← Sinau Basa Inggris Bareng-Bareng
"That" iku salah siji tembung sing paling kerep dienggo ing basa Inggris. Tembung iki nduweni telung gawe sing beda:
- Tembung panuduh (demonstrative): nuduhake barang utawa wong sing adoh saka sing ngomong. "That house" = omah kuwi / omah kae. - Tembung panyambung relatif (relative): nyambungake kata benda karo katrangane. "The bag that I bought" = tas sing daktuku. - Tembung panyambung ukara (conjunction): mbukak ukara anak sawise tembung kaya know, say, think. "I know that you are tired" = aku ngerti yen kowe kesel.
Basa Jawa nduweni telung tembung panuduh: iki (cedhak sing ngomong), kuwi utawa iku (cedhak sing diajak ngomong, utawa sing wis disebut), lan kae (adoh saka loro-lorone). Basa Inggris mung nduweni loro: this (= iki) lan that. Dadi "that" bisa ateges kuwi utawa kae:
- "That cat is hungry." – Kucing kuwi luwe. (kucinge cedhak kowe, utawa wis disebut) - "Look at that mountain." – Delengen gunung kae. (gununge adoh)
Ing krama, kuwi lan kae dadi punika utawa menika lan nika. Basa Inggris ora nduweni tingkat basa: "that" padha wae marang kanca lan marang wong tuwa.
Bentuk jamak: that → those. "That trousers" salah; sing bener "those trousers". Basa Jawa ora mbedakake: clana kuwi bisa siji utawa luwih.
Asal tembung: saka basa Inggris Kuna þæt, bentuk netral saka tembung panuduh sē, sēo, þæt. Tembung "the" uga asale saka kulawarga tembung iki.
Apa tegese "that" ing basa Jawa? Gumantung gawene: kuwi, iku, kae (panuduh); sing (relatif); yen utawa menawa (panyambung ukara); ngono (kaya ngono); semono (sakmono).
Poin-poin penting:
- "That" panuduh = kuwi utawa kae. Basa Inggris ora mbedakake jarak loro iki. - Jamake "that" yaiku "those"; jamake "this" yaiku "these". - "That" relatif = sing: "the woman that sells hats" = wong wadon sing adol topi. - "That" panyambung = yen: "She said that…" = dheweke kandha yen… - "That" relatif lan panyambung asring bisa diilangi: "I know you are tired" uga bener.
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that — bentuk kuwat /ðæt/, bentuk ringkih /ðət/.
Swara /ð/ (th ing "that", "this", "the") ora ana ing basa Jawa. Pucuk ilat dilebokake ing antarane untu ndhuwur lan untu ngisor, banjur hawa diunekake alon karo swara ngorong. Aja diucapake /d/ utawa kaya dh ing "dhuwit". "That" /ðæt/ ≠ "dat".
Vokal /æ/ uga ora ana ing basa Jawa. Swarane ana ing antarane a ing "apa" lan e ing "enak": cangkem dibukak amba, ilat ngisor. Bandingna: "bet" /bet/ (taruhan) lan "bat" /bæt/ (kalong).
Kapan nganggo bentuk kuwat lan kapan bentuk ringkih?
- Panuduh: tansah kuwat /ðæt/. "THAT one", "Look at THAT." - Relatif lan panyambung: biasane ringkih /ðət/. "I know that you're tired" /aɪ ˈnəʊ ðət jɔː ˈtaɪəd/.
those — /ðəʊz/ (Inggris Britania), /ðoʊz/ (Amerika). Huruf s diucapake /z/.
Huruf t ing pungkasan "that" asring ora dibukak, kaya t ing pungkasan tembung Jawa "cepet". Iki gampang kanggo wong Jawa.
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13.1 That kuwi is [–] my -ku house omah
13.2 Who sapa is [–] that kuwi?
13.3 That's kuwi [–] right bener
13.4 Look delengen at [–] that kae mountain gunung
13.5 That kuwi cat kucing is [–] hungry luwe
13.6 That kuwi book buku on ing the [–] table meja is [–] mine duweku
13.7 Who sapa is [–] that kae man wong lanang near ing cedhak the [–] door lawang?
13.8 I aku know ngerti that yen you kowe are [–] tired kesel
13.9 The [–] bag tas that sing I [–] bought daktuku yesterday wingi is [–] red abang
13.10 She dheweke said kandha that yen the [–] train sepure was [–] late telat
13.11 Is apa that kuwi the [–] bus bis that sing goes [–] to menyang Yogyakarta Yogya?
13.12 I aku didn't ora think ngira that yen the [–] price regane was [–] that nganti semono high [–]
13.13 The [–] woman wong wadon that sing lives manggon next ing jejere door omahku is [–] a [–] doctor dokter
13.14 Do [–] you kowe still isih remember eling that kae day dina when nalika we awake dhewe first pisanan met ketemu in ing Solo Solo?
