Universitas Scholarium — A Community of Scholars Log In

← Dutch

Lesson 56

after
56 of 65 lessons

Lesson 56 Dutch: A Latinum Institute Modern Language Course

na - After

“after” → na - Time and Sequence

◊ᴺᵉˣᵃˡ ◊ᴸᵃᵗⁱⁿᵘᵐ ◊ᴰᵘᵗᶜʰ ◊ᴸᵉˢˢᵒⁿ⁵⁶ ◊ⁿᵃ

Introduction

Welcome to Lesson 56 of the Dutch course from the Latinum Institute. This lesson focuses on the English preposition “after” and its Dutch counterpart, na.

What does “after” mean in Dutch?

Na is the Dutch word for “later than”, in time, in order and in position: na het eten, “after the meal”; na zeven uur, “after seven o'clock”; na u, “after you”. It is one short syllable with no endings, no gender and no case: whatever follows it, na stays na. Its opposite is voor, “before”. The English word “after” does three jobs, and Dutch gives each its own word. As a preposition (“after the meal”) it is na. As a conjunction that opens a clause (“after we had eaten”) it is nadat. As an adverb that stands alone (“afterwards”, “after that”) it is daarna, or erna. This lesson teaches na; the other two are set beside it in Section D so that the three jobs do not run together.

Three points require attention from the start.

First, na is a preposition, so it is followed by a noun or a pronoun and never by a clause with its own verb: na het eten, but nadat wij gegeten hebben. The English habit of saying “after we eat” with the same word must be dropped.

Second, a sentence that opens with a na-phrase puts the verb straight after it, in second place: na het werk ga ik naar huis, “after work I go home”. The subject comes after the verb, not before it.

Third, na is not naar. Na means “after”, naar means “to”, and one letter separates them: ik ga naar huis, “I'm going home”; ik ga na het eten naar huis, “I'm going home after the meal”.

Etymology: na is an inherited word, from Middle Dutch and, before that, Old Dutch nah; the dictionaries date it to about 1200 as a preposition. It originally meant “near”, and an old adjective na, “close by, related”, is still recorded. The sense “after” grew out of “near”, and nabij, “near”, is a relative. The German cousin is nach.

Key Takeaways: - Na means “after” and is followed by a noun or pronoun: na het eten, na de film, na u - It is invariable, and the verb follows a na-phrase at the start of a sentence: na het werk ga ik naar huis - Before a clause use nadat, not na: nadat wij gegeten hebben - “Afterwards” is daarna or erna; “after” as “behind” or “in pursuit” is not na - Na is not naar: na = after, naar = to; say it /naː/, with a long open a

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Pronunciation Guide

na /naː/ - One syllable. The vowel is a long, open, steady a, held without any glide, like the a of English “spa” or “father”. It is not the English “nay” /neɪ/ and not the short a of “cat”. The word ends on the vowel and stops there.

naar /naːr/ - “To”. The same long a, followed by a rolled or tapped r. Na and naar differ by the final r alone, so listen for it.

nadat /naːˈdɑt/ - “After” (conjunction). The stress is on the second syllable. The first syllable is na again, the second is dat with a short a, as in “hot” said with the lips less rounded.

daarna /daːrˈnaː/ - “Afterwards”. The stress falls on the last syllable, which is na.

voor /voːr/ - “Before”, the opposite of na.

achter /ˈɑx.tər/ - “Behind”. The stress is on the first syllable, and the ch is the rough fricative /x/, as in Scottish “loch”.

Common error: English speakers often turn the long a into a diphthong and say “nay”. Keep the mouth still: /naː/ is a single, level vowel, and it is always the same vowel in na, naar, nadat and daarna.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section A: Interlinear Construed Text

