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In Hungarian, the English word “who” is expressed through two distinct but related forms: ki (interrogative) and aki (relative). The interrogative ki asks “who?” in direct questions, while the relative aki means “who” or “the one who” in subordinate clauses. This elegant system—where adding the prefix a- transforms any interrogative pronoun into its relative counterpart—is a defining feature of Hungarian grammar.
Hungarian pronouns decline through the language’s extensive case system, meaning ki and aki take different endings depending on their grammatical function: kit (whom - accusative), kinek (to whom - dative), kitől (from whom - ablative), and so forth. The plural forms kik (who? - plural) and akik (who - relative plural) follow the same patterns.
Unlike English, Hungarian makes no gender distinction—ki and aki refer equally to men and women. The language’s flexible word order allows these pronouns to appear in various positions for emphasis, though the relative pronoun aki typically introduces its clause immediately after or near its antecedent.
FAQ: What does “ki” mean in Hungarian? Ki is the Hungarian interrogative pronoun meaning “who?” used to ask about the identity of a person. Its relative counterpart aki means “who” or “the one who” in subordinate clauses.
This lesson presents 30 examples demonstrating ki and aki in questions, statements, and complex sentences, illustrating the full range of their usage in modern Hungarian.
Key Takeaways: -
Ki (who?) is the interrogative form; aki (who, the one who) is the relative form -
Adding a- prefix converts Hungarian interrogatives to relatives -
Both forms decline through all Hungarian cases -
Kik/akik are the plural forms -
No gender distinction exists in Hungarian pronouns
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41.1a Ki who vagy are te you-SG?
41.1b Ki (kee) who vagy (voj) are te (teh) you-SG?
41.2a Ki who jött came ide here?
41.2b Ki (kee) who jött (yurt) came ide (ee-deh) here?
41.3a Nem not tudom know-I ki who ő he/she.
41.3b Nem (nem) not tudom (too-dom) know-I ki (kee) who ő (oo) he/she.
41.4a Az the ember man aki who itt here dolgozik works magyar Hungarian.
41.4b Az (oz) the ember (em-ber) man aki (o-kee) who itt (eet) here dolgozik (dol-go-zeek) works magyar (mo-dyor) Hungarian.
41.5a Ki who írta wrote ezt this-ACC a the könyvet book-ACC?
41.5b Ki (kee) who írta (eer-to) wrote ezt (est) this-ACC a (o) the könyvet (kun-yvet) book-ACC?
41.6a Kinek to-whom adtad gave-you a the levelet letter-ACC?
41.6b Kinek (kee-nek) to-whom adtad (od-tod) gave-you a (o) the levelet (leh-veh-let) letter-ACC?
41.7a A the lány girl aki who énekel sings nagyon very tehetséges talented.
41.7b A (o) the lány (laany) girl aki (o-kee) who énekel (ay-ne-kel) sings nagyon (no-dyon) very tehetséges (teh-het-shay-gesh) talented.
41.8a Kit whom-ACC láttál saw-you a the parkban park-in?
41.8b Kit (keet) whom-ACC láttál (laat-taal) saw-you a (o) the parkban (pork-bon) park-in?
41.9a Aki who korán early kel rises aranyat gold-ACC lel finds.
41.9b Aki (o-kee) who korán (ko-raan) early kel (kel) rises aranyat (o-ro-nyot) gold-ACC lel (lel) finds.
41.10a Kik who-PL ezek these az the emberek people?
41.10b Kik (keek) who-PL ezek (eh-zek) these az (oz) the emberek (em-beh-rek) people?
41.11a Mindenki everyone aki who itt here van is barátom friend-my.
41.11b Mindenki (meen-den-kee) everyone aki (o-kee) who itt (eet) here van (von) is barátom (bo-raa-tom) friend-my.
41.12a Kitől from-whom kaptad received-you ezt this-ACC az the ajándékot gift-ACC?
41.12b Kitől (kee-tool) from-whom kaptad (kop-tod) received-you ezt (est) this-ACC az (oz) the ajándékot (o-yaan-day-kot) gift-ACC?
