆସିଲେ (se āsile), respectful (16.4) - ସେ ଗଲା (se galā), "he went" (16.12); ସେ ଗଲେ (se gale), respectful - ସେ ଆସିବ (se āsiba), "he will come" (16.13); ସେ ଆସିବେ (se āsibe), respectful - ସେ ଗାଏ (se gāe), "he sings" (16.14), plain; ସେ ପଢ଼ାନ୍ତି (se paṛhānti), "he teaches" (16.9), respectful - ସେ ନାହିଁ (se nāhiṁ), "he is not (here)"; ସେ ନାହାନ୍ତି (se nāhānti), respectful (16.29)
Use the plain forms for children, for younger brothers and sisters, and for close friends of your own age. Use the respectful forms for parents, grandparents, teachers, guests, older people and strangers. The question is not "man or woman?" but "how do I stand towards this person?"
3. The case forms. "He" is ସେ only as a subject. Every other case is built on the stem ତା- (plain) or ତାଙ୍କ- (respectful), and the endings are the ones you already know: -କୁ (Lesson 6), -ର (Lesson 5).
Plain:
- ସେ (se), "he" (subject): ସେ ଆସିଲା (16.1) - ତାକୁ (tāku), "him, to him": ତାକୁ ଡାକ, "call him" (16.5); ତାକୁ … ଦେବି, "I will give (to) him" (16.13) - ତାର (tāra), "his": ତାର ନାମ, "his name" (16.6) - ତା' (tā'), "his," the short form, very common before a noun: ତା' ବାପା, "his father" (16.11) - ତା' ପାଇଁ (tā' pāiṁ), "for him" (16.20)
Respectful:
- ସେ (se), "he" (subject): ସେ ଆସିଲେ (16.4) - ତାଙ୍କୁ (tāṅku), "him, to him": ମୁଁ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଜାଣେ ନାହିଁ, "I don't know him" (16.8) - ତାଙ୍କର (tāṅkara), "his": ତାଙ୍କର ବହୁତ ବହି ଥିଲା, "he had many books" (16.27) - ତାଙ୍କ (tāṅka), "his," the short form: ତାଙ୍କ ବହି, "his books" (16.30) - ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ (tāṅka pāiṁ), "for him"
The apostrophe in ତା' marks the dropped ର. The same pairs exist for "my": ମୋର and ମୋ (16.2).
4. Older and written forms. Literary Odia, and the Bible of Section F, use longer forms built on ତାହା-, the "that" of Lesson 10: ତାହାକୁ (tāhāku), "him"; ତାହାର (tāhāra), "his"; ତାହାଙ୍କୁ (tāhāṅku) and ତାହାଙ୍କର (tāhāṅkara), respectful. They mean exactly the same. Recognise them when you read; in speech use ତାକୁ, ତାର, ତାଙ୍କୁ, ତାଙ୍କର.
5. ଏ, "this one." For a person who is present, Odia says ଏ (e), "this one, he here, she here." It introduces people: ଏ ମୋ ସାଙ୍ଗ, "this is my friend" (16.10); ଏ ତୁମ ଜେଜେବାପା, "this is your grandfather" (16.24). It asks about them: ଏ କିଏ? "who is this?" (16.23). The Bible uses it in the same way: ଏ ଆମ୍ଭର ପ୍ରିୟ ପୁତ୍ର, "this is my beloved son" (Matthew 3:17). Do not confuse ଏ, "this one," with ଏହା, "this (thing)" (Lesson 10), or with ଏହି, "this (book)" (16.13).
6. Sentences with no verb. A sentence that says what someone is often needs no verb at all: ସେ ମୋ ଭାଇ, "he (is) my brother" (16.2); ସେ କିଏ? "who (is) he?" (16.3). Without a verb there is no respect ending, so the same words serve for a younger brother and for a grandfather.
7. ନିଜ, "his own." When "his" points back to the subject of the same sentence, Odia prefers ନିଜ (nija), "own": ସେ ନିଜ ସାଇକେଲରେ ଘରକୁ ଗଲା, "he went home on his (own) bicycle" (16.12). With ତା' the sentence could mean someone else's bicycle. The older word for "own" is ଆପଣା (āpaṇā), which you will see in Section F.
8. Leaving ସେ out. Odia verbs carry the person in their ending, so ସେ is often dropped when it is clear who is meant. In 16.15 the last verb, ହସିଲେ, "(he) smiled," has no ସେ; the ending -ଲେ and the sentence say who did it. English must repeat "he"; Odia does not.
