###
Welcome to Lesson 23 of the Latinum Institute Modern Hungarian Course. This lesson focuses on the English word “but” and its Hungarian equivalents. Hungarian has two primary words for “but”: de and hanem, each with distinct usage patterns that learners must master.
For the complete course index, visit: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index
FAQ: What does “but” mean in Hungarian?
The English conjunction “but” is expressed in Hungarian primarily through two words: de (general contrast) and hanem (correction after negation). Understanding when to use each is essential for natural Hungarian speech.
In this lesson, we explore how Hungarian handles adversative coordination—connecting ideas that stand in contrast to one another. The examples demonstrate de in its role as a general contrast marker and hanem in its specialized function of correcting information following a negative statement.
Key Takeaways
Hungarian distinguishes between simple contrast (de) and corrective contrast (hanem) in ways English does not. The conjunction de functions like English “but” in most contexts, introducing a contrasting or unexpected outcome. The conjunction hanem specifically corrects what was negated in the previous clause—English renders this as “but rather” or “but instead.” Mastering this distinction is fundamental to achieving natural Hungarian expression.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
23.1a Fáradt tired vagyok I-am de but dolgozom I-work
23.1b Fáradt (FAH-rodt) tired vagyok (VOD-yok) I-am de (deh) but dolgozom (DOL-go-zom) I-work
23.2a A the könyv book jó good de but drága expensive
23.2b A (oh) the könyv (keunyv) book jó (yoh) good de (deh) but drága (DRAH-gah) expensive
23.3a Nem not magyar Hungarian vagyok I-am hanem but-rather német German
23.3b Nem (nem) not magyar (MOD-yar) Hungarian vagyok (VOD-yok) I-am hanem (HAH-nem) but-rather német (NAY-met) German
23.4a Szeretlek I-love-you de but nem not értelek I-understand-you
23.4b Szeretlek (SEH-ret-lek) I-love-you de (deh) but nem (nem) not értelek (AYR-teh-lek) I-understand-you
23.5a Péter Peter nem not orvos doctor hanem but-rather tanár teacher
23.5b Péter (PAY-ter) Peter nem (nem) not orvos (OR-vosh) doctor hanem (HAH-nem) but-rather tanár (TAH-naar) teacher
23.6a Esik it-rains az the eső rain de but kimegyek I-go-out
23.6b Esik (EH-shik) it-rains az (oz) the eső (EH-sheu) rain de (deh) but kimegyek (KEE-meh-dyek) I-go-out
23.7a Nem not teát tea-ACC iszom I-drink hanem but-rather kávét coffee-ACC
23.7b Nem (nem) not teát (TEH-aat) tea-ACC iszom (EE-som) I-drink hanem (HAH-nem) but-rather kávét (KAA-vayt) coffee-ACC
23.8a Szép beautiful a the város city de but kicsi small
23.8b Szép (sayp) beautiful a (oh) the város (VAA-rosh) city de (deh) but kicsi (KEE-chee) small
23.9a Éhes hungry vagyok I-am de but nincs there-is-not időm time-my
23.9b Éhes (AY-hesh) hungry vagyok (VOD-yok) I-am de (deh) but nincs (neench) there-is-not időm (EE-deum) time-my
23.10a Nem not Budapesten in-Budapest lakom I-live hanem but-rather Debrecenben in-Debrecen
23.10b Nem (nem) not Budapesten (BOO-dah-pesh-ten) in-Budapest lakom (LAH-kom) I-live hanem (HAH-nem) but-rather Debrecenben (DEB-reh-tsen-ben) in-Debrecen
23.11a Az the idő weather rossz bad de but mégis still elmegyünk we-go
23.11b Az (oz) the idő (EE-deu) weather rossz (ross) bad de (deh) but mégis (MAY-geesh) still elmegyünk (EL-meh-dyuenk) we-go
23.12a Nem not könyvet book-ACC olvasok I-read hanem but-rather újságot newspaper-ACC
23.12b Nem (nem) not könyvet (KEUNYV-et) book-ACC olvasok (OL-vah-shok) I-read hanem (HAH-nem) but-rather újságot (OOY-shaah-got) newspaper-ACC
23.13a Szeretek I-like utazni to-travel de but nincs there-is-not pénzem money-my
23.13b Szeretek (SEH-reh-tek) I-like utazni (OO-tahz-nee) to-travel de (deh) but nincs (neench) there-is-not pénzem (PAYN-zem) money-my
23.14a Nem not én I mondtam I-said hanem but-rather ő he/she
23.14b Nem (nem) not én (ayn) I mondtam (MOND-tahm) I-said hanem (HAH-nem) but-rather ő (eu) he/she
23.15a Hosszú long volt was az the út road de but megérkeztünk we-arrived
23.15b Hosszú (HOS-soo) long volt (volt) was az (oz) the út (oot) road de (deh) but megérkeztünk (MEG-ayr-kez-tuenk) we-arrived