41.13a Az the orvos doctor akinek to-whom írtam wrote-I válaszolt answered.
41.13b Az (oz) the orvos (or-vosh) doctor akinek (o-kee-nek) to-whom írtam (eer-tom) wrote-I válaszolt (vaa-lo-solt) answered.
41.14a Ki who a the kedvenc favorite íród writer-your?
41.14b Ki (kee) who a (o) the kedvenc (ked-vents) favorite íród (ee-rohd) writer-your?
41.15a Azok those akik who-PL sokat much-ACC dolgoznak work sikeresek successful-PL lesznek become.
41.15b Azok (o-zok) those akik (o-keek) who-PL sokat (sho-kot) much-ACC dolgoznak (dol-goz-nok) work sikeresek (shee-ke-re-shek) successful-PL lesznek (les-nek) become.
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41.1 Ki vagy te? “Who are you?”
41.2 Ki jött ide? “Who came here?”
41.3 Nem tudom, ki ő. “I don’t know who he/she is.”
41.4 Az ember, aki itt dolgozik, magyar. “The man who works here is Hungarian.”
41.5 Ki írta ezt a könyvet? “Who wrote this book?”
41.6 Kinek adtad a levelet? “To whom did you give the letter?”
41.7 A lány, aki énekel, nagyon tehetséges. “The girl who sings is very talented.”
41.8 Kit láttál a parkban? “Whom did you see in the park?”
41.9 Aki korán kel, aranyat lel. “He who rises early finds gold.” (proverb)
41.10 Kik ezek az emberek? “Who are these people?”
41.11 Mindenki, aki itt van, barátom. “Everyone who is here is my friend.”
41.12 Kitől kaptad ezt az ajándékot? “From whom did you receive this gift?”
41.13 Az orvos, akinek írtam, válaszolt. “The doctor to whom I wrote answered.”
41.14 Ki a kedvenc íród? “Who is your favorite writer?”
41.15 Azok, akik sokat dolgoznak, sikeresek lesznek. “Those who work hard will become successful.”
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41.1 Ki vagy te?
41.2 Ki jött ide?
41.3 Nem tudom, ki ő.
41.4 Az ember, aki itt dolgozik, magyar.
41.5 Ki írta ezt a könyvet?
41.6 Kinek adtad a levelet?
41.7 A lány, aki énekel, nagyon tehetséges.
41.8 Kit láttál a parkban?
41.9 Aki korán kel, aranyat lel.
41.10 Kik ezek az emberek?
41.11 Mindenki, aki itt van, barátom.
41.12 Kitől kaptad ezt az ajándékot?
41.13 Az orvos, akinek írtam, válaszolt.
41.14 Ki a kedvenc íród?
41.15 Azok, akik sokat dolgoznak, sikeresek lesznek.
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These are the grammar rules for ki (who - interrogative) and aki (who - relative).
Formation of Interrogative and Relative Pronouns
Hungarian has a systematic relationship between interrogative and relative pronouns. The interrogative ki (who?) becomes the relative aki (who, the one who) by adding the prefix a-. This pattern applies across all Hungarian question words: mi (what?) → ami (which/that), hol (where?) → ahol (where), mikor (when?) → amikor (when).
Case Declension of Ki/Aki
Both pronouns decline through Hungarian’s case system. Here are the principal forms:
Nominative: ki / aki (who) Accusative: kit / akit (whom - direct object) Dative: kinek / akinek (to whom) Instrumental: kivel / akivel (with whom) Ablative: kitől / akitől (from whom) Allative: kihez / akihez (to whom - direction) Adessive: kinél / akinél (at/by whom) Sublative: kire / akire (onto whom) Superessive: kin / akin (on whom) Delative: kiről / akiről (about whom, off of whom) Causal-final: kiért / akiért (for whom)
Plural Forms
Singular: ki / aki Plural: kik / akik
The plural forms also decline through all cases: kiket (whom-PL-ACC), kiknek (to whom-PL), etc.