9. ସେ before a noun. Before a noun of time ସେ can still mean "that": ସେଦିନ, "that day" (Lesson 15). This is the older use from which "he" grew. For "that (man), that (book)," modern Odia uses ସେହି (Lesson 13).
Common Mistakes:
- Looking for a separate word for "she." There is none: ଲିପି … ସେ ଘରେ ଅଛି (16.7) - Using ସେ as an object. Incorrect: ମୁଁ ସେ ଜାଣେ. Correct: ମୁଁ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଜାଣେ (16.8) or, plainly, ମୁଁ ତାକୁ ଜାଣେ - Mixing levels. Once you have said ସେ ଆସିଲେ of a teacher, keep the respectful forms: ତାଙ୍କୁ, ତାଙ୍କର, not ତାକୁ, ତାର - Using the plain forms of an elder. Of your grandfather say ସେ ଥିଲେ, never ସେ ଥିଲା - Translating "his own" with ତାର when ନିଜ is meant (16.12)
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
Respect, not gender. For an English speaker, the first question about a person is "he or she?" For an Odia speaker, it is "plain or respectful?" A child speaks of a classmate with ସେ ଆସିଲା and of the classmate's father with ସେ ଆସିଲେ (16.11). The difference is heard in every past, present and future verb, so getting it right matters more than getting the gender right, which the language never asks of you. Gods take the respectful forms: in Lesson 3 the text on Jagannath said ସେ ଭକ୍ତମାନଙ୍କୁ ଶାନ୍ତି … ପ୍ରଦାନ କରନ୍ତି, "he grants peace to his devotees."
The Bible's two voices. The Odia Bible of Section F shows the system clearly. Jesus and John the Baptist are always given the respectful forms: ସେ … ଆସିଲେ, "he came" (John 1:11). The man born blind in John 9, a beggar, is given the plain forms: ସେ କହିଲା, ମୁଁ ସେହି, "he said, I am the man" (John 9:9); ସେ କହିଲା, ମୁଁ ଜାଣେ ନାହିଁ, "he said, I don't know" (John 9:12). The same verse that has ସେ କହିଲା also has the neighbours arguing over who he is: ଏ ସେ, "this is he"; ଏ ତାହା ପରି, "this one is like him" (John 9:9). Here ଏ, ସେ and ତାହା are all people.
"He or she" in Odia writing. Because ସେ has no gender, an Odia sentence such as ଯିଏ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରେ ନାହିଁ, ସେ କିଛି ଶିଖେ ନାହିଁ, "whoever doesn't try learns nothing" (Lesson 15), never has to choose between "he," "she" and "he or she." Where English writers argue about pronouns, Odia has nothing to argue about.
Names in place of pronouns. With elders, a kinship word can do the work of a pronoun: ଜେଜେମା, ବାପା, ମା'. In the dialogue below Rabi addresses his grandmother as ଜେଜେମା (16.23) as well as ଆପଣ (16.28), and in 16.21 he speaks of her as ଜେଜେମା, not ସେ, to Sonu.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
From the Odia Bible, the Gospel of John 1:10–11, in the Odia Old Version (re-edited) of the Bible Society of India (© 2014 The Bible Society of India), the edition cited in Lessons 10 to 15. The verses come from the prologue of John's Gospel and speak of the one who came into the world. In two verses the pronoun "he" appears six times: ସେ twice, and ତାହାଙ୍କ, ତାହାଙ୍କୁ and ତାହାଙ୍କର four times.