13.15 He dheweke said kandha that yen the [–] house omah that sing his -e grandfather simbah built digawe is [–] still isih standing ngadeg
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13.1 That is my house. Kuwi omahku.
13.2 Who is that? Sapa kuwi?
13.3 That's right. Kuwi bener.
13.4 Look at that mountain. Delengen gunung kae.
13.5 That cat is hungry. Kucing kuwi luwe.
13.6 That book on the table is mine. Buku sing ana ing meja kuwi duweku.
13.7 Who is that man near the door? Sapa wong lanang ing cedhak lawang kae?
13.8 I know that you are tired. Aku ngerti yen kowe kesel.
13.9 The bag that I bought yesterday is red. Tas sing daktuku wingi kuwi abang.
13.10 She said that the train was late. Dheweke kandha yen sepure telat.
13.11 Is that the bus that goes to Yogyakarta? Apa kuwi bis sing menyang Yogya?
13.12 I didn't think that the price was that high. Aku ora ngira yen regane nganti semono.
13.13 The woman that lives next door is a doctor. Wong wadon sing manggon ing jejere omahku kuwi dokter.
13.14 Do you still remember that day when we first met in Solo? Kowe isih eling dina kae, nalika awake dhewe pisanan ketemu ing Solo?
13.15 He said that the house that his grandfather built is still standing. Dheweke kandha yen omah sing digawe simbahe isih ngadeg.
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13.1 That is my house.
13.2 Who is that?
13.3 That's right.
13.4 Look at that mountain.
13.5 That cat is hungry.
13.6 That book on the table is mine.
13.7 Who is that man near the door?
13.8 I know that you are tired.
13.9 The bag that I bought yesterday is red.
13.10 She said that the train was late.
13.11 Is that the bus that goes to Yogyakarta?
13.12 I didn't think that the price was that high.
13.13 The woman that lives next door is a doctor.
13.14 Do you still remember that day when we first met in Solo?
13.15 He said that the house that his grandfather built is still standing.
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Iki aturan tata basa kanggo "that" ing basa Inggris:
1. "That" panuduh sing ngadeg dhewe (pronoun). "That is my house" (13.1), "Who is that?" (13.2), "That's right" (13.3). Ing kene "that" dadi jejer utawa lesan, padha karo kuwi ing basa Jawa.
2. "That" panuduh ing ngarepe kata benda (determiner). Basa Inggris nyelehake "that" ing NGAREP kata benda: "that cat" (13.5). Basa Jawa nyelehake kuwi ing MBURI: kucing kuwi. Iki kesalahan sing kerep: aja nulis "cat that is hungry" yen maksude "kucing kuwi luwe".
3. Kuwi utawa kae? Basa Inggris mung nduweni "that". "Look at that mountain" (13.4) lan "that man near the door" (13.7) nganggo kae, amarga adoh saka loro-lorone. "That cat" (13.5) nganggo kuwi. Ing basa Inggris loro-lorone "that". Yen perlu negesake adohe, basa Inggris nambahi "over there": "that hat over there" (13.29) = topi kae.
4. Jamak: those. "That" mung kanggo siji. Kanggo luwih saka siji: "those". "Those trousers were too small" (13.28). Basa Jawa ora mbedakake: clana kuwi. Kaya ngono uga this → these.
5. "That" relatif = sing. "The bag that I bought yesterday" (13.9) = tas sing daktuku wingi. "The woman that lives next door" (13.13) = wong wadon sing manggon ing jejere omahku. Gatekna 13.9: basa Jawa nganggo bentuk tanggap (daktuku = dak- + tuku), nanging basa Inggris tetep nganggo bentuk aktif "I bought". Aja nerjemahake tembung saben tembung dadi "the bag that bought by me".