Syntax of Relative Clauses
In Hungarian, the relative pronoun aki introduces a subordinate clause that typically follows its antecedent noun. The relative clause is usually set off by commas:
Az ember, aki itt dolgozik, magyar. (The man, who works here, is Hungarian.)
When the antecedent is a demonstrative pronoun like az (that one) or azok (those), the relative clause provides the essential identifying information:
Az, aki sokat tanul, sikeres lesz. (He who studies much will be successful.)
Word Order in Questions
In direct questions, ki typically appears at the beginning of the sentence, immediately before the verb:
Ki írta ezt? (Who wrote this?) Kit látsz? (Whom do you see?)
Common Mistakes
English speakers often confuse when to use ki versus aki. Remember: ki asks questions; aki connects clauses. Also note that Hungarian relative clauses require the relative pronoun—unlike English, where “the man I saw” omits “whom,” Hungarian requires “az ember, akit láttam.”
Another common error is forgetting case agreement. If the relative pronoun functions as a direct object in its clause, it must take accusative akit, not nominative aki: “Az ember, akit láttam” (The man whom I saw), not *”Az ember, aki láttam.”
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The pronouns ki and aki are fundamental to Hungarian expression and appear in countless proverbs, folk sayings, and literary works. Their frequency in everyday speech reflects Hungarian’s preference for clear, explicit reference—unlike English, which often omits relative pronouns.
Hungarian proverbs frequently begin with aki, creating universal statements about human nature and wisdom:
Aki korán kel, aranyat lel. (He who rises early finds gold.) — equivalent to “The early bird catches the worm.”
Aki másnak vermet ás, maga esik bele. (He who digs a pit for others falls into it himself.)
Aki a kicsit nem becsüli, a nagyot nem érdemli. (He who doesn’t appreciate the small doesn’t deserve the great.)
These structures reflect a cultural value placed on universal wisdom expressed through conditional or habitual actions. The aki... construction creates a sense of timeless truth.
In formal Hungarian, particularly in legal and official documents, the distinction between ki and aki is strictly maintained. In casual speech, especially in Budapest, speakers sometimes use ami (what/which - for things) where aki would be grammatically correct when referring to people in very informal contexts, though this is considered substandard.
Regional variation is minimal for these core pronouns, though some eastern Hungarian dialects may show slight pronunciation differences. The standard forms are understood and used throughout Hungary and Hungarian-speaking communities in neighboring countries (Romania, Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine).
The interrogative ki also forms the basis of indefinite pronouns: valaki (someone), senki (no one), mindenki (everyone), bárki (anyone), and akárki (whoever). This derivational productivity demonstrates the central role of ki in the Hungarian pronoun system.
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The following excerpt comes from the Hungarian national anthem, Himnusz, written by Ferenc Kölcsey in 1823. This poem, set to music by Ferenc Erkel in 1844, prominently features the relative pronoun akit in its powerful opening stanza about the Hungarian people’s suffering.