10a ସେ he ଜଗତରେ in-world ଥିଲେ was ଓ and ଜଗତ world ତାହାଙ୍କ him ଦ୍ଵାରା by ସୃଷ୍ଟ created ହେଲା became ତଥାପି yet ଜଗତ world ତାହାଙ୍କୁ him ଚିହ୍ନିଲା recognised ନାହିଁ not
10b se (se) he-3.HON.NOM jagatare (JAW-gaw-taw-re) world-LOC thile (THI-le) be-PST.3.HON o (o) and jagata (JAW-gaw-taw) world tāhāṅka (TAA-haang-kaw) he-3.HON.GEN.ARCH dwārā (DWAA-raa) by-POSTP sṛṣṭa (SRUS-taw) created helā (HE-laa) become-PST.3SG tathāpi (TAW-thaa-pi) yet jagata (JAW-gaw-taw) world tāhāṅku (TAA-haang-ku) he-3.HON.ACC.ARCH cihnilā (CHIN-hi-laa) recognise-PST.3SG nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) NEG
11a ସେ he ଆପଣା own ରାଜ୍ୟକୁ to-kingdom ଆସିଲେ came ତଥାପି yet ତାହାଙ୍କର his ନିଜ own ଲୋକମାନେ people ତାହାଙ୍କୁ him ଗ୍ରହଣ receiving କଲେ did ନାହିଁ not
11b se (se) he-3.HON.NOM āpaṇā (AA-paw-naa) own-REFL rājyaku (RAAJ-jaw-ku) kingdom-DAT āsile (AA-si-le) come-PST.3.HON tathāpi (TAW-thaa-pi) yet tāhāṅkara (TAA-haang-kaw-raw) he-3.HON.GEN.ARCH nija (NI-jaw) own lokamāne (LO-kaw-maa-ne) person-PL.NOM tāhāṅku (TAA-haang-ku) he-3.HON.ACC.ARCH grahaṇa (GRAW-haw-naw) receiving kale (KAW-le) do-PST.3PL nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) NEG
ସେ ଜଗତରେ ଥିଲେ ଓ ଜଗତ ତାହାଙ୍କ ଦ୍ଵାରା ସୃଷ୍ଟ ହେଲା, ତଥାପି ଜଗତ ତାହାଙ୍କୁ ଚିହ୍ନିଲା ନାହିଁ। (John 1:10)
"He was in the world, and the world was made through him, yet the world did not know him."
ସେ ଆପଣା ରାଜ୍ୟକୁ ଆସିଲେ, ତଥାପି ତାହାଙ୍କର ନିଜ ଲୋକମାନେ ତାହାଙ୍କୁ ଗ୍ରହଣ କଲେ ନାହିଁ। (John 1:11)
"He came to his own, and his own people did not receive him."
ସେ ଜଗତରେ ଥିଲେ ଓ ଜଗତ ତାହାଙ୍କ ଦ୍ଵାରା ସୃଷ୍ଟ ହେଲା, ତଥାପି ଜଗତ ତାହାଙ୍କୁ ଚିହ୍ନିଲା ନାହିଁ।
ସେ ଆପଣା ରାଜ୍ୟକୁ ଆସିଲେ, ତଥାପି ତାହାଙ୍କର ନିଜ ଲୋକମାନେ ତାହାଙ୍କୁ ଗ୍ରହଣ କଲେ ନାହିଁ।
Every case of "he." The two verses use "he" as subject (ସେ), as object (ତାହାଙ୍କୁ, twice), as possessor (ତାହାଙ୍କର) and before a postposition (ତାହାଙ୍କ ଦ୍ଵାରା, "by him, through him"). These are the respectful forms of rule 3 in their older, written shape (rule 4): modern Odia would say ତାଙ୍କୁ, ତାଙ୍କର, ତାଙ୍କ ଦ୍ୱାରା. The same edition already uses the short form elsewhere: ସେମାନେ ଯୋହନଙ୍କ ନିକଟକୁ ଯାଇ ତାଙ୍କୁ କହିଲେ, "they came to John and said to him" (John 3:26).
ଥିଲେ, ଆସିଲେ: respect in the verb. ସେ ଜଗତରେ ଥିଲେ, "he was in the world"; ସେ … ଆସିଲେ, "he came." The respectful past -ଲେ shows who is meant before any name is given. Compare the verbs whose subject is ଜଗତ, "the world," a thing: ହେଲା, ଚିହ୍ନିଲା, plain -ଲା (Lesson 10). And compare କଲେ in verse 11: here -ଲେ is the plural, because its subject is ଲୋକମାନେ, "people." The ending -ଲେ serves for both, as Lesson 15 said of କଲେ.
ଆପଣା and ନିଜ, "own." The writer says ଆପଣା ରାଜ୍ୟକୁ, "to his own kingdom," not ତାହାଙ୍କ ରାଜ୍ୟକୁ: the kingdom is the subject's own (rule 7). ଆପଣା is the older word; the same verse then has ନିଜ in ତାହାଙ୍କର ନିଜ ଲୋକମାନେ, "his own people." English "his own" covers both.
Negation of the past. ଚିହ୍ନିଲା ନାହିଁ, "did not recognise"; ଗ୍ରହଣ କଲେ ନାହିଁ, "did not receive." Like the present of Lesson 15, the past can be denied by ନାହିଁ after the verb. Example 16.15 uses this pattern: କିଛି କହିଲେ ନାହିଁ, "he said nothing."
