What does "with" mean in Odia?
English "with" does several different jobs. "I went with my mother" is about company. "Cut it with a knife" is about a tool. "The man with glasses" is about a feature. "Rice with dal" is about two things that go together. English uses one word for all four. Odia uses different words, and this lesson shows which word does which job.
1. Company: ସହିତ (sahita). The main word for "with" is ସହିତ. It is a postposition: it comes after its word, never before it, like ପାଇଁ, "for," and ପରେ, "after," which you already know. ମୋ ସହିତ (mo sahita), "with me," is literally "my with." ମାଙ୍କ ସହିତ (māṅka sahita), "with Mum," was in Lesson 14; ପରିବାର ସହିତ (paribāra sahita), "with the family," was in Lesson 7.
2. Three more words for company. In conversation Odia often says ସାଙ୍ଗରେ (sāṅgare), "in company with": ତୁମ ସାଙ୍ଗରେ, "with you" (Lessons 8 and 12). It is built from ସାଙ୍ଗ, "friend" (Lesson 16), and the ending -ରେ. ସଙ୍ଗେ (saṅge) means the same and appears in older writing and in some speech. ସହ (saha) is a short form of ସହିତ, used mostly in writing: ପରିବାର ସହ, "with the family" (Lesson 8).
3. Tools: the ending -ରେ. For "with a tool" or "with a part of the body," Odia does not use ସହିତ. It puts -ରେ on the noun: ହାତରେ (hātare), "with the hand"; ସାବୁନରେ (sābunare), "with soap." This is the same -ରେ that means "in" or "at," and also "by" in ବସରେ, "by bus" (Lesson 12).
4. Features: ଥିବା (thibā). "The man with glasses" is said "the glasses-having man": ଚଷମା ଥିବା ଲୋକ (caṣamā thibā loka). ଥିବା means "which is there, which has."
Where the word comes from. ସହିତ comes from Sanskrit सहित (sahita), "joined, accompanied," and ସହ from Sanskrit सह (saha), "with, together." ସଙ୍ଗେ goes back to Sanskrit सङ्ग (saṅga), "contact, company." ସାଙ୍ଗ, "friend," and so ସାଙ୍ଗରେ, are related to it: a friend is someone you keep company with.
A note on the script. ସହିତ has three letters: ସ (sa), ହ with the vowel sign ି (hi), and ତ (ta). The sign ି is written before its consonant, on the left, but said after it. In ସାଙ୍ଗରେ and ସଙ୍ଗେ you see the conjunct ଙ୍ଗ: ଙ (ṅa) with a small ଗ (ga) beneath it, said like the ng of English finger. In ସଙ୍ଗେ the vowel sign େ stands in front of the whole conjunct.
- ସହିତ (sahita) means "with" in the sense of company; it comes after its word: ମୋ ସହିତ, "with me" - Pronouns before ସହିତ take their short "of" form: ମୋ, ତୁମ, ତା', ତାଙ୍କ, ଆମ - Respected people take -ଙ୍କ: ମାଙ୍କ ସହିତ, ଶିକ୍ଷକଙ୍କ ସହିତ; names and things usually stand bare: ସୋନୁ ସହିତ, ଭାତ ସହିତ - ସାଙ୍ଗରେ (sāṅgare) is the everyday spoken alternative; ସଙ୍ଗେ and ସହ mean the same - "With a tool" is -ରେ, not ସହିତ: ହାତରେ, "with the hand" - "With a feature" is ଥିବା: ଚଷମା ଥିବା ଲୋକ, "the man with glasses" - "With whom?" is କାହା ସହିତ?
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17.1a ମୋ me ସହିତ with ଆସ come
17.1b mo (mo) I-1SG.GEN.SHORT sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP āsa (AA-saw) come-IMP.2.FAMILIAR
17.2a ତୁମ you ସାଙ୍ଗରେ with କିଏ who
17.2b tuma (TU-maw) you-2.FAMILIAR.GEN.SHORT sāṅgare (SAANG-gaw-re) company-LOC=with kie (KI-e) who-Q
17.3a ଭାତ rice ସହିତ with ଡାଲି dal ଦିଅ give
17.3b bhāta (BHAA-taw) rice sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP ḍāli (DAA-li) dal=lentils dia (DI-aw) give-IMP.2.FAMILIAR
17.4a ସେ he ମାଙ୍କ Mum ସହିତ with ଗଲା went
17.4b se (se) he-3SG.NOM māṅka (MAANG-kaw) mother-GEN.HON sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP galā (GAW-laa) go-PST.3SG
17.5a ସେ he ହାତରେ with-hand ଖାଏ eats
17.5b se (se) he-3SG.NOM hātare (HAA-taw-re) hand-LOC=with-hand khāe (KHAA-e) eat-HAB.3SG
17.6a ମୁଁ I ମୋ my ସାଙ୍ଗ friend ସହିତ with ସ୍କୁଲକୁ to-school ଯାଏ go
17.6b muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM mo (mo) I-1SG.GEN.SHORT sāṅga (SAANG-gaw) friend sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP skulaku (SKU-law-ku) school-DAT jāe (JAA-e) go-HAB.1SG
17.7a ଆମେ we ଚା tea ସହିତ with ପିଠା pitha ଖାଇଲୁ ate
17.7b āme (AA-me) we-1PL.NOM cā (chaa) tea sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP piṭhā (PI-thaa) cake khāilu (KHAA-i-lu) eat-PST.1PL
17.8a ମୁଁ I କାଲି yesterday ଶିକ୍ଷକଙ୍କ teacher ସହିତ with କଥା talk ହେଲି became
17.8b muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM kāli (KAA-li) yesterday śikṣakaṅka (SIK-khaw-kawng-kaw) teacher-GEN.HON sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP kathā (KAW-thaa) word=talk heli (HE-li) become-PST.1SG