6. "That" relatif bisa diganti who utawa which. Kanggo wong: "the woman who lives next door" uga bener. Kanggo barang: "the bus which goes to Yogyakarta". "That" luwih umum ing omongan saben dina.
7. "That" relatif kadhang bisa diilangi. Yen "that" dadi lesan ing ukara anak, kena diilangi: "the bag that I bought" = "the bag I bought". Nanging yen "that" dadi jejer, ora kena diilangi: "the woman that lives next door", ora "the woman lives next door" (iki tegese liya: wong wadon kuwi manggon ing sebelah).
8. "That" panyambung ukara = yen. Sawise tembung kriya kaya know, say, think, hope, believe: "I know that you are tired" (13.8), "She said that the train was late" (13.10). Ing omongan, "that" iki asring diilangi: "I know you are tired", "She said the train was late". Basa Jawa uga asring ngilangi yen (deleng 13.18).
9. "That" + kata sifat = semono / sakmono. "That high" (13.12), "that big", "not that expensive". Tegese: nganti semono, sakmono.
10. Siji ukara, akeh "that". Ing 13.15 ana loro "that": sing kapisan panyambung ukara (yen), sing kapindho relatif (sing). Ing 13.11 sing kapisan panuduh (kuwi), sing kapindho relatif (sing). Wacanen alon-alon lan takon: "that" iki nuduhake barang, nyambungake kata benda, utawa mbukak ukara?
Tandha [–] ing teks interlinear nuduhake yen tembung Inggris kuwi ora nduweni tembung pasangan langsung ing basa Jawa: artikel "the" lan "a", kriya "is/was/are", tembung kriya bantu "do", lan "that" panyambung sing ing basa Jawa diilangi (13.18).
Kesalahan sing kerep:
- "Cat that is hungry." Sing bener: That cat is hungry. - "That trousers are small." Sing bener: Those trousers are small. - "The woman lives next door is a doctor." Sing bener: The woman that (who) lives next door is a doctor. - "The bag that was bought by me…" Kaku banget. Sing lumrah: The bag (that) I bought… - "She said the train that was late." Sing bener: She said that the train was late. - Ngucapake "that" kaya "dat". Latihan swara /ð/.
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"That" kalebu sepuluh tembung sing paling kerep dienggo ing basa Inggris. Meh ora ana omongan tanpa tembung iki.
Nuding. Ing budaya Jawa, nuding wong utawa barang nganggo driji panuduh dianggep ora sopan; wong Jawa nuding nganggo jempol. Ing negara-negara basa Inggris, nuding nganggo driji panuduh lumrah kanggo barang ("I'd like that one, please"), nanging nuding WONG uga dianggep ora sopan. Ing toko, cukup ngomong "that one" karo nuding barange.
Tingkat basa. Wong Jawa milih antarane kuwi lan punika gumantung marang sing diajak guneman. Ing basa Inggris ora ana pilihan kaya ngono. Sopan santun ditudhuhake nganggo tembung liya: please, thank you, would you…
"That" kanggo wong bisa krasa adoh. "Who is that?" lumrah ing telpon utawa yen ana sing thothok-thothok lawang. Nanging ngomong "that man" ing ngarepe wonge dhewe bisa krasa kasar. Luwih becik: "this gentleman" utawa nyebut jenenge.
Ungkapan nganggo "that":
- That's right. — Bener. / Iya, kuwi. - That's it! — Lha kuwi! / Wis, cukup! - That's that. — Wis, rampung. Ora usah dirembug maneh. - That's life. — Ya ngono kuwi urip. - That's a shame. — Eman-eman. - Is that so? — Apa iya? - That'll do. — Wis cukup. - and all that — lan liya-liyane
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William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Babak 3, Adegan 1. Teks Inggris: edisi Project Gutenberg (eBook no. 1524). Terjemahan Jawa: terjemahan pedagogis Latinum Institute.
"To [–] be ana, or utawa not ora to [–] be ana, that kuwi is [–] the [–] question pitakonane: Whether endi 'tis [–] nobler luwih luhur in ing the [–] mind ati to [–] suffer nandhang the [–] slings bandhil and lan arrows panah of [–] outrageous kejem fortune nasib, or utawa to [–] take ngangkat arms gegaman against nglawan a [–] sea segara of [–] troubles kasusahan, and lan by kanthi opposing nglawan end mungkasi them kuwi?" - William Shakespeare
"To be, or not to be, that is the question: / Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, / Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, / And by opposing end them?"