56.1 Na (naː) after u! (y) you-formal

56.2 Na (naː) after het (ət) the eten. (ˈeː.tən) meal

56.3 Na (naː) after de (də) the les. (lɛs) lesson

56.4 Kom (kɔm) come na (naː) after zeven (ˈzeː.vən) seven uur. (yr) o'clock

56.5 Wij (ʋɛi) we eten (ˈeː.tən) eat na (naː) after de (də) the film. (fɪlm) film

56.6 Na (naː) after het (ət) the werk (ʋɛrk) work ga (ɣaː) go ik (ɪk) I naar (naːr) to huis. (hœys) home

56.7 Ik (ɪk) I ben (bɛn) am moe (mu) tired na (naː) after een (ən) a lange (ˈlɑ.ŋə) long dag. (dɑx) day

56.8 Na (naː) after regen (ˈreː.ɣən) rain komt (kɔmt) comes zonneschijn. (ˈzɔ.nə.sxɛin) sunshine

56.9 Na (naː) after de (də) the oorlog (ˈoːr.lɔx) war woonden (ˈʋoːn.dən) lived ze (zə) they in (ɪn) in Utrecht. (ˈy.trɛxt) Utrecht

56.10 Je (jə) you moet (mut) must na (naː) after de (də) the kerk (kɛrk) church linksaf (ˈlɪŋks.ɑf) left-off slaan. (slaːn) turn

56.11 Na (naː) after afloop (ˈɑf.loːp) end van (vɑn) of de (də) the voorstelling (ˈvoːr.stɛ.lɪŋ) performance drinken (ˈdrɪŋ.kən) drink wij (ʋɛi) we koffie. (kɔˈfi) coffee

56.12 De (də) the hofdame (ˈhɔf.daː.mə) lady-in-waiting kwam (kʋɑm) came na (naː) after de (də) the koningin (ˌkoː.nɪŋˈɣɪn) queen binnen. (ˈbɪ.nən) in

56.13 Na (naː) after de (də) the film (fɪlm) film gaan (ɣaːn) go wij (ʋɛi) we nog (nɔx) still even (ˈeː.vən) briefly naar (naːr) to een (ən) a café. (kɑˈfeː) café

56.14 Dag (dɑx) day na (naː) after dag (dɑx) day regende (ˈreː.ɣən.də) rained het, (ət) it maar (maːr) but na (naː) after een (ən) a week (ʋeːk) week kwam (kʋɑm) came de (də) the zon (zɔn) sun terug. (təˈrʏx) back

56.15 Na (naː) after gedane (ɣəˈdaː.nə) done arbeid (ˈɑr.bɛit) labour is (ɪs) is het (ət) it goed (ɣut) good rusten. (ˈrʏs.tən) rest

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section B: Natural Sentences

56.1 Na u! → “After you!”

56.2 Na het eten. → “After the meal.”

56.3 Na de les. → “After the lesson.”

56.4 Kom na zeven uur. → “Come after seven o'clock.”

56.5 Wij eten na de film. → “We eat after the film.”

56.6 Na het werk ga ik naar huis. → “After work I go home.”

56.7 Ik ben moe na een lange dag. → “I'm tired after a long day.”

56.8 Na regen komt zonneschijn. → “After rain comes sunshine.”

56.9 Na de oorlog woonden ze in Utrecht. → “After the war they lived in Utrecht.”

56.10 Je moet na de kerk linksaf slaan. → “You have to turn left after the church.”

56.11 Na afloop van de voorstelling drinken wij koffie. → “After the performance we drink coffee.”

56.12 De hofdame kwam na de koningin binnen. → “The lady-in-waiting came in after the queen.”

56.13 Na de film gaan wij nog even naar een café. → “After the film we're going to a café for a while.”

56.14 Dag na dag regende het, maar na een week kwam de zon terug. → “Day after day it rained, but after a week the sun came back.”

56.15 Na gedane arbeid is het goed rusten. → “After work is done, it is good to rest.”

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section C: Target Language Text Only

56.1 Na u!

56.2 Na het eten.

56.3 Na de les.

56.4 Kom na zeven uur.

56.5 Wij eten na de film.

56.6 Na het werk ga ik naar huis.

56.7 Ik ben moe na een lange dag.

56.8 Na regen komt zonneschijn.

56.9 Na de oorlog woonden ze in Utrecht.

56.10 Je moet na de kerk linksaf slaan.

56.11 Na afloop van de voorstelling drinken wij koffie.

56.12 De hofdame kwam na de koningin binnen.

56.13 Na de film gaan wij nog even naar een café.

56.14 Dag na dag regende het, maar na een week kwam de zon terug.

56.15 Na gedane arbeid is het goed rusten.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section D: Grammar Explanation

Grammar Rules for “after” in Dutch:

1. Na Is an Invariable Preposition

Na never changes. It has no plural, no gender and no case, and it is the same before every noun and pronoun: na het eten, na de les, na een lange dag, na u, na jou. It is followed by a noun phrase, and the phrase tells what comes first. Its opposite is voor: voor het eten, “before the meal”.