ତଥାପି, "yet, even so." It appears twice and gives the verses their turn: he was here, yet he was not known; he came, yet he was not received. You met ତଥାପି in the last line of Lesson 11.
Script note. The edition writes ଦ୍ଵାରା with ଵ (U+0B35), as it wrote ସମ୍ଵୋଧନ in Lesson 15. Modern spelling is ଦ୍ୱାରା, with ୱ (U+0B71), as in Lesson 3. The quotation keeps the edition's spelling. In ସୃଷ୍ଟ (sṛṣṭa), "created," the vowel sign ୃ (ṛ) is said "ru," as in the name of the god Krishna, Odia କୃଷ୍ଣ.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
Rabi (ରବି) and his grandmother, Jejemā (ଜେଜେମା), from Lessons 14 and 15. Rabi's school friend Sonu has come to the house. In the first half they talk about Sonu, a boy, with the plain forms; in the second they talk about Rabi's grandfather, with the respectful forms. Grandma speaks to Rabi with ତୁମେ, and Rabi to Grandma with ଆପଣ, as in Lesson 15.
16.16a ଜେଜେମା Grandma ରବି Rabi ସେ he କିଏ who
16.16b jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi-VOC se (se) he-3SG.NOM kie (KI-e) who-Q
16.17a ରବି Rabi ଏ this-one ମୋ my ସାଙ୍ଗ friend ସୋନୁ Sonu ସେ he ମୋ my ସ୍କୁଲରେ at-school ପଢ଼େ studies
16.17b rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi e (e) this-one-3SG.PROX.NOM mo (mo) I-1SG.GEN.SHORT sāṅga (SAANG-gaw) friend sonu (SO-nu) Sonu se (se) he-3SG.NOM mo (mo) I-1SG.GEN.SHORT skulare (SKU-law-re) school-LOC paṛhe (PAW-rhe) study-HAB.3SG
16.18a ଜେଜେମା Grandma ତା' his ଘର house କେଉଁଠି where
16.18b jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother tā' (taa) he-3SG.GEN.SHORT ghara (GHAW-raw) house keuṁṭhi (KE-ũ-thi) where-Q
16.19a ରବି Rabi ତା' his ଘର house ନଦୀ river ପାଖରେ near ତା' his ବାପା father ସେଠାରେ there ଦୋକାନ shop ଚଳାନ୍ତି run
16.19b rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi tā' (taa) he-3SG.GEN.SHORT ghara (GHAW-raw) house nadī (NAW-dee) river pākhare (PAA-khaw-re) side-LOC=near tā' (taa) he-3SG.GEN.SHORT bāpā (BAA-paa) father seṭhāre (SE-thaa-re) there dokāna (DO-kaa-naw) shop calānti (CHAW-laan-ti) run-HAB.3.HON
16.20a ଜେଜେମା Grandma ତାକୁ him ଭିତରକୁ inside ଡାକ call ମୁଁ I ତା' him ପାଇଁ for ପିଠା cakes ଆଣିବି will-bring
16.20b jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother tāku (TAA-ku) he-3SG.ACC bhitaraku (BHI-taw-raw-ku) inside-DAT ḍāka (DAA-kaw) call-IMP.2.FAMILIAR muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM tā' (taa) he-3SG.GEN.SHORT pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP piṭhā (PI-thaa) cake āṇibi (AA-ni-bi) bring-FUT.1SG
16.21a ରବି Rabi ସୋନୁ Sonu ଆସ come ଜେଜେମା Grandma ତୁମ you ପାଇଁ for ପିଠା cakes ଆଣୁଛନ୍ତି is-bringing
16.21b rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi sonu (SO-nu) Sonu-VOC āsa (AA-saw) come-IMP.2.FAMILIAR jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother tuma (TU-maw) you-2.FAMILIAR.GEN.SHORT pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP piṭhā (PI-thaa) cake āṇuchhanti (AA-nu-chhawn-ti) bring-PROG.3.HON
16.22a ସୋନୁ Sonu ଘରକୁ to-home ଯିବା going ପରେ after ରବି Rabi କାନ୍ଥରେ on-wall ଗୋଟିଏ one ପୁରୁଣା old ଫଟୋ photo ଦେଖିଲା saw
16.22b sonu (SO-nu) Sonu gharaku (GHAW-raw-ku) house-DAT jibā (JI-baa) go-VN pare (PAW-re) after-POSTP rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi kānthare (KAAN-thaw-re) wall-LOC goṭie (GO-ti-e) one-CLF puruṇā (PU-ru-naa) old phaṭo (PHAW-to) photo dekhilā (DE-khi-laa) see-PST.3SG