"Ana, utawa ora ana, kuwi pitakonane: / endi sing luwih luhur ing ati, nandhang / bandhil lan panahe nasib sing kejem, / utawa ngangkat gegaman nglawan segara kasusahan, / lan kanthi nglawan, mungkasi kasusahan kuwi?" (terjemahan pedagogis Latinum Institute)
Hamlet, pangeran Denmark, bapake dipateni dening pamane, lan pamane banjur dadi ratu. Hamlet bingung: apa kudu nampa kasusahan iki kanthi meneng, utawa nglawan, sanajan nglawan bisa ateges pati? Ing ukara iki dheweke takon marang awake dhewe apa urip pancen pantes dilakoni.
Tembung "that" ing "that is the question" iku tembung panuduh sing nuduhake MBALIK: marang "To be, or not to be". Shakespeare ora mbaleni gagasan kuwi; mung nganggo siji tembung cilik. Iki gawe paling dhasar saka "that": nuduhake bab sing lagi wae diomongake, padha karo kuwi ing basa Jawa.
- "that is the question": "that" panuduh sing ngadeg dhewe, dadi jejer ukara (deleng Bagian D, poin 1). Diucapake kuwat: /ðæt/. - "'tis" = it is. Bentuk kuna lan puitis; saiki "it's". - "to be" = ana, urip. "To" + kriya iku bentuk dhasar kriya (infinitive), kaya "to suffer", "to take". - "Whether … or …" = apa … utawa … ; endi sing … : milih antarane rong bab. - "end them": "end" ing kene kriya (mungkasi), lan "them" nuduhake "troubles".
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13.16 Sari: Bayu, look delengen at [–] that kae jacket jaket!
13.17 Bayu: Which endi one sing? That kae green ijo one [–]?
13.18 Sari: Yes iya, that kae one sing. I'm aku [–] sure yakin that [–] it kuwi would [–] suit cocog you kanggo kowe
13.19 Bayu: That's kuwi [–] nice apik, but nanging how pira much [–] is [–] it regane?
13.20 Sari: The [–] label ing labele says ditulis that yen it's regane [–] twenty rong puluh pounds pound
13.21 Bayu: Twenty rong puluh pounds pound? That's kuwi [–] too banget expensive larang for kanggo me aku
13.22 Sari: That's kuwi [–] not ora expensive larang. That kae shop toko sells adol the [–] same padha jacket jaket for regane sixty sewidak
13.23 Bayu: Really tenane? How saka ngendi do [–] you kowe know ngerti that kuwi?
13.24 Sari: I aku saw weruh it [–] there ing kana yesterday wingi, next ing cedhake to [–] the [–] woman wong wadon that sing sells adol hats topi
13.25 Bayu: All [–] right ya wis. But nanging that kuwi button kancing is [–] broken rusak
13.26 Sari: That's kuwi [–] easy gampang. My -ku mother ibu can bisa sew njahit a [–] new anyar one kancing
13.27 Bayu: You kowe said ngomong that ngono last wingi time kae too ya, about bab my -ku trousers clana!
13.28 Sari: That kuwi was [–] different beda. Those kuwi trousers clana were [–] too banget small cilik
13.29 Bayu: Fine ya wis. I'll aku take tuku that kuwi jacket jaket, and karo that kae hat topi over [–] there [–]
13.30 Sari: That's ngono [–] better luwih apik! Now saiki let's ayo go [–] home mulih
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13.16 Sari: Bayu, look at that jacket! Sari: Bayu, delengen jaket kae!
13.17 Bayu: Which one? That green one? Bayu: Sing endi? Sing ijo kae?
13.18 Sari: Yes, that one. I'm sure that it would suit you. Sari: Iya, sing kae. Aku yakin kuwi cocog kanggo kowe.
13.19 Bayu: That's nice, but how much is it? Bayu: Kuwi apik, nanging regane pira?
13.20 Sari: The label says that it's twenty pounds. Sari: Ing labele ditulis yen regane rong puluh pound.
13.21 Bayu: Twenty pounds? That's too expensive for me. Bayu: Rong puluh pound? Kuwi larang banget kanggo aku.
13.22 Sari: That's not expensive. That shop sells the same jacket for sixty. Sari: Kuwi ora larang. Toko kae adol jaket sing padha, regane sewidak.