2. Na in Time

Na is used for a point in time and for a period: - A point: na zeven uur (56.4), na middernacht (“after midnight”), na Christus (“A.D.”, “after Christ”) - An event: na het eten (56.2), na de film (56.5, 56.13), na de oorlog (56.9) - A period: na een lange dag (56.7), na een week (56.14), na tien minuten (“after ten minutes”) - How soon or how long after: kort na elf uur (“shortly after eleven”), lang na de oorlog (“long after the war”)

Dag na dag (56.14) is the fixed way to say “day after day”; the same pattern gives week na week, jaar na jaar.

3. Na in Order and Place

Na also says what follows what in a line or a route: de hofdame kwam na de koningin binnen (56.12), je moet na de kerk linksaf slaan (56.10). Na u! (56.1) is what one says when letting someone go first; with a friend it is na jou!.

4. Word Order After a Na-Phrase

When the sentence begins with a na-phrase, the finite verb takes the second place and the subject follows it: na het werk ga ik naar huis (56.6), na de oorlog woonden ze in Utrecht (56.9). English “after work I go” looks the same, but in Dutch the rule holds for every kind of opening, and ✗ “na het werk ik ga naar huis” is wrong.

5. Na, Nadat and Daarna: the Three Jobs of “After”

- Preposition, before a noun: na het eten doe ik de afwas (“after the meal I do the dishes”). - Conjunction, before a clause with its own verb: nadat is a subordinating conjunction, so its verb stands last: nadat wij gegeten hebben (“after we have eaten”). - Adverb, standing alone: daarna (“after that, afterwards”), and erna, which is attached to a thing already named: het eerste nummer weet ik nog, maar niet wat erna kwam (“the first number I remember, but not what came after it”). Eerst … daarna is “first … then”.

After nadat the verb is normally in a completed tense, the Dutch language advisers say. If the main clause is in the past, the clause with nadat is in the past perfect: ik deed de afwas, nadat wij hadden gegeten (“I did the dishes after we had eaten”). If the main clause is in the present or future, the clause with nadat is in the present perfect: ik doe de afwas, nadat wij gegeten hebben. A simple past after nadat (nadat wij aten) is heard, but is not accepted by everyone.

6. Na With Pronouns

A pronoun that is a person stands after na in its ordinary form: na mij, na jou, na hem, na haar, na ons, na hen. For a thing that has already been mentioned, Dutch uses the adverb in place of na plus a pronoun: daarna or erna, not ✗ “na het”.

7. Na as the First Part of a Separable Verb

Na is also a verbal prefix, as terug was in Lesson 55, and then it is separable: - nakijken, kijkt na - to check, to mark: hij keek het huiswerk na (“he checked the homework”) - nadenken, denkt na - to think about, to reflect: denk er goed over na (“think it over carefully”) - navragen, vraagt na - to inquire, to check: ik zal het navragen (“I'll find out”)

In a main clause na goes to the end: hij keek het huiswerk na. When the verb stands last it joins na again: als hij het huiswerk nakijkt.

8. Na Compared With Naar and Achter

- Na: later than - na de les (56.3). - Naar: in the direction of - naar huis (56.6), naar een café (56.13). - Achter: behind, in space - achter de deur (55.22).

English “after” has other senses in which Dutch does not use na. To run after someone, running behind them, is achter … aan: ik rende achter de bus aan. To look after, to care for, is zorgen voor: ik zorg voor mijn zus. To ask after is vragen naar, and to be named after is genoemd naar.

9. Op … Na

A fixed pair of words around a noun means “except”: de hele familie ging mee, op opa na (“the whole family went, except grandpa”).