16.23a ରବି Rabi ଜେଜେମା Grandma ଏ this-one କିଏ who
16.23b rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother-VOC e (e) this-one-3.PROX.NOM kie (KI-e) who-Q
16.24a ଜେଜେମା Grandma ଏ this-one ତୁମ your ଜେଜେବାପା grandfather ସେ he ଏହି this ଗାଁର of-village ଶିକ୍ଷକ teacher ଥିଲେ was
16.24b jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother e (e) this-one-3.PROX.NOM tuma (TU-maw) you-2.FAMILIAR.GEN.SHORT jejebāpā (JE-je-baa-paa) grandfather se (se) he-3.HON.NOM ehi (E-hi) this-DEM.ADJ gāṁra (GÃ-raw) village-GEN śikṣaka (SIK-khaw-kaw) teacher thile (THI-le) be-PST.3.HON
16.25a ରବି Rabi ମୁଁ I ତାଙ୍କୁ him ଦେଖି seen ନାହିଁ not ସେ he କିପରି what-kind ଲୋକ person ଥିଲେ was
16.25b rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM tāṅku (TAANG-ku) he-3.HON.ACC dekhi (DE-khi) see-CVB nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) NEG=have-not se (se) he-3.HON.NOM kipari (KI-paw-ri) how=what-kind loka (LO-kaw) person thile (THI-le) be-PST.3.HON
16.26a ଜେଜେମା Grandma ସେ he ବହୁତ very ଶାନ୍ତ gentle ଥିଲେ was ସମସ୍ତେ everyone ତାଙ୍କୁ him ଭଲ good ପାଉଥିଲେ were-finding
16.26b jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother se (se) he-3.HON.NOM bahuta (BAW-hu-taw) very śānta (SAAN-taw) calm=gentle thile (THI-le) be-PST.3.HON samaste (SAW-maws-te) all-PL.NOM=everyone tāṅku (TAANG-ku) he-3.HON.ACC bhala (BHAW-law) good pāuthile (PAA-u-thi-le) get-PST.PROG.3PL=loved
16.27a ଜେଜେମା Grandma ତାଙ୍କର his ବହୁତ many ବହି books ଥିଲା was ସେ he ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟାରେ in-evening ଗାଁର of-village ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କୁ children ପଢ଼ାଉଥିଲେ was-teaching
16.27b jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother tāṅkara (TAANG-kaw-raw) he-3.HON.GEN bahuta (BAW-hu-taw) many bahi (BAW-hi) book thilā (THI-laa) be-PST.3SG se (se) he-3.HON.NOM sandhyāre (SAWN-dhyaa-re) evening-LOC gāṁra (GÃ-raw) village-GEN pilāmānaṅku (PI-laa-maa-nawng-ku) child-PL-ACC paṛhāuthile (PAW-rhaa-u-thi-le) teach-PST.PROG.3.HON
16.28a ରବି Rabi ଆପଣ you ଏବେ now ବି also ତାଙ୍କ his କଥା matter ଭାବନ୍ତି think
16.28b rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi āpaṇa (AA-paw-naw) you-2.POLITE.NOM ebe (E-be) now bi (bi) also=still tāṅka (TAANG-kaw) he-3.HON.GEN.SHORT kathā (KAW-thaa) word=matter bhābanti (BHAA-bawn-ti) think-HAB.HON
16.29a ଜେଜେମା Grandma ହଁ yes ସେ he ନାହାନ୍ତି is-not କିନ୍ତୁ but ତାଙ୍କ his ବହିସବୁ all-books ଏଠାରେ here ଅଛି are
16.29b jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother haṁ (hã) yes se (se) he-3.HON.NOM nāhānti (NAA-haan-ti) NEG.EXIST.3.HON kintu (KIN-tu) but tāṅka (TAANG-kaw) he-3.HON.GEN.SHORT bahisabu (BAW-hi-saw-bu) book-all eṭhāre (E-thaa-re) here achhi (AW-chhi) be-EXIST.3SG
16.30a ରବି Rabi ତେବେ then ମୁଁ I ବି also ତାଙ୍କ his ବହି books ପଢ଼ିବି will-read ଆଉ and ସୋନୁକୁ Sonu ବି also ପଢ଼ାଇବି will-teach
16.30b rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi tebe (TE-be) then muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM bi (bi) also tāṅka (TAANG-kaw) he-3.HON.GEN.SHORT bahi (BAW-hi) book paṛhibi (PAW-rhi-bi) read-FUT.1SG āu (AA-u) and sonuku (SO-nu-ku) Sonu-ACC bi (bi) also paṛhāibi (PAW-rhaa-i-bi) teach-FUT.1SG
16.16 ଜେଜେମା: ରବି, ସେ କିଏ? (jejemā: rabi, se kie?) Grandma: Rabi, who is he?