17.9a ଛତା umbrella ନେଇ taking ଯାଅ go ବର୍ଷା rain ହେବ will-happen
17.9b chhatā (CHHAW-taa) umbrella nei (NE-i) take-CVB jāa (JAA-aw) go-IMP.2.FAMILIAR barṣā (BAWR-saa) rain heba (HE-baw) become-FUT.3SG
17.10a ଲିପି Lipi ମୋ my ଭାଇ brother ସହିତ with ବଜାରକୁ to-market ଯାଇଛି has-gone
17.10b lipi (LI-pi) Lipi mo (mo) I-1SG.GEN.SHORT bhāi (BHAA-i) brother sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP bajāraku (BAW-jaa-raw-ku) market-DAT jāichhi (JAA-i-chhi) go-PRF.3SG
17.11a ମୋ my ବାପା father ସେହି that ଚଷମା glasses ଥିବା having ଲୋକଙ୍କ man ସହିତ with କାମ work କରନ୍ତି does
17.11b mo (mo) I-1SG.GEN.SHORT bāpā (BAA-paa) father sehi (SE-hi) that-DEM.ADJ caṣamā (CHAW-saw-maa) glasses thibā (THI-baa) be-PTCP=having lokaṅka (LO-kawng-kaw) person-GEN.HON sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP kāma (KAA-maw) work karanti (KAW-rawn-ti) do-HAB.3.HON
17.12a ମୁଁ I ମୋ my ସାଙ୍ଗମାନଙ୍କ friends ସହିତ with ଖେଳିବାକୁ to-play ଚାହେଁ want କିନ୍ତୁ but ମା' Mum କହନ୍ତି says ପ୍ରଥମେ first ପଢ଼ study
17.12b muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM mo (mo) I-1SG.GEN.SHORT sāṅgamānaṅka (SAANG-gaw-maa-nawng-kaw) friend-PL.GEN sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP kheḷibāku (KHE-li-baa-ku) play-INF cāheṁ (CHAA-hẽ) want-HAB.1SG kintu (KIN-tu) but mā' (maa) mother kahanti (KAW-hawn-ti) say-HAB.3.HON prathame (PRAW-thaw-me) first paṛha (PAW-rhaw) study-IMP.2.FAMILIAR
17.13a ମୁଁ I ଯେଉଁ which ସାଙ୍ଗ friend ସହିତ with ଦିଲ୍ଲୀ Delhi ଯାଇଥିଲି had-gone ସେ he ଏବେ now ବିଦେଶରେ abroad ରହେ lives
17.13b muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM jeuṁ (JE-ũ) which-REL sāṅga (SAANG-gaw) friend sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP dillī (DIL-lee) Delhi jāithili (JAA-i-thi-li) go-PLPRF.1SG se (se) he-3SG.NOM=CORREL ebe (E-be) now bideśare (BI-de-saw-re) abroad-LOC rahe (RAW-he) live-HAB.3SG
17.14a ଆଜି today ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟାରେ in-evening ଆମେ we ସମସ୍ତେ all ଜେଜେମାଙ୍କ Grandma ସହିତ with ବସି sitting ପୁରୁଣା old ଫଟୋ photos ଦେଖିବା will-see
17.14b āji (AA-ji) today sandhyāre (SAWN-dhyaa-re) evening-LOC āme (AA-me) we-1PL.NOM samaste (SAW-maws-te) all-PL.NOM jejemāṅka (JE-je-maang-kaw) grandmother-GEN.HON sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP basi (BAW-si) sit-CVB puruṇā (PU-ru-naa) old phaṭo (PHAW-to) photo dekhibā (DE-khi-baa) see-FUT.1PL
17.15a ଜେଜେମା Grandma କହନ୍ତି says ଭଲ good ଲୋକଙ୍କ people ସହିତ with ରହିଲେ if-stay ଭଲ good କଥା things ଶିଖିବ will-learn
17.15b jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother kahanti (KAW-hawn-ti) say-HAB.3.HON bhala (BHAW-law) good lokaṅka (LO-kawng-kaw) person-GEN.HON sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP rahile (RAW-hi-le) stay-COND bhala (BHAW-law) good kathā (KAW-thaa) word=thing śikhiba (SI-khi-baw) learn-FUT.2.FAMILIAR
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17.1 ମୋ ସହିତ ଆସ। (mo sahita āsa.) Come with me.
17.2 ତୁମ ସାଙ୍ଗରେ କିଏ? (tuma sāṅgare kie?) Who is with you?
17.3 ଭାତ ସହିତ ଡାଲି ଦିଅ। (bhāta sahita ḍāli dia.) Give me some dal with the rice.
17.4 ସେ ମାଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଗଲା। (se māṅka sahita galā.) He went with Mum.
17.5 ସେ ହାତରେ ଖାଏ। (se hātare khāe.) He eats with his hand.
17.6 ମୁଁ ମୋ ସାଙ୍ଗ ସହିତ ସ୍କୁଲକୁ ଯାଏ। (muṁ mo sāṅga sahita skulaku jāe.) I go to school with my friend.
17.7 ଆମେ ଚା ସହିତ ପିଠା ଖାଇଲୁ। (āme cā sahita piṭhā khāilu.) We had pitha with our tea.
17.8 ମୁଁ କାଲି ଶିକ୍ଷକଙ୍କ ସହିତ କଥା ହେଲି। (muṁ kāli śikṣakaṅka sahita kathā heli.) I talked with the teacher yesterday.
17.9 ଛତା ନେଇ ଯାଅ, ବର୍ଷା ହେବ। (chhatā nei jāa, barṣā heba.) Take an umbrella with you; it's going to rain.
17.10 ଲିପି ମୋ ଭାଇ ସହିତ ବଜାରକୁ ଯାଇଛି। (lipi mo bhāi sahita bajāraku jāichhi.) Lipi has gone to the market with my brother.
17.11 ମୋ ବାପା ସେହି ଚଷମା ଥିବା ଲୋକଙ୍କ ସହିତ କାମ କରନ୍ତି। (mo bāpā sehi caṣamā thibā lokaṅka sahita kāma karanti.) My father works with that man with the glasses.
17.12 ମୁଁ ମୋ ସାଙ୍ଗମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଖେଳିବାକୁ ଚାହେଁ, କିନ୍ତୁ ମା' କହନ୍ତି, ପ୍ରଥମେ ପଢ଼। (muṁ mo sāṅgamānaṅka sahita kheḷibāku cāheṁ, kintu mā' kahanti, prathame paṛha.) I want to play with my friends, but Mum says, "Study first."
17.13 ମୁଁ ଯେଉଁ ସାଙ୍ଗ ସହିତ ଦିଲ୍ଲୀ ଯାଇଥିଲି, ସେ ଏବେ ବିଦେଶରେ ରହେ। (muṁ jeuṁ sāṅga sahita dillī jāithili, se ebe bideśare rahe.) The friend I went to Delhi with lives abroad now.