Common Mistakes to Avoid: - Using na for “to”: ✗ “ik ga na huis” → ✓ “ik ga naar huis” - Using na before a clause: ✗ “na ik thuis ben, bel ik je” → ✓ “nadat ik thuisgekomen ben, bel ik je” - Putting the subject before the verb after a na-phrase: ✗ “na de film wij gaan naar een café” → ✓ “na de film gaan wij naar een café” - Using na for “look after”: ✗ “ik zorg na mijn zus” → ✓ “ik zorg voor mijn zus” - Using na for “run after”: ✗ “ik rende na de bus” → ✓ “ik rende achter de bus aan” - Saying the vowel as “nay”: ✗ /neɪ/ → ✓ /naː/ - Telling the time with na in the Netherlands: ✗ “tien na drie” → ✓ “tien over drie”

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section E: Cultural Context

Na u!:

Na u! is the courteous phrase said at a door, in a queue or at a table, when letting another go first. The formal u gives it its polite ring, and between friends it becomes na jou!. In 56.21 Sanne says na jou! at the restaurant door.

Proverbs With Na:

Na regen komt zonneschijn (56.8) is the Dutch “every cloud has a silver lining”, literally “after rain comes sunshine”. Na gedane arbeid is het goed rusten (56.15) is “after work is done, rest is good”, a proverb which the Dutch dictionaries list under na. Na mij de zondvloed, “after me the flood”, is said of someone who does not care what happens when they have gone. Mosterd na de maaltijd, “mustard after the meal”, is something that comes too late.

Na in Dates and Periods:

Na Christus, “after Christ”, is the Dutch for A.D., as in 1254 na Christus; the opposite is voor Christus. Na is also the word for a stretch of time that follows something: na schooltijd (“after school hours”) and na afloop (“at the end”, with van before the event: na afloop van de voorstelling, 56.11).

Telling the Time:

In the Netherlands the usual way to say “ten past three” is tien over drie, not tien na drie. In Belgium tien na drie is common, but the Dutch Language Union's advice says it is unclear whether it belongs to the standard language there, since a considerable group of speakers rejects it. For this reason the course teaches over for the clock, and na for events, periods and order.

Te Na Komen:

The old expression iemand te na komen, with na as an adverb, means to offend someone, to come too near. It is a reminder that na once meant “near”.

Common Expressions with Na: - “Na u!” - After you! - “Na gedane arbeid is het goed rusten” - After work is done, rest is good - “Na regen komt zonneschijn” - After rain comes sunshine - “Dag na dag” - Day after day - “Na afloop van …” - After the end of … - “Kort na …” - Shortly after … - “Na Christus” - A.D., after Christ - “Op opa na” - Except grandpa

Reminder: This lesson is designed for English speakers learning Dutch.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section F: Literary Citation

From Matthew 17:1, in the Herziene Statenvertaling (the Revised Statenvertaling, published 2010): the beginning of the story of the Transfiguration.

En na zes dagen nam Jezus Petrus en Jakobus en Johannes, zijn broer, met Zich mee en bracht hen op een hoge berg, alleen hen.

F-A: Interlinear Analysis

En (ɛn) and na (naː) after zes (zɛs) six dagen (ˈdaː.ɣən) days nam (nɑm) took Jezus (ˈjeː.zʏs) Jesus Petrus (ˈpeː.trʏs) Peter en (ɛn) and Jakobus (jaːˈkoː.bʏs) James en (ɛn) and Johannes, (joˈhɑ.nəs) John zijn (zɛin) his broer, (brur) brother met (mɛt) with Zich (zɪx) Himself mee (meː) along en (ɛn) and bracht (brɑxt) brought hen (hɛn) them op (ɔp) up-onto een (ən) a hoge (ˈhoː.ɣə) high berg, (bɛrx) mountain alleen (ɑˈleːn) alone hen. (hɛn) them

F-B: Natural Text with Translation

En na zes dagen nam Jezus Petrus en Jakobus en Johannes, zijn broer, met Zich mee en bracht hen op een hoge berg, alleen hen.

→ “And after six days Jesus took Peter and James and John, his brother, with Him, and brought them up a high mountain, them alone.”

F-C: Original Dutch Text

En na zes dagen nam Jezus Petrus en Jakobus en Johannes, zijn broer, met Zich mee en bracht hen op een hoge berg, alleen hen.