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
23.1 Fáradt vagyok, de dolgozom. “I am tired, but I am working.”
23.2 A könyv jó, de drága. “The book is good, but expensive.”
23.3 Nem magyar vagyok, hanem német. “I am not Hungarian, but rather German.”
23.4 Szeretlek, de nem értelek. “I love you, but I don’t understand you.”
23.5 Péter nem orvos, hanem tanár. “Peter is not a doctor, but rather a teacher.”
23.6 Esik az eső, de kimegyek. “It is raining, but I am going out.”
23.7 Nem teát iszom, hanem kávét. “I am not drinking tea, but rather coffee.”
23.8 Szép a város, de kicsi. “The city is beautiful, but small.”
23.9 Éhes vagyok, de nincs időm. “I am hungry, but I don’t have time.”
23.10 Nem Budapesten lakom, hanem Debrecenben. “I do not live in Budapest, but rather in Debrecen.”
23.11 Az idő rossz, de mégis elmegyünk. “The weather is bad, but we are still going.”
23.12 Nem könyvet olvasok, hanem újságot. “I am not reading a book, but rather a newspaper.”
23.13 Szeretek utazni, de nincs pénzem. “I like to travel, but I don’t have money.”
23.14 Nem én mondtam, hanem ő. “I did not say it, but rather he/she did.”
23.15 Hosszú volt az út, de megérkeztünk. “The road was long, but we arrived.”
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
23.1 Fáradt vagyok, de dolgozom.
23.2 A könyv jó, de drága.
23.3 Nem magyar vagyok, hanem német.
23.4 Szeretlek, de nem értelek.
23.5 Péter nem orvos, hanem tanár.
23.6 Esik az eső, de kimegyek.
23.7 Nem teát iszom, hanem kávét.
23.8 Szép a város, de kicsi.
23.9 Éhes vagyok, de nincs időm.
23.10 Nem Budapesten lakom, hanem Debrecenben.
23.11 Az idő rossz, de mégis elmegyünk.
23.12 Nem könyvet olvasok, hanem újságot.
23.13 Szeretek utazni, de nincs pénzem.
23.14 Nem én mondtam, hanem ő.
23.15 Hosszú volt az út, de megérkeztünk.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
These are the grammar rules for “but” in Hungarian.
Hungarian expresses the English conjunction “but” through two primary words, each with distinct grammatical functions:
De - General Adversative Conjunction
The conjunction de introduces contrast between two clauses. It signals that the second clause presents unexpected, surprising, or contrasting information relative to the first. This is the most common translation of English “but.”
Structure: [Clause 1] + de + [Clause 2]
The first clause sets up an expectation, and the second clause (introduced by de) presents something that contrasts with or contradicts that expectation.
Examples: Beteg vagyok, de dolgozom (I am sick, but I work). Here, being sick would normally mean not working—de signals the unexpected contrast.
Hanem - Corrective Conjunction
The conjunction hanem is used exclusively after negative statements to correct or replace information. It means “but rather” or “but instead” and requires a preceding negation (nem, nincs, nincsen, etc.).
Structure: [nem + X] + hanem + [Y]
This structure negates one element (X) and replaces it with another (Y). Both X and Y belong to the same category (both professions, both locations, both actions, etc.).
Examples: Nem orvos, hanem tanár (Not a doctor, but rather a teacher). Anna nem olvas, hanem ír (Anna is not reading, but rather writing).