F-A: Interlinear Construed Text
Isten God áldd bless-IMP meg PERF a the magyart Hungarian-ACC
Isten (eesh-ten) God áldd (aald) bless-IMP meg (meg) PERF a (o) the magyart (mo-dyort) Hungarian-ACC
Jó good kedvvel cheer-with bőséggel abundance-with
Jó (yoh) good kedvvel (ked-vel) cheer-with bőséggel (boo-shayg-gel) abundance-with
Nyújts extend-IMP feléje toward-him védő protecting kart arm-ACC
Nyújts (nyooyts) extend-IMP feléje (feh-lay-yeh) toward-him védő (vay-doo) protecting kart (kort) arm-ACC
Ha if küzd fights ellenséggel enemy-with
Ha (ho) if küzd (kuzd) fights ellenséggel (el-len-shayg-gel) enemy-with
Bal ill sors fate akit whom-REL-ACC régen long-ago tép tears
Bal (bol) ill sors (shorsh) fate akit (o-keet) whom-REL-ACC régen (ray-gen) long-ago tép (tayp) tears
Hozz bring-IMP rá onto-him víg joyful esztendőt year-ACC
Hozz (hoss) bring-IMP rá (raa) onto-him víg (veeg) joyful esztendőt (es-ten-doot) year-ACC
F-B: Natural Text with Translation
Isten, áldd meg a magyart Jó kedvvel, bőséggel, Nyújts feléje védő kart, Ha küzd ellenséggel; Bal sors akit régen tép, Hozz rá víg esztendőt
“O God, bless the Hungarian With good cheer and abundance, Extend toward him a protecting arm If he fights against enemies; He whom ill fate has long been tearing, Bring upon him a joyful year”
F-C: Original Text Only
Isten, áldd meg a magyart Jó kedvvel, bőséggel, Nyújts feléje védő kart, Ha küzd ellenséggel; Bal sors akit régen tép, Hozz rá víg esztendőt
F-D: Grammar and Vocabulary Notes
This passage contains the relative pronoun akit (whom - accusative) in a powerful construction. The phrase “Bal sors akit régen tép” literally means “Ill fate whom long tears” — the Hungarian nation is represented as the one whom misfortune has long been tearing apart. Note that akit is in the accusative case because it functions as the direct object of the verb tép (tears/rends).
Key vocabulary: áldd meg (bless - imperative with perfective prefix), bőség (abundance), nyújts (extend - imperative), védő (protecting - present participle), kar (arm), bal sors (ill fate, misfortune), régen (long ago, for a long time), tép (tears, rends), víg (joyful, merry), esztendő (year - poetic/formal).
F-E: Literary Commentary
Kölcsey wrote the Himnusz during the Hungarian Reform Era (1825-1848), a period of national awakening. The poem’s tone is both prayerful and mournful, cataloguing centuries of Hungarian suffering while pleading for divine mercy. The use of akit in reference to the Hungarian people personifies the nation as a single suffering individual, creating emotional intimacy between reader and subject. This anthem remains deeply meaningful to Hungarians today and is sung at official ceremonies and sporting events.
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The following examples present a coherent dialogue between family members discussing guests and relatives, demonstrating natural uses of ki and aki in everyday Hungarian conversation.
Part A: Interlinear Construed Text
41.16a Anya mother ki who az that aki who most now érkezett arrived?
41.16b Anya (o-nyo) mother ki (kee) who az (oz) that aki (o-kee) who most (mosht) now érkezett (ayr-ke-zett) arrived?
41.17a Az that Péter Péter bácsi uncle akit whom-ACC régen long-ago nem not láttál saw-you.
41.17b Az (oz) that Péter (pay-ter) Péter bácsi (baa-chee) uncle akit (o-keet) whom-ACC régen (ray-gen) long-ago nem (nem) not láttál (laat-taal) saw-you.
41.18a Ki who hívta invited meg PERF őt him-ACC a the vacsorára dinner-to?
41.18b Ki (kee) who hívta (heev-to) invited meg (meg) PERF őt (oot) him-ACC a (o) the vacsorára (vo-cho-raa-ro) dinner-to?
41.19a Nagymama grandmother aki who mindig always mindenkit everyone-ACC meghív invites.
41.19b Nagymama (nodj-mo-mo) grandmother aki (o-kee) who mindig (meen-deeg) always mindenkit (meen-den-keet) everyone-ACC meghív (meg-heev) invites.
41.20a Kik who-PL ülnek sit mellette beside-him az the asztalnál table-at?
41.20b Kik (keek) who-PL ülnek (ul-nek) sit mellette (mel-let-te) beside-him az (oz) the asztalnál (os-tol-naal) table-at?
41.21a A the gyerekek children akik who-PL nagyon very szeretik like őt him-ACC.
41.21b A (o) the gyerekek (dye-re-kek) children akik (o-keek) who-PL nagyon (no-dyon) very szeretik (se-re-teek) like őt (oot) him-ACC.
41.22a Ki who az the a the nő woman akivel with-whom beszélget chats?
41.22b Ki (kee) who az (oz) the a (o) the nő (noo) woman akivel (o-kee-vel) with-whom beszélget (be-sayl-get) chats?