F-D: Grammar and Vocabulary Notes

En na zes dagen is the opening phrase: na with a period, the pattern of na een week (56.14) and na tien minuten (Section D). The sentence begins with the conjunction en and this phrase, and the verb follows the phrase at once, in second place: nam Jezus, with the subject after the verb (Section D, rule 4); en does not count as a place in the order.

Nam … mee is the separable verb meenemen, “to take along”. In a main clause the particle is left late in the sentence: nam … met Zich mee. The object Petrus en Jakobus en Johannes stands between the two parts, and met Zich, “with Himself”, is added before the particle.

Zich is the reflexive pronoun of the third person. This Bible translation writes it with a capital, as it does the pronouns that refer to Jesus, but the zijn that belongs to Johannes, zijn broer, has a small letter.

Bracht hen op een hoge berg: the verb brengen, “to bring”, with the object hen and the place op een hoge berg. Alleen hen at the end repeats the object and restricts it: “them alone”.

F-E: Literary Commentary

Na zes dagen: the verse is tied to what comes before it by this one phrase. The previous chapter ends with Jesus speaking, and the new scene begins by saying how much time has passed, in the plainest Dutch construction, na plus a period. This is the work that na does in the language: it hangs a new event on the end of an earlier one. The Latin Vulgate has the same shape, et post dies sex assumit Iesus Petrum, et Iacobum, et Ioannem fratrem eius, and there the preposition post does the work that na does in Dutch. For a student of both courses, post dies sex and na zes dagen are the same phrase, word for word: “after six days”.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Genre Section: Dialogue - Na de film

Part A: Interlinear Construed Text

56.16 Wat (ʋɑt) what een (ən) a mooie (ˈmoː.jə) beautiful film! (fɪlm) film zegt (zɛxt) says Sanne. (ˈsɑ.nə) Sanne

56.17 Ja, (jaː) yes vooral (voːrˈaːl) especially het (ət) the stuk (stʏk) part na (naː) after de (də) the storm, (stɔrm) storm zegt (zɛxt) says Joris. (ˈjoː.rɪs) Joris

56.18 Heb (hɛp) have je (jə) you na (naː) after de (də) the film (fɪlm) film nog (nɔx) still zin (zɪn) desire in (ɪn) in pizza? (ˈpit.sa) pizza

56.19 Graag, (ɣraːx) gladly zegt (zɛxt) says Joris, (ˈjoː.rɪs) Joris maar (maːr) but ik (ɪk) I wil (ʋɪl) want niet (nit) not na (naː) after middernacht (ˈmɪ.dər.nɑxt) midnight thuiskomen. (ˈtœys.koː.mən) home-come

56.20 Dat (dɑt) that lukt (lʏkt) succeeds wel, (ʋɛl) well zegt (zɛxt) says Sanne, (ˈsɑ.nə) Sanne want (ʋɑnt) because het (ət) the restaurant (ˌrɛs.toˈrɑnt) restaurant gaat (ɣaːt) goes pas (pɑs) not-until na (naː) after tien (tin) ten uur (yr) o'clock dicht. (dɪxt) shut

56.21 Bij (bɛi) at de (də) the deur (døːr) door zegt (zɛxt) says Sanne: (ˈsɑ.nə) Sanne Na (naː) after jou! (jʌu) you

56.22 Buiten (ˈbœy.tən) outside is (ɪs) is het (ət) it koud (kʌut) cold na (naː) after de (də) the regen. (ˈreː.ɣən) rain

56.23 Na (naː) after tien (tin) ten minuten (miˈny.tən) minutes komen (ˈkoː.mən) come zij (zɛi) they bij (bɛi) at het (ət) the restaurant (ˌrɛs.toˈrɑnt) restaurant aan. (aːn) on

56.24 De (də) the ober (ˈoː.bər) waiter brengt (brɛŋt) brings de (də) the menukaart (məˈny.kaːrt) menu en (ɛn) and zegt: (zɛxt) says Na (naː) after de (də) the pizza (ˈpit.sa) pizza kunt (kʏnt) can u (y) you een (ən) a toetje (ˈtu.cə) dessert kiezen. (ˈki.zən) choose