16.17 ରବି: ଏ ମୋ ସାଙ୍ଗ ସୋନୁ। ସେ ମୋ ସ୍କୁଲରେ ପଢ଼େ। (rabi: e mo sāṅga sonu. se mo skulare paṛhe.) Rabi: This is my friend Sonu. He goes to my school.
16.18 ଜେଜେମା: ତା' ଘର କେଉଁଠି? (jejemā: tā' ghara keuṁṭhi?) Grandma: Where does he live?
16.19 ରବି: ତା' ଘର ନଦୀ ପାଖରେ। ତା' ବାପା ସେଠାରେ ଦୋକାନ ଚଳାନ୍ତି। (rabi: tā' ghara nadī pākhare. tā' bāpā seṭhāre dokāna calānti.) Rabi: His house is near the river. His father runs a shop there.
16.20 ଜେଜେମା: ତାକୁ ଭିତରକୁ ଡାକ। ମୁଁ ତା' ପାଇଁ ପିଠା ଆଣିବି। (jejemā: tāku bhitaraku ḍāka. muṁ tā' pāiṁ piṭhā āṇibi.) Grandma: Call him in. I'll bring some pitha for him.
16.21 ରବି: ସୋନୁ, ଆସ! ଜେଜେମା ତୁମ ପାଇଁ ପିଠା ଆଣୁଛନ୍ତି। (rabi: sonu, āsa! jejemā tuma pāiṁ piṭhā āṇuchhanti.) Rabi: Sonu, come in! Grandma is bringing pitha for you.
16.22 ସୋନୁ ଘରକୁ ଯିବା ପରେ ରବି କାନ୍ଥରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ପୁରୁଣା ଫଟୋ ଦେଖିଲା। (sonu gharaku jibā pare rabi kānthare goṭie puruṇā phaṭo dekhilā.) After Sonu had gone home, Rabi noticed an old photo on the wall.
16.23 ରବି: ଜେଜେମା, ଏ କିଏ? (rabi: jejemā, e kie?) Rabi: Grandma, who is this?
16.24 ଜେଜେମା: ଏ ତୁମ ଜେଜେବାପା। ସେ ଏହି ଗାଁର ଶିକ୍ଷକ ଥିଲେ। (jejemā: e tuma jejebāpā. se ehi gāṁra śikṣaka thile.) Grandma: This is your grandfather. He was the teacher in this village.
16.25 ରବି: ମୁଁ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଦେଖି ନାହିଁ। ସେ କିପରି ଲୋକ ଥିଲେ? (rabi: muṁ tāṅku dekhi nāhiṁ. se kipari loka thile?) Rabi: I never saw him. What kind of man was he?
16.26 ଜେଜେମା: ସେ ବହୁତ ଶାନ୍ତ ଥିଲେ। ସମସ୍ତେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଭଲ ପାଉଥିଲେ। (jejemā: se bahuta śānta thile. samaste tāṅku bhala pāuthile.) Grandma: He was a very gentle man. Everyone loved him.
16.27 ଜେଜେମା: ତାଙ୍କର ବହୁତ ବହି ଥିଲା। ସେ ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟାରେ ଗାଁର ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କୁ ପଢ଼ାଉଥିଲେ। (jejemā: tāṅkara bahuta bahi thilā. se sandhyāre gāṁra pilāmānaṅku paṛhāuthile.) Grandma: He had a great many books. In the evenings he used to teach the village children.
16.28 ରବି: ଆପଣ ଏବେ ବି ତାଙ୍କ କଥା ଭାବନ୍ତି? (rabi: āpaṇa ebe bi tāṅka kathā bhābanti?) Rabi: Do you still think about him?
16.29 ଜେଜେମା: ହଁ। ସେ ନାହାନ୍ତି, କିନ୍ତୁ ତାଙ୍କ ବହିସବୁ ଏଠାରେ ଅଛି। (jejemā: haṁ. se nāhānti, kintu tāṅka bahisabu eṭhāre achhi.) Grandma: Yes. He is gone, but all his books are still here.