17.14 ଆଜି ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟାରେ ଆମେ ସମସ୍ତେ ଜେଜେମାଙ୍କ ସହିତ ବସି ପୁରୁଣା ଫଟୋ ଦେଖିବା। (āji sandhyāre āme samaste jejemāṅka sahita basi puruṇā phaṭo dekhibā.) This evening we'll all sit with Grandma and look at old photos.
17.15 ଜେଜେମା କହନ୍ତି, ଭଲ ଲୋକଙ୍କ ସହିତ ରହିଲେ ଭଲ କଥା ଶିଖିବ। (jejemā kahanti, bhala lokaṅka sahita rahile bhala kathā śikhiba.) Grandma says that if you keep company with good people, you will learn good things.
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17.1 ମୋ ସହିତ ଆସ।
17.2 ତୁମ ସାଙ୍ଗରେ କିଏ?
17.3 ଭାତ ସହିତ ଡାଲି ଦିଅ।
17.4 ସେ ମାଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଗଲା।
17.5 ସେ ହାତରେ ଖାଏ।
17.6 ମୁଁ ମୋ ସାଙ୍ଗ ସହିତ ସ୍କୁଲକୁ ଯାଏ।
17.7 ଆମେ ଚା ସହିତ ପିଠା ଖାଇଲୁ।
17.8 ମୁଁ କାଲି ଶିକ୍ଷକଙ୍କ ସହିତ କଥା ହେଲି।
17.9 ଛତା ନେଇ ଯାଅ, ବର୍ଷା ହେବ।
17.10 ଲିପି ମୋ ଭାଇ ସହିତ ବଜାରକୁ ଯାଇଛି।
17.11 ମୋ ବାପା ସେହି ଚଷମା ଥିବା ଲୋକଙ୍କ ସହିତ କାମ କରନ୍ତି।
17.12 ମୁଁ ମୋ ସାଙ୍ଗମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଖେଳିବାକୁ ଚାହେଁ, କିନ୍ତୁ ମା' କହନ୍ତି, ପ୍ରଥମେ ପଢ଼।
17.13 ମୁଁ ଯେଉଁ ସାଙ୍ଗ ସହିତ ଦିଲ୍ଲୀ ଯାଇଥିଲି, ସେ ଏବେ ବିଦେଶରେ ରହେ।
17.14 ଆଜି ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟାରେ ଆମେ ସମସ୍ତେ ଜେଜେମାଙ୍କ ସହିତ ବସି ପୁରୁଣା ଫଟୋ ଦେଖିବା।
17.15 ଜେଜେମା କହନ୍ତି, ଭଲ ଲୋକଙ୍କ ସହିତ ରହିଲେ ଭଲ କଥା ଶିଖିବ।
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These are the grammar rules for "with" in Odia:
1. ସହିତ comes after its word. English puts "with" before the noun: "with me." Odia puts ସହିତ after it: ମୋ ସହିତ, "me with" (17.1). It behaves like the other postpositions you know: ତା' ପାଇଁ, "for him" (Lesson 16); ସ୍କୁଲ ପରେ, "after school" (Lesson 16); ନଦୀ ପାଖରେ, "near the river" (Lesson 16).
2. What comes before ସହିତ. A pronoun takes its short "of" form, the same form that means "my, your, his":
- ମୋ ସହିତ (mo sahita), "with me" (17.1) - ତୁମ ସହିତ (tuma sahita), "with you" (familiar) - ଆପଣଙ୍କ ସହିତ (āpaṇaṅka sahita), "with you" (respectful) - ତା' ସହିତ (tā' sahita), "with him, with her" (plain) - ତାଙ୍କ ସହିତ (tāṅka sahita), "with him, with her" (respectful) - ଆମ ସହିତ (āma sahita), "with us" (17.18) - ତୁମମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ (tumamānaṅka sahita), "with you all" (17.19)
A respected person takes the ending -ଙ୍କ: ମାଙ୍କ ସହିତ, "with Mum" (17.4); ଶିକ୍ଷକଙ୍କ ସହିତ, "with the teacher" (17.8); ଜେଜେମାଙ୍କ ସହିତ, "with Grandma" (17.14); ବାପାଙ୍କ ସହିତ, "with (my) father" (17.26). This is the respectful "of" form you met in Lesson 16 (ତାଙ୍କ). Children, friends, names and things usually stand in their plain form: ମୋ ସାଙ୍ଗ ସହିତ, "with my friend" (17.6); ସୋନୁ ସହିତ, "with Sonu" (17.16); ଭାତ ସହିତ, "with rice" (17.3); ଚା ସହିତ, "with tea" (17.7).
3. ସାଙ୍ଗରେ, ସଙ୍ଗେ, ସହ. These three mean the same as ସହିତ and follow the same rule 2:
- ସାଙ୍ଗରେ (sāṅgare) is the everyday spoken form: ତୁମ ସାଙ୍ଗରେ କିଏ? "who is with you?" (17.2); ଆପଣ ଆମ ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ଆସିବେ? "will you come with us?" (17.20) - ସଙ୍ଗେ (saṅge) is found in older writing, as in the Bible quotation of Section F, and in some speech - ସହ (saha) is the short written form: ପରିବାର ସହ, "with the family" (Lesson 8)
ସାଙ୍ଗରେ can also stand alone, meaning "along, with (me, you)": ମୁଁ ଛତା ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ନେବି, "I'll take an umbrella along" (17.22).
4. "With" a tool: -ରେ. When "with" means "using," Odia adds -ରେ to the noun and uses no postposition:
- ହାତରେ (hātare), "with the hand": ସେ ହାତରେ ଖାଏ (17.5) - ସାବୁନରେ (sābunare), "with soap" (17.28) - ଛୁରିରେ (chhurire), "with a knife": ଛୁରିରେ କାଟ, "cut (it) with a knife" - ବସରେ (basare), "by bus" (Lesson 12)
In formal writing ଦ୍ୱାରା (dwārā), "by means of, through," does the same job (Lessons 3 and 16).
5. "With" a feature: ଥିବା. ଥିବା (thibā) is "which is there." Put it after the feature, and put the whole phrase before the noun: ଚଷମା ଥିବା ଲୋକ, "the man with glasses," literally "the glasses-being man" (17.11).
6. "Taking (something) with you": ନେଇ. For things you carry, Odia often says ନେଇ (nei), "taking," before a verb of motion: ଛତା ନେଇ ଯାଅ, "go taking an umbrella," that is, "take an umbrella with you" (17.9).