56.25 Ik (ɪk) I neem (neːm) take na (naː) after de (də) the pizza (ˈpit.sa) pizza een (ən) an ijsje, (ˈɛi.ʃə) ice-cream zegt (zɛxt) says Joris. (ˈjoː.rɪs) Joris

56.26 Ik (ɪk) I neem (neːm) take daarna (daːrˈnaː) afterwards koffie, (kɔˈfi) coffee zegt (zɛxt) says Sanne. (ˈsɑ.nə) Sanne

56.27 Na (naː) after het (ət) the eten (ˈeː.tən) meal vraagt (vraːxt) asks Joris (ˈjoː.rɪs) Joris om (ɔm) for de (də) the rekening. (ˈreː.kə.nɪŋ) bill

56.28 Nee, (neː) no ik (ɪk) I betaal, (bəˈtaːl) pay zegt (zɛxt) says Sanne, (ˈsɑ.nə) Sanne want (ʋɑnt) because jij (jɛi) you hebt (hɛpt) have na (naː) after de (də) the vorige (ˈvoː.rə.ɣə) previous film (fɪlm) film betaald. (bəˈtaːlt) paid

56.29 Dan (dɑn) then betaal (bəˈtaːl) pay jij (jɛi) you na (naː) after de (də) the volgende (ˈvɔl.ɣən.də) next film, (fɪlm) film zegt (zɛxt) says Joris (ˈjoː.rɪs) Joris lachend. (ˈlɑ.xənt) laughing

56.30 Kort (kɔrt) short na (naː) after elf (ɛlf) eleven uur (yr) o'clock lopen (ˈloː.pən) walk zij (zɛi) they samen (ˈsaː.mən) together naar (naːr) to huis. (hœys) home

Part B: Natural Sentences

56.16 Wat een mooie film! zegt Sanne. → “What a lovely film! says Sanne.”

56.17 Ja, vooral het stuk na de storm, zegt Joris. → “Yes, especially the part after the storm, says Joris.”

56.18 Heb je na de film nog zin in pizza? → “Do you still feel like pizza after the film?”

56.19 Graag, zegt Joris, maar ik wil niet na middernacht thuiskomen. → “Gladly, says Joris, but I don't want to get home after midnight.”

56.20 Dat lukt wel, zegt Sanne, want het restaurant gaat pas na tien uur dicht. → “That'll work, says Sanne, because the restaurant doesn't close until after ten.”

56.21 Bij de deur zegt Sanne: Na jou! → “At the door Sanne says: After you!”

56.22 Buiten is het koud na de regen. → “Outside it is cold after the rain.”

56.23 Na tien minuten komen zij bij het restaurant aan. → “After ten minutes they arrive at the restaurant.”

56.24 De ober brengt de menukaart en zegt: Na de pizza kunt u een toetje kiezen. → “The waiter brings the menu and says: After the pizza you can choose a dessert.”

56.25 Ik neem na de pizza een ijsje, zegt Joris. → “After the pizza I'll have an ice cream, says Joris.”

56.26 Ik neem daarna koffie, zegt Sanne. → “I'll have coffee afterwards, says Sanne.”

56.27 Na het eten vraagt Joris om de rekening. → “After the meal Joris asks for the bill.”

56.28 Nee, ik betaal, zegt Sanne, want jij hebt na de vorige film betaald. → “No, I'll pay, says Sanne, because you paid after the last film.”

56.29 Dan betaal jij na de volgende film, zegt Joris lachend. → “Then you pay after the next film, says Joris, laughing.”