Critical Distinction
Use de when: The contrast is between two different ideas or situations. The second clause adds contrasting but not correcting information.
Use hanem when: The first clause contains a negative (nem, nincs). The second clause corrects or replaces specific information from the first clause.
Word Order
Hungarian has relatively free word order, but conjunctions maintain fixed positions. Both de and hanem appear between the two elements they connect. In written Hungarian, a comma often precedes de, though this is not strictly required in shorter sentences.
Related Conjunctions
Hungarian has several related adversative expressions: azonban (however, formal), viszont (however, on the other hand), mégis (still, nevertheless), ámde (but, literary), bár/ámbár (although).
Common Mistakes
The most frequent error English speakers make is using de where hanem is required. If your first clause contains a negative and you are correcting specific information, you must use hanem, not de.
Incorrect: Nem tanár vagyok, de orvos. Correct: Nem tanár vagyok, hanem orvos.
Another common error is omitting the negative before hanem. The structure “nem X, hanem Y” is obligatory—you cannot use hanem without a preceding negation.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
The distinction between de and hanem reflects Hungarian’s precision in expressing logical relationships. While English uses “but” for both general contrast and correction, Hungarian grammatically encodes this difference, making the speaker’s intent explicit.
In everyday Hungarian conversation, the de/hanem distinction is deeply ingrained and instinctive for native speakers. Using the wrong conjunction sounds distinctly foreign and can cause momentary confusion. This is one of the first markers native speakers notice when assessing someone’s Hungarian proficiency.
Hungarian directness is culturally valued, and the corrective function of hanem supports this—it explicitly signals that one piece of information is wrong and another is correct. This grammatical precision mirrors Hungarian communication style, which tends toward clarity and directness.
The phrase “nem is” (not even) often precedes hanem for emphasis: “Nem is könyvet olvasok, hanem újságot” (I’m not even reading a book—I’m reading a newspaper). This adds emotional emphasis to the correction.
In formal writing and speeches, ámde (a more literary form of “but”) may appear, though de remains standard in most contexts. The conjunction azonban (however) is preferred in formal written Hungarian and typically appears in second position within its clause rather than at the beginning.
Regional variation in the use of these conjunctions is minimal across Hungarian-speaking areas, including Hungary, Transylvania (Romania), Slovakia, and other regions with Hungarian communities. The de/hanem distinction is consistent throughout all dialects.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
The following excerpt is from a letter by Sándor Petőfi (1823-1849), Hungary’s national poet, to his friend János Arany in 1847. Petőfi’s prose, like his poetry, exemplifies the direct, natural Hungarian style he championed.
F-A: Interlinear Construed Text
Nekem to-me azt that-ACC mondják they-say hogy that más other költőket poets-ACC nem not ismerek I-recognize el away magamon myself-on kívül besides de but ez this alávaló base rágalom slander
Nekem (NEH-kem) to-me azt (ozt) that-ACC mondják (MOND-yaak) they-say hogy (hodj) that más (maash) other költőket (KEUL-teu-ket) poets-ACC nem (nem) not ismerek (ISH-meh-rek) I-recognize el (el) away magamon (MAH-gah-mon) myself-on kívül (KEE-vuul) besides de (deh) but ez (ez) this alávaló (AH-lah-vah-loh) base rágalom (RAA-gah-lom) slander
Igaz true hogy that a the tehetségtelen talentless embereket people-ACC nem not szenvedhetem I-can-bear de but az the igazi genuine tehetség talent előtt before meghajolok I-bow
Igaz (EE-gahz) true hogy (hodj) that a (oh) the tehetségtelen (TEH-het-shayg-teh-len) talentless embereket (EM-beh-reh-ket) people-ACC nem (nem) not szenvedhetem (SEN-ved-heh-tem) I-can-bear de (deh) but az (oz) the igazi (EE-gah-zee) genuine tehetség (TEH-het-shayg) talent előtt (EH-leutt) before meghajolok (MEG-hah-yoh-lok) I-bow
F-B: Natural Text with Translation
Nekem azt mondják, hogy más költőket nem ismerek el magamon kívül, de ez alávaló rágalom. Igaz, hogy a tehetségtelen embereket nem szenvedhetem, de az igazi tehetség előtt meghajolok.