13.23 Bayu: Really? How do you know that? Bayu: Tenane? Kowe ngerti kuwi saka ngendi?
13.24 Sari: I saw it there yesterday, next to the woman that sells hats. Sari: Wingi aku weruh ing kana, ing cedhake wong wadon sing adol topi.
13.25 Bayu: All right. But that button is broken. Bayu: Ya wis. Nanging kancing kuwi rusak.
13.26 Sari: That's easy. My mother can sew a new one. Sari: Kuwi gampang. Ibuku bisa njahit kancing anyar.
13.27 Bayu: You said that last time too, about my trousers! Bayu: Kowe ya ngomong ngono wingi kae, bab clanaku!
13.28 Sari: That was different. Those trousers were too small. Sari: Kuwi beda. Clana kuwi cilik banget.
13.29 Bayu: Fine. I'll take that jacket, and that hat over there. Bayu: Ya wis. Aku tuku jaket kuwi, karo topi kae.
13.30 Sari: That's better! Now let's go home. Sari: Ngono luwih apik! Ayo saiki mulih.
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13.16 Sari: Bayu, look at that jacket!
13.17 Bayu: Which one? That green one?
13.18 Sari: Yes, that one. I'm sure that it would suit you.
13.19 Bayu: That's nice, but how much is it?
13.20 Sari: The label says that it's twenty pounds.
13.21 Bayu: Twenty pounds? That's too expensive for me.
13.22 Sari: That's not expensive. That shop sells the same jacket for sixty.
13.23 Bayu: Really? How do you know that?
13.24 Sari: I saw it there yesterday, next to the woman that sells hats.
13.25 Bayu: All right. But that button is broken.
13.26 Sari: That's easy. My mother can sew a new one.
13.27 Bayu: You said that last time too, about my trousers!
13.28 Sari: That was different. Those trousers were too small.
13.29 Bayu: Fine. I'll take that jacket, and that hat over there.
13.30 Sari: That's better! Now let's go home.
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Sari lan Bayu, mahasiswa Jawa ing Manchester, lagi blanja ing pasar barang bekas. Meh saben ukara ing guneman iki nganggo "that", lan kabeh gawene "that" katon:
- "That" panuduh + kata benda: "that jacket" (13.16), "that shop" (13.22), "that button" (13.25), "that hat over there" (13.29). Gatekna: jaket sing adoh ing 13.16 dadi kae, nanging sawise Bayu mriksa jakete (13.25), ing 13.29, dadi kuwi. Basa Inggris tetep "that". - "That one": "Which one? That green one?" (13.17). Kanggo milih barang, basa Inggris nganggo "that one" utawa "that + kata sifat + one". Basa Jawa: sing kae, sing ijo kae. - "That" ngadeg dhewe: "That's nice" (13.19), "That's easy" (13.26), "That was different" (13.28). Ing kene "that" nuduhake bab sing lagi wae diomongake. - "That" panyambung: "I'm sure that it would suit you" (13.18), "The label says that it's twenty pounds" (13.20). Ing 13.18 basa Jawa ora nganggo yen; basa Inggris uga kena ngilangi: "I'm sure it would suit you." - "That" relatif: "the woman that sells hats" (13.24) = wong wadon sing adol topi. - "Those": "Those trousers" (13.28). "Trousers" tansah jamak ing basa Inggris (kaya "jeans", "glasses"), dadi kudu "those", ora "that". - "You said that" (13.27): "that" nuduhake omongan sing wis tau diucapake = ngono. Bandingna "That's better!" (13.30) = ngono luwih apik.
"How much is it?" (13.19) — pitakon sing paling penting ing toko: regane pira? Kanggo barang sing dituding: "How much is that?"
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- that /ðæt/: th = /ð/, ora /d/. Latihan: "this – that – these – those – the – then – there". - Panuduh tansah kuwat: "Look at THAT!" Relatif lan panyambung ringkih: "I know /ðət/ you're tired." - those /ðəʊz/ ≠ "dose" /dəʊs/. Gatekna th lan z ing pungkasan. - that's = that is utawa that has: "That's right", "That's been a long day." - "That" ditulis cilik kajaba ing wiwitan ukara. - Aja nganggo koma sadurunge "that" relatif: "The bag that I bought" (tanpa koma). Uga ora ana koma sadurunge "that" panyambung: "She said that the train was late."
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