41.23a Az that Mária Mária néni aunt akiről about-whom meséltem told-I neked to-you.
41.23b Az (oz) that Mária (maa-ree-o) Mária néni (nay-nee) aunt akiről (o-kee-rool) about-whom meséltem (me-shayl-tem) told-I neked (ne-ked) to-you.
41.24a Kinek to-whom segítesz help-you a the konyhában kitchen-in?
41.24b Kinek (kee-nek) to-whom segítesz (she-gee-tes) help-you a (o) the konyhában (kon-haa-bon) kitchen-in?
41.25a Anyának to-mother aki who mindent everything-ACC egyedül alone csinál does.
41.25b Anyának (o-nyaa-nok) to-mother aki (o-kee) who mindent (meen-dent) everything-ACC egyedül (e-dye-dul) alone csinál (chee-naal) does.
41.26a Ki who hozta brought ezt this-ACC a the finom delicious tortát cake-ACC?
41.26b Ki (kee) who hozta (hoz-to) brought ezt (est) this-ACC a (o) the finom (fee-nom) delicious tortát (tor-taat) cake-ACC?
41.27a Kata Kata aki who a the legjobb best cukrász confectioner a the családban family-in.
41.27b Kata (ko-to) Kata aki (o-kee) who a (o) the legjobb (leg-yobb) best cukrász (tsook-raas) confectioner a (o) the családban (cho-laad-bon) family-in.
41.28a Kitől from-whom kaptuk received-we ezt this-ACC a the szép beautiful virágot flower-ACC?
41.28b Kitől (kee-tool) from-whom kaptuk (kop-took) received-we ezt (est) this-ACC a (o) the szép (sayp) beautiful virágot (vee-raa-got) flower-ACC?
41.29a A the szomszédtól neighbor-from akinek to-whom mindig always segítünk help-we.
41.29b A (o) the szomszédtól (som-sayd-tool) neighbor-from akinek (o-kee-nek) to-whom mindig (meen-deeg) always segítünk (she-gee-tunk) help-we.
41.30a Boldog happy az the aki who ilyen such szerető loving családban family-in él lives.
41.30b Boldog (bol-dog) happy az (oz) the aki (o-kee) who ilyen (ee-yen) such szerető (se-re-too) loving családban (cho-laad-bon) family-in él (ayl) lives.