7. Verbs that go with ସହିତ. Some verbs naturally take a partner with ସହିତ:
- କଥା ହେବା, "to talk": ଶିକ୍ଷକଙ୍କ ସହିତ କଥା ହେଲି, "I talked with the teacher" (17.8) - ଖେଳିବା, "to play": ସାଙ୍ଗମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଖେଳିବାକୁ, "to play with friends" (17.12) - କାମ କରିବା, "to work": ସେହି ଲୋକଙ୍କ ସହିତ କାମ କରନ୍ତି, "works with that man" (17.11) - ରହିବା, "to stay, to live": ଭଲ ଲୋକଙ୍କ ସହିତ ରହିଲେ, "if you stay with good people" (17.15) - ମେଳ ଖାଇବା, "to match": ଶାଢ଼ୀ ସହିତ ମେଳ ଖାଇବ, "will go with the sari" (Lesson 13)
8. "With whom?" and "with which." The question is କାହା ସହିତ? (kāhā sahita?), "with whom?" (17.25), built on କାହା, the "of" form of କିଏ, "who." In a relative sentence, ଯେଉଁ … ସହିତ means "with which, with whom," and ସେ picks the person up again: ମୁଁ ଯେଉଁ ସାଙ୍ଗ ସହିତ ଦିଲ୍ଲୀ ଯାଇଥିଲି, ସେ …, "the friend with whom I went to Delhi, he …" (17.13). This is the ଯେ- … ସେ- pattern of Lessons 15 and 16.
9. ସହିତ in the middle of a sentence. Because ସହିତ closes its phrase, the whole phrase can move like a single word: ମୁଁ ମୋ ସାଙ୍ଗ ସହିତ ସ୍କୁଲକୁ ଯାଏ (17.6) or ମୋ ସାଙ୍ଗ ସହିତ ମୁଁ ସ୍କୁଲକୁ ଯାଏ. The verb stays at the end.
Common Mistakes:
- Putting ସହିତ first, as in English. Incorrect: ସହିତ ମୋ. Correct: ମୋ ସହିତ (17.1) - Using the subject form. Incorrect: ମୁଁ ସହିତ. Correct: ମୋ ସହିତ - Using ସହିତ for a tool. Incorrect: ଛୁରି ସହିତ କାଟ. Correct: ଛୁରିରେ କାଟ (rule 4) - Using the plain form for an elder. Of a teacher say ତାଙ୍କ ସହିତ, not ତା' ସହିତ (Lesson 16, rule 3) - Translating "angry with" by ସହିତ. Odia says "angry on": ମା' ମୋ ଉପରେ ରାଗିଛନ୍ତି, "Mum is angry with me"
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Eating with the hand. In Odisha, as in much of India, rice and dal are eaten with the right hand: ସେ ହାତରେ ଖାଏ (17.5). The hands are washed before and after the meal, which is why Grandma insists on ସାବୁନରେ in 17.28. ଭାତ ସହିତ ଡାଲି (17.3) is the everyday meal: Odia speakers often just say ଡାଲି ଭାତ, "dal and rice," for a simple home meal.
Going out together. In many Odia families, children do not go to a crowded place without an adult, and the question "who is going with whom?" comes before the outing. A grandparent going along is nothing unusual. The dialogue below shows this: Grandma will not let the boys go to the ମେଳା (meḷā), the fair, with only one adult, and Sonu's small sister will stay with her father.
ମେଳା, the fair. Village and temple fairs are held all over Odisha, often around festivals: stalls of sweets and toys, flowers for worship, and large crowds (ଭିଡ଼). Grandma's plan to bring back flowers for the ପୂଜା (pūjā), the household worship, is typical.
ସାଙ୍ଗ, "friend." The word ସାଙ୍ଗ (Lesson 16) and the postposition ସାଙ୍ଗରେ share their root: the friend is the one you are "with." Grandma's advice in 17.15 rests on the same idea: the company you keep shapes what you learn.
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From the Odia Bible, the Gospel of Matthew 1:23, in the Odia Old Version (re-edited) of the Bible Society of India (© 2014 The Bible Society of India), the edition cited in Lessons 10 to 16. After the angel has spoken to Joseph, the evangelist quotes the prophecy of Isaiah: a son will be born and will be called Immanuel. The verse ends by translating the Hebrew name, and the translation is three words long: ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଈଶ୍ଵର, "God with us." It is the most famous "with" in the Odia Bible.
23a ଦେଖ behold ଜଣେ a କନ୍ୟା maiden ଗର୍ଭବତୀ pregnant ହୋଇ becoming ପୁତ୍ର son ପ୍ରସବ birth କରିବେ will-do ଆଉ and ଲୋକେ people ତାହାଙ୍କ his ନାମ name ଇମ୍ମାନୁୟେଲ Immanuel ଦେବେ will-give ଏହି this ନାମର of-name ଅର୍ଥ meaning ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କ us ସହିତ with ଈଶ୍ଵର God
23b dekha (DE-khaw) see-IMP.2.FAMILIAR=behold jaṇe (JAW-ne) one-CLF.PERSON=a kanyā (KAWN-yaa) maiden garbhabatī (GAWR-bhaw-baw-tee) pregnant hoi (HO-i) become-CVB putra (PUT-raw) son prasaba (PRAW-saw-baw) birth karibe (KAW-ri-be) do-FUT.3.HON āu (AA-u) and loke (LO-ke) person-PL.NOM tāhāṅka (TAA-haang-kaw) he-3.HON.GEN.ARCH nāma (NAA-maw) name immānuyela (IM-maa-nu-ye-law) Immanuel debe (DE-be) give-FUT.3PL ehi (E-hi) this-DEM.ADJ nāmara (NAA-maw-raw) name-GEN artha (AWR-thaw) meaning āmbhamānaṅka (AAM-bhaw-maa-nawng-kaw) we-1PL.GEN.ARCH sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP īśwara (EES-waw-raw) God
ଦେଖ, ଜଣେ କନ୍ୟା ଗର୍ଭବତୀ ହୋଇ ପୁତ୍ର ପ୍ରସବ କରିବେ, ଆଉ ଲୋକେ ତାହାଙ୍କ ନାମ ଇମ୍ମାନୁୟେଲ ଦେବେ, ଏହି ନାମର ଅର୍ଥ 'ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଈଶ୍ଵରʼ। (Matthew 1:23)
"Behold, a virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and they shall call his name Immanuel, which means 'God with us.'"