“They tell me that I do not recognize any poets besides myself, but this is base slander. It is true that I cannot bear talentless people, but before genuine talent I bow.”
F-C: Hungarian Text Only
Nekem azt mondják, hogy más költőket nem ismerek el magamon kívül, de ez alávaló rágalom. Igaz, hogy a tehetségtelen embereket nem szenvedhetem, de az igazi tehetség előtt meghajolok.
F-D: Grammar and Vocabulary Notes
This passage demonstrates Petőfi’s characteristic directness and the natural use of de to create dramatic contrast. Notice how each de introduces an unexpected turn: the accusation is slander; despite his intolerance, he bows before true talent.
Key vocabulary: rágalom (slander), tehetség (talent), meghajolok (I bow), szenvedhetem (I can bear/tolerate).
The verb form szenvedhetem illustrates Hungarian’s potential suffix (-het/-hat), meaning “can/able to.”
F-E: Literary Commentary
Sándor Petőfi (1823-1849) is considered Hungary’s national poet and a key figure in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. His letter to János Arany reveals both his fiery personality and his capacity for genuine admiration of fellow artists. The contrast structure (de...de) creates a rhetorical pattern that first defends against criticism, then acknowledges a partial truth, and finally asserts his respect for authentic talent. This passage exemplifies the vigorous, direct prose style Petőfi brought to Hungarian literature, mirroring the simplicity and power of his celebrated poetry.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
The following dialogue takes place between two friends, Kata and Zoli, meeting at a traditional Budapest café. The conversation illustrates natural uses of de and hanem in everyday Hungarian.
Part A: Interlinear Construed Text
23.16a Szia hi Zoli Zoli régen long-ago láttalak I-saw-you de but jól well nézel you-look ki out
23.16b Szia (SEE-yah) hi Zoli (ZOH-lee) Zoli régen (RAY-gen) long-ago láttalak (LAAT-tah-lahk) I-saw-you de (deh) but jól (yohl) well nézel (NAY-zel) you-look ki (kee) out
23.17a Köszönöm thank-you Kata Kata de but te you is also nagyon very csinos pretty vagy you-are
23.17b Köszönöm (KEU-seu-neum) thank-you Kata (KAH-tah) Kata de (deh) but te (teh) you is (eesh) also nagyon (NOD-yon) very csinos (CHEE-nosh) pretty vagy (vodj) you-are
23.18a Mit what-ACC kérsz you-order kávét coffee-ACC vagy or teát tea-ACC
23.18b Mit (meet) what-ACC kérsz (kayrs) you-order kávét (KAA-vayt) coffee-ACC vagy (vodj) or teát (TEH-aat) tea-ACC
23.19a Nem not kávét coffee-ACC kérek I-order hanem but-rather forró hot csokoládét chocolate-ACC
23.19b Nem (nem) not kávét (KAA-vayt) coffee-ACC kérek (KAY-rek) I-order hanem (HAH-nem) but-rather forró (FOR-roh) hot csokoládét (CHO-ko-laa-dayt) chocolate-ACC
23.20a Hideg cold van is kint outside de but bent inside kellemes pleasant
23.20b Hideg (HEE-deg) cold van (vahn) is kint (keent) outside de (deh) but bent (bent) inside kellemes (KEL-leh-mesh) pleasant
23.21a Hogy how van is a the munkád work-your minden everything rendben in-order
23.21b Hogy (hodj) how van (vahn) is a (oh) the munkád (MOON-kaad) work-your minden (MEEN-den) everything rendben (REND-ben) in-order
23.22a Nem not rossz bad de but sokat much-ACC kell must dolgoznom to-work-I
23.22b Nem (nem) not rossz (ross) bad de (deh) but sokat (SHOH-kaht) much-ACC kell (kell) must dolgoznom (DOL-goz-nom) to-work-I
23.23a Értem I-understand nem not könnyű easy de but megéri it-is-worth-it