56.30 Kort na elf uur lopen zij samen naar huis. → “Shortly after eleven o'clock they walk home together.”

Part C: Target Language Only

56.16 Wat een mooie film! zegt Sanne.

56.17 Ja, vooral het stuk na de storm, zegt Joris.

56.18 Heb je na de film nog zin in pizza?

56.19 Graag, zegt Joris, maar ik wil niet na middernacht thuiskomen.

56.20 Dat lukt wel, zegt Sanne, want het restaurant gaat pas na tien uur dicht.

56.21 Bij de deur zegt Sanne: Na jou!

56.22 Buiten is het koud na de regen.

56.23 Na tien minuten komen zij bij het restaurant aan.

56.24 De ober brengt de menukaart en zegt: Na de pizza kunt u een toetje kiezen.

56.25 Ik neem na de pizza een ijsje, zegt Joris.

56.26 Ik neem daarna koffie, zegt Sanne.

56.27 Na het eten vraagt Joris om de rekening.

56.28 Nee, ik betaal, zegt Sanne, want jij hebt na de vorige film betaald.

56.29 Dan betaal jij na de volgende film, zegt Joris lachend.

56.30 Kort na elf uur lopen zij samen naar huis.

Part D: Grammar Notes for Genre Section

Na With an Event: 56.17, 56.18, 56.22, 56.25, 56.28 and 56.29 put na before an event or a thing, de storm, de film, de regen, de pizza, and the na-phrase says when. The same preposition does the work in every one of them.

Na With a Time: 56.19, 56.20, 56.23 and 56.30 put na before a time or a period: na middernacht, na tien uur, na tien minuten, kort na elf uur. In 56.20 pas na tien uur is “not until after ten”; pas, “only, not until”, is added to show that the time comes late.

Word Order After a Na-Phrase: 56.23 (Na tien minuten komen zij …), 56.24 (Na de pizza kunt u …) and 56.27 (Na het eten vraagt Joris …) begin with a na-phrase, so the verb stands second and the subject follows it. In 56.18, 56.19 and 56.25 the na-phrase stands inside the clause, and the order of subject and verb is the ordinary one.

Na and Daarna: 56.25 uses na with a noun, na de pizza. 56.26 replaces it with the adverb daarna, “after that”, which needs no noun, since the pizza has already been mentioned. Compare Section D, rule 5.

Na Jou and Na U: 56.21 is the courtesy between friends, na jou!. In 56.24 the waiter speaks to guests he does not know, so he uses the formal u and kunt: na de pizza kunt u een toetje kiezen.

Separable Verbs: 56.23 (komen … aan), like the verbs of Lessons 53 to 55, takes the particle to the end of its clause. Thuiskomen in 56.19 stands as an infinitive after wil, so it is one word. In 56.28 hebt … betaald is the present perfect, the tense that a speaker uses to tell about the earlier film.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Pronunciation and Orthography Notes

Key Sounds in This Lesson:

The long a /aː/ of na, naar, daarna, graag and gaan: a pure vowel, held steady, without the glide of English “nay”. In na it ends the word, in naar it is followed by the r.

The short a /ɑ/ of dat, nadat, dag, pas and van: a short back vowel, not the “a” of English “cat”.

The final /x/ of dag, nog, oorlog and middernacht: at the end of a word, or before t, Dutch g and ch are the rough fricative made at the back of the mouth. Dag /dɑx/ never ends in a /g/.

The diphthongs /ɛi/, /œy/ and /ʌu/: /ɛi/ in zijn, ijsje and tijd; /œy/ in huis, thuis and buiten; /ʌu/ in jou and koud. None of them matches an English diphthong exactly.

Stress in daarna /daːrˈnaː/ and nadat /naːˈdɑt/: the stress falls on the last syllable. In the prefix verb nakijken /ˈnaː.kɛi.kən/ the stress falls on na.

Writing Na:

Na is written alone as a preposition (na het eten), as the first part of nadat, daarna and erna, which are one word each, and as the prefix of nakijken, nadenken and navragen. Na and naar are two words that differ in one letter: do not drop or add the r. In a separable verb na stands at the end of a main clause (hij keek het huiswerk na) and joins the verb when it stands last (als hij het huiswerk nakijkt).

Audio Practice Suggestion: listen for na het eten, na het werk and na u! in everyday Dutch, and for the weather and the time of day in news reports, where na regen, na middernacht and kort na … are said often; listen to the vowel of na, and notice that it is the same vowel in naar.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

◊ᴺᵉˣᵃˡ ◊ᴸᵃᵗⁱⁿᵘᵐ ◊ᴰᵘᵗᶜʰ ◊ᴸᵉˢˢᵒⁿ⁵⁶ ◊ⁿᵃ ◊ᶜᵒᵐᵖˡᵉᵗᵉ

---

Course Index: [latinum.substack.com/p/index](https://latinum.substack.com/p/index)

← Lesson 55 ↩ Course Index Lesson 57 →