ଦେଖ, ଜଣେ କନ୍ୟା ଗର୍ଭବତୀ ହୋଇ ପୁତ୍ର ପ୍ରସବ କରିବେ, ଆଉ ଲୋକେ ତାହାଙ୍କ ନାମ ଇମ୍ମାନୁୟେଲ ଦେବେ, ଏହି ନାମର ଅର୍ଥ 'ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଈଶ୍ଵରʼ।
ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ, "with us." The pronoun stands in its "of" form before ସହିତ, exactly as rule 2 requires. ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କ is the older, written form of "our, of us," built on ଆମ୍ଭେ, the Bible's word for "we." Modern speech says ଆମ ସହିତ (17.18) or ଆମ ସାଙ୍ଗରେ (17.20).
A phrase with no verb. ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଈଶ୍ଵର is "with-us God," with no verb at all, like ସେ ମୋ ଭାଇ, "he (is) my brother," in Lesson 16 (rule 6). The ସହିତ phrase comes first, before the noun it describes, as Odia puts every describing phrase.
Respect and number in the verbs. କରିବେ, "will bear," is the respectful future: the maiden is spoken of with respect. ଦେବେ, "will give," has the same ending for a different reason: its subject is ଲୋକେ, "people," a plural. ଲୋକେ is the short plural of ଲୋକ, beside the ଲୋକମାନେ you met in Lesson 16. ତାହାଙ୍କ, "his," is the older respectful form of Lesson 16, rule 4: modern Odia says ତାଙ୍କ ନାମ.
ଦେଖ, "behold." The plain imperative of ଦେଖିବା, "to see," opens the prophecy as English "behold" does. It is the ଦେଖ of everyday speech: "look!"
ସଙ୍ଗେ at the end of the Gospel. The same Gospel closes with another "with." In Matthew 28:20 the risen Jesus says, in this edition, ମୁଁ ତୁମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କ ସଙ୍ଗେ ସଙ୍ଗେ ଅଛି, "I am with you." Here the translators chose ସଙ୍ଗେ (rule 3), doubled to mean "right beside you, all along." So in Odia the first chapter of Matthew names God ସହିତ, "with," us, and the Gospel's last verse closes on ସଙ୍ଗେ ସଙ୍ଗେ, "right beside" us. In modern speech the doubled ସଙ୍ଗେ ସଙ୍ଗେ usually means "at once, immediately," so read it here in its older sense.
Script note. As in Lesson 16, the edition writes ଈଶ୍ଵର with ଵ (U+0B35); modern spelling is ଈଶ୍ୱର, with ୱ (U+0B71). The quotation keeps the edition's spelling. ଇମ୍ମାନୁୟେଲ uses ୟ (ya), the letter for the y sound, which is distinct from ଯ, said j (as in ଯେଉଁ, 17.13).
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Rabi (ରବି), his grandmother Jejemā (ଜେଜେମା) and his friend Sonu (ସୋନୁ), from Lesson 16. It is the evening of the village fair. Grandma speaks to the boys with ତୁମେ, and the boys to Grandma with ଆପଣ, as before. Count the ways of saying "with": ସହିତ for company, ସାଙ୍ଗରେ for company and for "along," and -ରେ for a tool.
17.16a ରବି Rabi ଜେଜେମା Grandma ଆଜି today ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟାରେ in-evening ମୁଁ I ସୋନୁ Sonu ସହିତ with ମେଳାକୁ to-fair ଯିବି will-go
17.16b rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother-VOC āji (AA-ji) today sandhyāre (SAWN-dhyaa-re) evening-LOC muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM sonu (SO-nu) Sonu sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP meḷāku (ME-laa-ku) fair-DAT jibi (JI-bi) go-FUT.1SG
17.17a ଜେଜେମା Grandma ଖାଲି only ସୋନୁ Sonu ସହିତ with ଆଉ else କିଏ who ତୁମ you ସାଙ୍ଗରେ with ଯିବ will-go
17.17b jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother khāli (KHAA-li) only sonu (SO-nu) Sonu sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP āu (AA-u) more=else kie (KI-e) who-Q tuma (TU-maw) you-2.FAMILIAR.GEN.SHORT sāṅgare (SAANG-gaw-re) company-LOC=with jiba (JI-baw) go-FUT.3SG
17.18a ରବି Rabi ସୋନୁର Sonu's ବାପା father ବି also ଆମ us ସହିତ with ଯିବେ will-go
17.18b rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi sonura (SO-nu-raw) Sonu-GEN bāpā (BAA-paa) father bi (bi) also āma (AA-maw) we-1PL.GEN.SHORT sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP jibe (JI-be) go-FUT.3.HON
17.19a ଜେଜେମା Grandma ତେବେ then ଠିକ right ଅଛି is କିନ୍ତୁ but ମୁଁ I ବି also ତୁମମାନଙ୍କ you-all ସହିତ with ଯିବି will-go
17.19b jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother tebe (TE-be) then ṭhika (THI-kaw) right achhi (AW-chhi) be-EXIST.3SG kintu (KIN-tu) but muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM bi (bi) also tumamānaṅka (TU-maw-maa-nawng-kaw) you-2.FAMILIAR.PL.GEN sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP jibi (JI-bi) go-FUT.1SG
17.20a ରବି Rabi ଆପଣ you ଆମ us ସାଙ୍ଗରେ with ଆସିବେ will-come ବହୁତ very ଭଲ good କଥା thing
17.20b rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi āpaṇa (AA-paw-naw) you-2.POLITE.NOM āma (AA-maw) we-1PL.GEN.SHORT sāṅgare (SAANG-gaw-re) company-LOC=with āsibe (AA-si-be) come-FUT.HON bahuta (BAW-hu-taw) very bhala (BHAW-law) good kathā (KAW-thaa) word=thing