23.23b Értem (AYR-tem) I-understand nem (nem) not könnyű (KEUN-nyuu) easy de (deh) but megéri (MEG-ay-ree) it-is-worth-it
23.24a Nem not a the fizetés salary a the fontos important hanem but-rather a the tapasztalat experience
23.24b Nem (nem) not a (oh) the fizetés (FEE-zeh-taysh) salary a (oh) the fontos (FON-tosh) important hanem (HAH-nem) but-rather a (oh) the tapasztalat (TAH-pahs-tah-laht) experience
23.25a Igaz true de but azért therefore jó good lenne would-be több more pénz money
23.25b Igaz (EE-gahz) true de (deh) but azért (AH-zayrt) therefore jó (yoh) good lenne (LEN-neh) would-be több (teub) more pénz (paynz) money
23.26a Nem not panaszkodom I-complain hanem but-rather reális realistic vagyok I-am
23.26b Nem (nem) not panaszkodom (PAH-nahs-koh-dom) I-complain hanem (HAH-nem) but-rather reális (REH-aa-leesh) realistic vagyok (VOD-yok) I-am
23.27a Ez this a the torta cake nagyon very finom delicious de but diétázom I-am-dieting
23.27b Ez (ez) this a (oh) the torta (TOR-tah) cake nagyon (NOD-yon) very finom (FEE-nom) delicious de (deh) but diétázom (DEE-ay-taa-zom) I-am-dieting
23.28a Ma today egyél eat holnap tomorrow diétázol you-diet de but most now élvezd enjoy
23.28b Ma (mah) today egyél (ED-yayl) eat holnap (HOL-nahp) tomorrow diétázol (DEE-ay-taa-zol) you-diet de (deh) but most (mosht) now élvezd (AYL-vezd) enjoy
23.29a Nem not holnap tomorrow kezdem I-start hanem but-rather hétfőn on-Monday
23.29b Nem (nem) not holnap (HOL-nahp) tomorrow kezdem (KEZ-dem) I-start hanem (HAH-nem) but-rather hétfőn (HAYT-feun) on-Monday
23.30a Jó good terv plan de but tartsd keep-it be in
23.30b Jó (yoh) good terv (terv) plan de (deh) but tartsd (tahrchd) keep-it be (beh) in
Part B: Natural Sentences
23.16 Szia Zoli, régen láttalak, de jól nézel ki! “Hi Zoli, I haven’t seen you in a long time, but you look good!”
23.17 Köszönöm Kata, de te is nagyon csinos vagy. “Thank you Kata, but you are also very pretty.”
23.18 Mit kérsz, kávét vagy teát? “What will you have, coffee or tea?”
23.19 Nem kávét kérek, hanem forró csokoládét. “I won’t have coffee, but rather hot chocolate.”
23.20 Hideg van kint, de bent kellemes. “It’s cold outside, but pleasant inside.”
23.21 Hogy van a munkád? Minden rendben? “How is your work? Everything okay?”
23.22 Nem rossz, de sokat kell dolgoznom. “Not bad, but I have to work a lot.”
23.23 Értem. Nem könnyű, de megéri. “I understand. It’s not easy, but it’s worth it.”
23.24 Nem a fizetés a fontos, hanem a tapasztalat. “It’s not the salary that’s important, but rather the experience.”
23.25 Igaz, de azért jó lenne több pénz. “True, but still, more money would be nice.”
23.26 Nem panaszkodom, hanem reális vagyok. “I’m not complaining, but rather being realistic.”
23.27 Ez a torta nagyon finom, de diétázom. “This cake is very delicious, but I’m on a diet.”
23.28 Ma egyél, holnap diétázol. De most élvezd! “Eat today, diet tomorrow. But now, enjoy!”
23.29 Nem holnap kezdem, hanem hétfőn. “I’m not starting tomorrow, but rather on Monday.”
23.30 Jó terv, de tartsd be! “Good plan, but stick to it!”
Part C: Hungarian Text Only
23.16 Szia Zoli, régen láttalak, de jól nézel ki!
23.17 Köszönöm Kata, de te is nagyon csinos vagy.
23.18 Mit kérsz, kávét vagy teát?
23.19 Nem kávét kérek, hanem forró csokoládét.
23.20 Hideg van kint, de bent kellemes.
23.21 Hogy van a munkád? Minden rendben?
23.22 Nem rossz, de sokat kell dolgoznom.
23.23 Értem. Nem könnyű, de megéri.