16.30 ରବି: ତେବେ ମୁଁ ବି ତାଙ୍କ ବହି ପଢ଼ିବି, ଆଉ ସୋନୁକୁ ବି ପଢ଼ାଇବି। (rabi: tebe muṁ bi tāṅka bahi paṛhibi, āu sonuku bi paṛhāibi.) Rabi: Then I'll read his books too, and I'll teach Sonu as well.
16.16 ଜେଜେମା: ରବି, ସେ କିଏ?
16.17 ରବି: ଏ ମୋ ସାଙ୍ଗ ସୋନୁ। ସେ ମୋ ସ୍କୁଲରେ ପଢ଼େ।
16.18 ଜେଜେମା: ତା' ଘର କେଉଁଠି?
16.19 ରବି: ତା' ଘର ନଦୀ ପାଖରେ। ତା' ବାପା ସେଠାରେ ଦୋକାନ ଚଳାନ୍ତି।
16.20 ଜେଜେମା: ତାକୁ ଭିତରକୁ ଡାକ। ମୁଁ ତା' ପାଇଁ ପିଠା ଆଣିବି।
16.21 ରବି: ସୋନୁ, ଆସ! ଜେଜେମା ତୁମ ପାଇଁ ପିଠା ଆଣୁଛନ୍ତି।
16.22 ସୋନୁ ଘରକୁ ଯିବା ପରେ ରବି କାନ୍ଥରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ପୁରୁଣା ଫଟୋ ଦେଖିଲା।
16.23 ରବି: ଜେଜେମା, ଏ କିଏ?
16.24 ଜେଜେମା: ଏ ତୁମ ଜେଜେବାପା। ସେ ଏହି ଗାଁର ଶିକ୍ଷକ ଥିଲେ।
16.25 ରବି: ମୁଁ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଦେଖି ନାହିଁ। ସେ କିପରି ଲୋକ ଥିଲେ?
16.26 ଜେଜେମା: ସେ ବହୁତ ଶାନ୍ତ ଥିଲେ। ସମସ୍ତେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଭଲ ପାଉଥିଲେ।
16.27 ଜେଜେମା: ତାଙ୍କର ବହୁତ ବହି ଥିଲା। ସେ ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟାରେ ଗାଁର ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କୁ ପଢ଼ାଉଥିଲେ।
16.28 ରବି: ଆପଣ ଏବେ ବି ତାଙ୍କ କଥା ଭାବନ୍ତି?
16.29 ଜେଜେମା: ହଁ। ସେ ନାହାନ୍ତି, କିନ୍ତୁ ତାଙ୍କ ବହିସବୁ ଏଠାରେ ଅଛି।
16.30 ରବି: ତେବେ ମୁଁ ବି ତାଙ୍କ ବହି ପଢ଼ିବି, ଆଉ ସୋନୁକୁ ବି ପଢ଼ାଇବି।
Two kinds of "he." The dialogue is built in two halves. Sonu is a boy of Rabi's age, so he is spoken of with the plain forms: ସେ … ପଢ଼େ (16.17), ତା' ଘର (16.18, 16.19), ତାକୁ (16.20), ତା' ପାଇଁ (16.20). Grandfather is an elder, so he takes the respectful forms: ସେ … ଥିଲେ (16.24–16.26), ତାଙ୍କୁ (16.25, 16.26), ତାଙ୍କର (16.27), ତାଙ୍କ (16.28–16.30). Sonu's father, though, is an adult, and even in the plain half he gets a respectful verb: ତା' ବାପା … ଚଳାନ୍ତି (16.19). "His" here is ତା', because it is Sonu's father; the verb is respectful, because the father is the subject.
The same forms for "she." Grandma, a woman, takes exactly the respectful verb that Grandfather takes: ଜେଜେମା … ଆଣୁଛନ୍ତି, "Grandma is bringing" (16.21); ସେ … ଥିଲେ, "he was" (16.24). Put the two lines side by side and you will see that nothing in the verbs tells you whether a man or a woman is meant.
ଏ for introductions. ଏ ମୋ ସାଙ୍ଗ ସୋନୁ, "this is my friend Sonu" (16.17); ଏ କିଏ? "who is this?" (16.23); ଏ ତୁମ ଜେଜେବାପା, "this is your grandfather" (16.24). In the last two, ଏ points at a photo, but it still means a person.