17.21a ଜେଜେମା Grandma ହଁ yes ମୁଁ I ମେଳାରୁ from-fair ପୂଜା worship ପାଇଁ for ଫୁଲ flowers ଆଣିବି will-bring
17.21b jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother haṁ (hã) yes muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM meḷāru (ME-laa-ru) fair-ABL pūjā (POO-jaa) worship pāiṁ (PAA-ĩ) for-POSTP phula (PHU-law) flower āṇibi (AA-ni-bi) bring-FUT.1SG
17.22a ରବି Rabi ଆକାଶରେ in-sky ମେଘ cloud ଅଛି is ମୁଁ I ଛତା umbrella ସାଙ୍ଗରେ along ନେବି will-take
17.22b rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi ākāśare (AA-kaa-saw-re) sky-LOC megha (ME-ghaw) cloud achhi (AW-chhi) be-EXIST.3SG muṁ (mũ) I-1SG.NOM chhatā (CHHAW-taa) umbrella sāṅgare (SAANG-gaw-re) company-LOC=along nebi (NE-bi) take-FUT.1SG
17.23a ରବି Rabi ସୋନୁ Sonu ଆସିଗଲା has-come ସେ he ନିଜ own ସାନ younger ଭଉଣୀକୁ sister ବି also ସାଙ୍ଗରେ along ଆଣିଛି has-brought
17.23b rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi sonu (SO-nu) Sonu āsigalā (AA-si-gaw-laa) come-go-PST.3SG=has-arrived se (se) he-3SG.NOM nija (NI-jaw) self=own sāna (SAA-naw) younger bhauṇīku (BHAW-u-nee-ku) sister-ACC bi (bi) also sāṅgare (SAANG-gaw-re) company-LOC=along āṇichhi (AA-ni-chhi) bring-PRF.3SG
17.24a ସୋନୁ Sonu ନମସ୍କାର greetings ଜେଜେମା Grandma ମୋ my ବାପା father ଦୁଆରେ at-door ଅଛନ୍ତି is
17.24b sonu (SO-nu) Sonu namaskāra (NAW-maws-kaa-raw) greeting jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother-VOC mo (mo) I-1SG.GEN.SHORT bāpā (BAA-paa) father duāre (DU-aa-re) door-LOC achhanti (AW-chhawn-ti) be-EXIST.3.HON
17.25a ଜେଜେମା Grandma ନମସ୍କାର greetings ସୋନୁ Sonu ତୁମ your ଭଉଣୀ sister କାହା whom ସହିତ with ରହିବ will-stay ମେଳାରେ at-fair ବହୁତ much ଭିଡ଼ crowd
17.25b jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother namaskāra (NAW-maws-kaa-raw) greeting sonu (SO-nu) Sonu-VOC tuma (TU-maw) you-2.FAMILIAR.GEN.SHORT bhauṇī (BHAW-u-nee) sister kāhā (KAA-haa) who-GEN sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP rahiba (RAW-hi-baw) stay-FUT.3SG meḷāre (ME-laa-re) fair-LOC bahuta (BAW-hu-taw) much bhiṛa (BHI-raw) crowd
17.26a ସୋନୁ Sonu ସେ she ମୋ my ବାପାଙ୍କ father ସହିତ with ରହିବ will-stay ସେ she ତାଙ୍କ his ହାତ hand ଧରି holding ଚାଲିବ will-walk
17.26b sonu (SO-nu) Sonu se (se) she-3SG.NOM mo (mo) I-1SG.GEN.SHORT bāpāṅka (BAA-paang-kaw) father-GEN.HON sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP rahiba (RAW-hi-baw) stay-FUT.3SG se (se) she-3SG.NOM tāṅka (TAANG-kaw) he-3.HON.GEN.SHORT hāta (HAA-taw) hand dhari (DHAW-ri) hold-CVB cāliba (CHAA-li-baw) walk-FUT.3SG
17.27a ରବି Rabi ମେଳାରେ at-fair ଆମେ we ଚା tea ସହିତ with ଗରମ hot ପିଠା pitha ଖାଇବା will-eat
17.27b rabi (RAW-bi) Rabi meḷāre (ME-laa-re) fair-LOC āme (AA-me) we-1PL.NOM cā (chaa) tea sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP garama (GAW-raw-maw) hot piṭhā (PI-thaa) cake khāibā (KHAA-i-baa) eat-FUT.1PL
17.28a ଜେଜେମା Grandma ପ୍ରଥମେ first ସାବୁନରେ with-soap ହାତ hands ଧୋଇବ will-wash ତା' that ପରେ after ଖାଇବ will-eat
17.28b jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother prathame (PRAW-thaw-me) first sābunare (SAA-bu-naw-re) soap-LOC=with-soap hāta (HAA-taw) hand dhoiba (DHO-i-baw) wash-FUT.2.FAMILIAR tā' (taa) it-3SG.GEN.SHORT=that pare (PAW-re) after-POSTP khāiba (KHAA-i-baw) eat-FUT.2.FAMILIAR
17.29a ସୋନୁ Sonu ଜେଜେମା Grandma ଆପଣ you ଆମ us ସାଙ୍ଗରେ with ଅଛନ୍ତି are ତେଣୁ so ମୋ my ମା' mother ଚିନ୍ତା worry କରିବେ will-do ନାହିଁ not
17.29b sonu (SO-nu) Sonu jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother-VOC āpaṇa (AA-paw-naw) you-2.POLITE.NOM āma (AA-maw) we-1PL.GEN.SHORT sāṅgare (SAANG-gaw-re) company-LOC=with achhanti (AW-chhawn-ti) be-EXIST.HON teṇu (TE-nu) therefore mo (mo) I-1SG.GEN.SHORT mā' (maa) mother cintā (CHIN-taa) worry karibe (KAW-ri-be) do-FUT.3.HON nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) NEG
17.30a ଜେଜେମା Grandma ଚାଲ come-on ସମସ୍ତେ all ମୋ me ସହିତ with ଆସ come କେହି anyone ହଜିଯିବ will-get-lost ନାହିଁ not
17.30b jejemā (JE-je-maa) grandmother cāla (CHAA-law) walk-IMP.2.FAMILIAR=let's-go samaste (SAW-maws-te) all-PL.NOM mo (mo) I-1SG.GEN.SHORT sahita (SAW-hi-taw) with-POSTP āsa (AA-saw) come-IMP.2.FAMILIAR kehi (KE-hi) anyone hajijiba (HAW-ji-ji-baw) lose-go-FUT.3SG=get-lost nāhiṁ (NAA-hĩ) NEG
17.16 ରବି: ଜେଜେମା, ଆଜି ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟାରେ ମୁଁ ସୋନୁ ସହିତ ମେଳାକୁ ଯିବି। (rabi: jejemā, āji sandhyāre muṁ sonu sahita meḷāku jibi.) Rabi: Grandma, I'm going to the fair with Sonu this evening.