Part B: Natural Sentences
41.16 Anya, ki az, aki most érkezett? “Mom, who is the one who just arrived?”
41.17 Az Péter bácsi, akit régen nem láttál. “That’s Uncle Péter, whom you haven’t seen in a long time.”
41.18 Ki hívta meg őt a vacsorára? “Who invited him to dinner?”
41.19 Nagymama, aki mindig mindenkit meghív. “Grandmother, who always invites everyone.”
41.20 Kik ülnek mellette az asztalnál? “Who is sitting beside him at the table?”
41.21 A gyerekek, akik nagyon szeretik őt. “The children, who like him very much.”
41.22 Ki az a nő, akivel beszélget? “Who is the woman with whom he’s chatting?”
41.23 Az Mária néni, akiről meséltem neked. “That’s Aunt Mária, about whom I told you.”
41.24 Kinek segítesz a konyhában? “Whom are you helping in the kitchen?”
41.25 Anyának, aki mindent egyedül csinál. “Mom, who does everything alone.”
41.26 Ki hozta ezt a finom tortát? “Who brought this delicious cake?”
41.27 Kata, aki a legjobb cukrász a családban. “Kata, who is the best confectioner in the family.”
41.28 Kitől kaptuk ezt a szép virágot? “From whom did we receive this beautiful flower?”
41.29 A szomszédtól, akinek mindig segítünk. “From the neighbor, whom we always help.”
41.30 Boldog az, aki ilyen szerető családban él. “Happy is the one who lives in such a loving family.”
Part C: Target Language Only
41.16 Anya, ki az, aki most érkezett?
41.17 Az Péter bácsi, akit régen nem láttál.
41.18 Ki hívta meg őt a vacsorára?
41.19 Nagymama, aki mindig mindenkit meghív.
41.20 Kik ülnek mellette az asztalnál?
41.21 A gyerekek, akik nagyon szeretik őt.
41.22 Ki az a nő, akivel beszélget?
41.23 Az Mária néni, akiről meséltem neked.
41.24 Kinek segítesz a konyhában?
41.25 Anyának, aki mindent egyedül csinál.
41.26 Ki hozta ezt a finom tortát?
41.27 Kata, aki a legjobb cukrász a családban.
41.28 Kitől kaptuk ezt a szép virágot?
41.29 A szomszédtól, akinek mindig segítünk.
41.30 Boldog az, aki ilyen szerető családban él.
Part D: Grammar Notes for Genre Section
This dialogue demonstrates several advanced patterns with ki and aki:
Embedded Questions: In 41.16, “ki az, aki most érkezett?” shows ki in an embedded question within a larger sentence. The structure “ki az, aki...” (who is the one who...) is extremely common in Hungarian.
Case Agreement in Relative Clauses: Throughout the dialogue, notice how the relative pronoun matches its grammatical role within the relative clause: -
akit (41.17) - accusative, as direct object of láttál -
akivel (41.22) - instrumental, expressing “with whom” -
akiről (41.23) - delative, expressing “about whom” -
akinek (41.29) - dative, as indirect object of segítünk
Elliptical Answers: Several responses (41.19, 41.21, 41.27, 41.29) use elliptical structures where the relative clause serves as the complete answer. This is natural in spoken Hungarian.
Family Terms: Hungarian distinguishes paternal and maternal relatives and uses the terms bácsi (uncle/older man) and néni (aunt/older woman) as polite address forms for non-relatives as well. These terms follow the given name: Péter bácsi, Mária néni.
The Universal “aki” Statement: Example 41.30 shows the proverbial use of aki to make universal statements about humanity—a pattern deeply embedded in Hungarian wisdom literature.
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Hungarian pronunciation is largely phonetic, but several sounds require attention:
Vowels: -
a = short open back vowel, like “o” in British “hot” -
á = long open front vowel, like “a” in “father” -
e = short open-mid front vowel, like “e” in “bed” -
é = long close-mid front vowel, like “ay” in “say” -
i = short close front vowel, like “i” in “bit” -
í = long version of above -
o = short close-mid back vowel -
ó = long version -
ö = short front rounded vowel, like German “ö” -
ő = long version -
u = short close back rounded vowel -
ú = long version -
ü = short close front rounded vowel, like German “ü” -
ű = long version
Key Consonants: -
gy = voiced palatal stop, like “d” + “y” merged -
ly = pronounced as “y” in modern Hungarian -
ny = palatal nasal, like Spanish “ñ” -
sz = voiceless “s” (English “s”) -
s = voiceless postalveolar, like English “sh” -
zs = voiced postalveolar, like “s” in “measure” -
cs = voiceless postalveolar affricate, like English “ch”
Ki/Aki Pronunciation: -
ki: /ki/ (rhymes with English “key”) -
aki: /ɒki/ (the a- is short, like “o” in “hot”) -
kit: /kit/ -
kinek: /kinɛk/
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This lesson is part of the Latinum Institute Modern Language Course series, following a methodology developed since 2006 for autodidact language learners. The interlinear “construed text” format—presenting target language with word-by-word glossing—allows learners to comprehend authentic patterns without first mastering complex grammar tables.
The Latinum Institute approach emphasizes:
Direct Comprehension: By seeing each word’s meaning immediately beneath or beside it, learners build direct associations between Hungarian forms and English meanings.
Authentic Patterns: Examples progress from simple to complex, always using genuine Hungarian constructions rather than artificial “teaching” sentences.
Cultural Integration: Language learning includes cultural context, literary citations, and proverbial wisdom that connect learners to the living tradition of Hungarian.
Self-Paced Study: The consistent format allows learners to work through materials at their own pace, returning to challenging sections as needed.
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