23.24 Nem a fizetés a fontos, hanem a tapasztalat.
23.25 Igaz, de azért jó lenne több pénz.
23.26 Nem panaszkodom, hanem reális vagyok.
23.27 Ez a torta nagyon finom, de diétázom.
23.28 Ma egyél, holnap diétázol. De most élvezd!
23.29 Nem holnap kezdem, hanem hétfőn.
23.30 Jó terv, de tartsd be!
Part D: Grammar Notes for Dialogue Section
This dialogue demonstrates the natural interplay of de and hanem in conversational Hungarian. Notice the following patterns:
De for Polite Deflection (23.17): When Kata compliments Zoli, he responds with de to redirect the compliment—”but you too are pretty.” This is a common conversational pattern in Hungarian.
Hanem for Specific Choices (23.19, 23.24, 23.26, 23.29): Each use of hanem follows a negation and specifies the correct alternative: not coffee but chocolate, not salary but experience, not complaining but being realistic, not tomorrow but Monday.
De for Unexpected Contrasts (23.22, 23.23, 23.27): These examples show de introducing outcomes that contrast with expectations: work is good but demanding, difficult but worthwhile, cake is delicious but the speaker is dieting.
Imperative Forms (23.28, 23.30): The dialogue includes informal imperative forms: egyél (eat!), élvezd (enjoy it!), tartsd be (stick to it!). These represent the familiar (te) form used between friends.
Conditional “Lenne” (23.25): The phrase “jó lenne” (it would be good) uses the conditional form of the verb “van” (to be), common in expressions of wishes.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
Hungarian Vowels
Hungarian has 14 vowel sounds (7 short, 7 long). The acute accent (´) indicates length, not stress.
Short vowels: a [ɒ], e [ɛ], i [i], o [o], ö [ø], u [u], ü [y] Long vowels: á [aː], é [eː], í [iː], ó [oː], ő [øː], ú [uː], ű [yː]
For English speakers, the vowels ö/ő and ü/ű present the greatest challenge. These rounded front vowels do not exist in English but are similar to German ö and ü.
Key Consonants
Hungarian uses several digraphs (two-letter combinations representing single sounds):
sz = [s] (like English “s” in “sun”) s = [ʃ] (like English “sh” in “ship”) zs = [ʒ] (like “s” in “measure”) cs = [tʃ] (like “ch” in “church”) gy = [ɟ] (like “d” in “during” with tongue on palate) ny = [ɲ] (like “ny” in “canyon”) ty = [c] (like “t” in “Tuesday” with tongue on palate) ly = [j] (like English “y” in “yes”)
Stress
Hungarian stress always falls on the first syllable of a word. This is invariable regardless of word length.
De and Hanem Pronunciation
de [dɛ]: short “e” as in “bed” hanem [hɒnɛm]: “ha” like English “hot” (rounded), “nem” like “nem” in English
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
This lesson is part of the Latinum Institute Modern Language Course series, which applies proven interlinear glossing methodology to contemporary language acquisition. The Latinum Institute has been creating language learning materials since 2006.
The course follows a frequency-based vocabulary progression, ensuring learners encounter the most useful words first. Each lesson is self-contained, with complete interlinear glossing that makes vocabulary immediately accessible regardless of the learner’s current level.
The interlinear construed text method—presenting target language text with word-by-word glossing—allows autodidact learners to absorb grammatical structures naturally while building vocabulary. This approach, refined over centuries for classical language pedagogy, proves equally effective for modern language acquisition.
For the complete course index: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index
For reviews of Latinum Institute courses: https://uk.trustpilot.com/review/latinum.org.uk
Hungarian’s unique features—vowel harmony, agglutinative morphology, and flexible word order—make it both challenging and rewarding for English speakers. The systematic approach of this course, combined with authentic literary and conversational examples, provides a solid foundation for genuine communicative competence.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
✓ Lesson 23 Hungarian complete
---