17.17 ଜେଜେମା: ଖାଲି ସୋନୁ ସହିତ? ଆଉ କିଏ ତୁମ ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ଯିବ? (jejemā: khāli sonu sahita? āu kie tuma sāṅgare jiba?) Grandma: Just with Sonu? Who else is going with you?
17.18 ରବି: ସୋନୁର ବାପା ବି ଆମ ସହିତ ଯିବେ। (rabi: sonura bāpā bi āma sahita jibe.) Rabi: Sonu's father is coming with us too.
17.19 ଜେଜେମା: ତେବେ ଠିକ ଅଛି। କିନ୍ତୁ ମୁଁ ବି ତୁମମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଯିବି। (jejemā: tebe ṭhika achhi. kintu muṁ bi tumamānaṅka sahita jibi.) Grandma: All right, then. But I'm coming with you as well.
17.20 ରବି: ଆପଣ ଆମ ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ଆସିବେ? ବହୁତ ଭଲ କଥା! (rabi: āpaṇa āma sāṅgare āsibe? bahuta bhala kathā!) Rabi: You're coming with us? That's great!
17.21 ଜେଜେମା: ହଁ। ମୁଁ ମେଳାରୁ ପୂଜା ପାଇଁ ଫୁଲ ଆଣିବି। (jejemā: haṁ. muṁ meḷāru pūjā pāiṁ phula āṇibi.) Grandma: Yes. I'll bring back flowers from the fair for the puja.
17.22 ରବି: ଆକାଶରେ ମେଘ ଅଛି। ମୁଁ ଛତା ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ନେବି। (rabi: ākāśare megha achhi. muṁ chhatā sāṅgare nebi.) Rabi: There are clouds in the sky. I'll take an umbrella along.
17.23 ରବି: ସୋନୁ ଆସିଗଲା! ସେ ନିଜ ସାନ ଭଉଣୀକୁ ବି ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ଆଣିଛି। (rabi: sonu āsigalā! se nija sāna bhauṇīku bi sāṅgare āṇichhi.) Rabi: Sonu's here! He's brought his little sister along too.
17.24 ସୋନୁ: ନମସ୍କାର, ଜେଜେମା। ମୋ ବାପା ଦୁଆରେ ଅଛନ୍ତି। (sonu: namaskāra, jejemā. mo bāpā duāre achhanti.) Sonu: Namaskar, Grandma. My father is at the door.
17.25 ଜେଜେମା: ନମସ୍କାର, ସୋନୁ। ତୁମ ଭଉଣୀ କାହା ସହିତ ରହିବ? ମେଳାରେ ବହୁତ ଭିଡ଼। (jejemā: namaskāra, sonu. tuma bhauṇī kāhā sahita rahiba? meḷāre bahuta bhiṛa.) Grandma: Namaskar, Sonu. Who will your sister stay with? It's very crowded at the fair.
17.26 ସୋନୁ: ସେ ମୋ ବାପାଙ୍କ ସହିତ ରହିବ। ସେ ତାଙ୍କ ହାତ ଧରି ଚାଲିବ। (sonu: se mo bāpāṅka sahita rahiba. se tāṅka hāta dhari cāliba.) Sonu: She'll stay with my father. She'll hold his hand the whole way.
17.27 ରବି: ମେଳାରେ ଆମେ ଚା ସହିତ ଗରମ ପିଠା ଖାଇବା। (rabi: meḷāre āme cā sahita garama piṭhā khāibā.) Rabi: At the fair we'll have hot pitha with tea.
17.28 ଜେଜେମା: ପ୍ରଥମେ ସାବୁନରେ ହାତ ଧୋଇବ, ତା' ପରେ ଖାଇବ। (jejemā: prathame sābunare hāta dhoiba, tā' pare khāiba.) Grandma: First you'll wash your hands with soap, and then you'll eat.
17.29 ସୋନୁ: ଜେଜେମା, ଆପଣ ଆମ ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ଅଛନ୍ତି, ତେଣୁ ମୋ ମା' ଚିନ୍ତା କରିବେ ନାହିଁ। (sonu: jejemā, āpaṇa āma sāṅgare achhanti, teṇu mo mā' cintā karibe nāhiṁ.) Sonu: Grandma, you're with us, so my mother won't worry.
17.30 ଜେଜେମା: ଚାଲ, ସମସ୍ତେ ମୋ ସହିତ ଆସ। କେହି ହଜିଯିବ ନାହିଁ! (jejemā: cāla, samaste mo sahita āsa. kehi hajijiba nāhiṁ!) Grandma: Come on, everyone, come with me. Nobody is getting lost!
17.16 ରବି: ଜେଜେମା, ଆଜି ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟାରେ ମୁଁ ସୋନୁ ସହିତ ମେଳାକୁ ଯିବି।
17.17 ଜେଜେମା: ଖାଲି ସୋନୁ ସହିତ? ଆଉ କିଏ ତୁମ ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ଯିବ?
17.18 ରବି: ସୋନୁର ବାପା ବି ଆମ ସହିତ ଯିବେ।
17.19 ଜେଜେମା: ତେବେ ଠିକ ଅଛି। କିନ୍ତୁ ମୁଁ ବି ତୁମମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଯିବି।
17.20 ରବି: ଆପଣ ଆମ ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ଆସିବେ? ବହୁତ ଭଲ କଥା!
17.21 ଜେଜେମା: ହଁ। ମୁଁ ମେଳାରୁ ପୂଜା ପାଇଁ ଫୁଲ ଆଣିବି।
17.22 ରବି: ଆକାଶରେ ମେଘ ଅଛି। ମୁଁ ଛତା ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ନେବି।
17.23 ରବି: ସୋନୁ ଆସିଗଲା! ସେ ନିଜ ସାନ ଭଉଣୀକୁ ବି ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ଆଣିଛି।
17.24 ସୋନୁ: ନମସ୍କାର, ଜେଜେମା। ମୋ ବାପା ଦୁଆରେ ଅଛନ୍ତି।
17.25 ଜେଜେମା: ନମସ୍କାର, ସୋନୁ। ତୁମ ଭଉଣୀ କାହା ସହିତ ରହିବ? ମେଳାରେ ବହୁତ ଭିଡ଼।
17.26 ସୋନୁ: ସେ ମୋ ବାପାଙ୍କ ସହିତ ରହିବ। ସେ ତାଙ୍କ ହାତ ଧରି ଚାଲିବ।
17.27 ରବି: ମେଳାରେ ଆମେ ଚା ସହିତ ଗରମ ପିଠା ଖାଇବା।
17.28 ଜେଜେମା: ପ୍ରଥମେ ସାବୁନରେ ହାତ ଧୋଇବ, ତା' ପରେ ଖାଇବ।
17.29 ସୋନୁ: ଜେଜେମା, ଆପଣ ଆମ ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ଅଛନ୍ତି, ତେଣୁ ମୋ ମା' ଚିନ୍ତା କରିବେ ନାହିଁ।
17.30 ଜେଜେମା: ଚାଲ, ସମସ୍ତେ ମୋ ସହିତ ଆସ। କେହି ହଜିଯିବ ନାହିଁ!