ସେ ନାହାନ୍ତି, "he is not (here)" (16.29). ନାହାନ୍ତି is the respectful form of ନାହିଁ, "is not (there)." Grandma uses it gently: "he is no longer here." It is the opposite of ସେ ଅଛନ୍ତି, "he is (here)."
The past progressive for habits. In Lesson 15, -ଉଥିଲେ meant "was doing" at one moment. Here it means "used to do": ସମସ୍ତେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଭଲ ପାଉଥିଲେ, "everyone loved him" (16.26); ସେ ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟାରେ … ପଢ଼ାଉଥିଲେ, "in the evenings he used to teach" (16.27). The same form serves for both.
ପଢ଼ିବା and ପଢ଼ାଇବା. ପଢ଼ିବା (paṛhibā) means "to read, to study": ସେ ମୋ ସ୍କୁଲରେ ପଢ଼େ, "he studies at my school" (16.17); ତାଙ୍କ ବହି ପଢ଼ିବି, "I will read his books" (16.30). ପଢ଼ାଇବା (paṛhāibā), with -ଆ- added, means "to make (someone) study, to teach": ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କୁ ପଢ଼ାଉଥିଲେ, "he used to teach the children" (16.27); ସୋନୁକୁ ବି ପଢ଼ାଇବି, "I'll teach Sonu too" (16.30). The person taught takes -କୁ.
ତାଙ୍କର ବହୁତ ବହି ଥିଲା (16.27). This is the "have" of Lesson 11: "of him many books were." The same sentence about Grandfather's books appears in Lesson 11 (11.21), and Rabi's family keeps them still (16.29).
ବି, "also, too." ମୁଁ ବି, "I too"; ସୋନୁକୁ ବି, "Sonu too" (16.30). After ଏବେ it means "still": ଏବେ ବି, "even now, still" (16.28), as in Lesson 11.
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Respelling key. As in the earlier lessons: capitals mark the syllable to stress lightly (usually the first). "aw" is the Odia inherent vowel ଅ [ɔ], as in English law. "aa" is ଆ [aː], as in father. A tilde (ã, ĩ, ũ) marks a nasal vowel, written with the candrabindu ଁ.
The key forms:
- ସେ (se) [se]: "se," with the pure e of French été, never the glide of English say - ଏ (e) [e]: the same vowel alone - ତାକୁ (tāku) [t̪aːku]: "TAA-ku." The ତ is dental: the tongue touches the back of the upper teeth - ତାର (tāra) [t̪aːɾɔ]: "TAA-raw," with a tapped ର - ତା' (tā') [t̪aː]: "taa" - ତାଙ୍କୁ (tāṅku) [t̪aːŋku]: "TAANG-ku." The ଙ୍କ is the nk of ink - ତାଙ୍କର (tāṅkara) [t̪aːŋkɔɾɔ]: "TAANG-kaw-raw" - ନାହାନ୍ତି (nāhānti) [naːɦaːnt̪i]: "NAA-haan-ti"
Sounds absent from English:
- ଢ଼ (ṛha) in ପଢ଼େ, ପଢ଼ାଇବି: a retroflex flap with a puff of breath. Curl the tongue tip back and flick it forward. - ଡ (ḍa) in ଡାକ, ଡାକ୍ତର: a retroflex d, the tongue tip curled back. - ଠ (ṭha) in କେଉଁଠି, ଏଠାରେ, ପିଠା: a retroflex t with a puff of breath. - ଳ (ḷa) in ଯେତେବେଳେ, କେବଳ: the retroflex lateral, an l with the tongue tip curled back. - ଙ୍ଗ (ṅga) in ସାଙ୍ଗ: the ng of finger, with the g sounded. - ଭ, ଘ, ଖ in ଭାଇ, ଘର, ପାଖରେ: b, g and k with a strong breath after them. - ଶ and ଷ in ଶିକ୍ଷକ: both are said as [s] in ordinary Odia (Lesson 12). The conjunct କ୍ଷ (kṣa) is said with a breathy k: roughly "SIK-khaw-kaw."
Intonation. Questions about a person put the high point on the question word: ସେ କିଏ ↗? "who is he?" (16.3). When ସେ is the new information, it carries the stress: in ସେ ଆସିଲା, said with weight on ସେ, the meaning is "it was HE who came."
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Course Index: [latinum.substack.com/p/index](https://latinum.substack.com/p/index)