ସହିତ and ସାଙ୍ଗରେ side by side. The dialogue uses both, often in the same line: ଖାଲି ସୋନୁ ସହିତ? ଆଉ କିଏ ତୁମ ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ଯିବ? (17.17). They mean the same; ସାଙ୍ଗରେ is a little more conversational. Both follow the "of" form: ଆମ ସହିତ (17.18), ଆମ ସାଙ୍ଗରେ (17.20, 17.29), ତୁମମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ (17.19), ମୋ ସହିତ (17.30).
Respect before ସହିତ. Sonu's father takes the respectful ending: ମୋ ବାପାଙ୍କ ସହିତ (17.26). Sonu himself, a boy, stands bare: ସୋନୁ ସହିତ (17.16). In 17.18 he takes the plain "of" ending -ର: ସୋନୁର ବାପା, "Sonu's father."
ସାଙ୍ଗରେ alone: "along." In 17.22 and 17.23 ସାଙ୍ଗରେ has no word before it. ଛତା ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ନେବି, "I'll take an umbrella along"; ଭଉଣୀକୁ ବି ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ଆଣିଛି, "he has brought his sister along too." The "with whom" is the subject: along with me, along with him.
ନିଜ again. In 17.23 Sonu's sister is his own sister, so the speaker says ନିଜ ସାନ ଭଉଣୀ, not ତା' ସାନ ଭଉଣୀ (Lesson 16, rule 7). In 17.26 the hand belongs to someone other than the subject: she holds his hand, the father's, so it is ତାଙ୍କ ହାତ.
କାହା ସହିତ? "With whom?" (17.25). କାହା is the "of" form of କିଏ, "who," and it takes ସହିତ like any other pronoun.
-ରେ for the tool, -ରେ for the place. ସାବୁନରେ ହାତ ଧୋଇବ, "wash your hands with soap" (17.28): -ରେ is the tool. ମେଳାରେ, "at the fair" (17.25, 17.27), and ଆକାଶରେ, "in the sky" (17.22): -ରେ is the place. The ending is one; the meaning comes from the noun.
The future as a gentle command. Grandma says ହାତ ଧୋଇବ, "you will wash your hands," and ଖାଇବ, "you will eat" (17.28). The future in -ବ, said to someone addressed as ତୁମେ, is a softer way of telling them what to do than the imperative ଧୁଅ.
ଆସିଗଲା, ହଜିଯିବ: verbs with ଯିବା. ଆସିଗଲା (17.23), "has arrived," is ଆସି, "having come," plus ଗଲା, "went." ହଜିଯିବ (17.30), "will get lost," is ହଜି plus ଯିବ, "will go." The added ଯିବା, "to go," shows that something has happened completely. You saw ହଜିଯାଇଥିଲା, "was lost," in Luke 15:32 (Lesson 13).
ଚାଲ, "come on." ଚାଲ (17.30) is the imperative of ଚାଲିବା, "to walk" (17.26), and is used, like English "come on, let's go," to set a group moving.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
Respelling key. As in the earlier lessons: capitals mark the syllable to stress lightly (usually the first). "aw" is the Odia inherent vowel ଅ [ɔ], as in English law. "aa" is ଆ [aː], as in father. A tilde (ã, ĩ, ũ, ẽ) marks a nasal vowel, written with the candrabindu ଁ.
The key forms:
- ସହିତ (sahita) [sɔɦit̪ɔ]: "SAW-hi-taw." The ହ is breathy, as in English ahead; the final ତ is dental, the tongue touching the back of the upper teeth, with the inherent vowel said lightly - ସହ (saha) [sɔɦɔ]: "SAW-haw" - ସାଙ୍ଗରେ (sāṅgare) [saːŋgɔɾe]: "SAANG-gaw-re," with the ng of finger, the g sounded - ସଙ୍ଗେ (saṅge) [sɔŋge]: "SAWNG-ge" - କାହା (kāhā) [kaːɦaː]: "KAA-haa" - ଈଶ୍ଵର (īśwara) [iːswɔɾɔ]: "EES-waw-raw." ଶ is said [s], as in Lesson 12 - ଇମ୍ମାନୁୟେଲ (immānuyela) [immaːnujelɔ]: "IM-maa-nu-ye-law," with a doubled m
Sounds absent from English:
- ଳ (ḷa) in ମେଳା, ଖେଳିବାକୁ: the retroflex lateral, an l with the tongue tip curled back - ଡ଼ (ṛa) in ଭିଡ଼: a retroflex flap. Curl the tongue tip back and flick it forward once - ଢ଼ (ṛha) in ପଢ଼: the same flap with a puff of breath - ଠ (ṭha) in ପିଠା, ଠିକ: a retroflex t with a puff of breath - ଛ (chha) in ଛତା, ଯାଇଛି: a ch with a strong puff of breath; ଚ (ca) in ଚା, ଚାଲ has no puff - ଘ, ଧ, ଭ in ମେଘ, ଧୋଇବ, ଭଉଣୀ: g, d and b with breath after them - ଣ (ṇa) in ଭଉଣୀ, ତେଣୁ: in ordinary speech said much like ନ (Lesson 16 respellings write it n)
Intonation. A yes–no question without a question word rises at the end: ଖାଲି ସୋନୁ ସହିତ ↗? "just with Sonu?" (17.17); ଆପଣ ଆମ ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ଆସିବେ ↗? "you're coming with us?" (17.20). A question with a question word puts its high point on that word: ତୁମ ଭଉଣୀ କାହା ↗ ସହିତ ରହିବ? (17.25).
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
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