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Lesson 30
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Lesson 30

누구 (nugu) — Who

Introduction

For autodidact students of Korean, 누구 (nugu) is the interrogative pronoun "who." With particles: 누가 (nuga, who-subject — 누구 + 가, the ㄱ assimilates), 누구를 (nugureul, who-object), 누구에게 (nuguege, to whom), 누구의 (nuguui, whose). As an indefinite: 누군가 (nugungga, someone). 누구든 (nugudeun, whoever). 누구도 + negative (nobody).

Key Takeaways: - 누구 (nugu): who — interrogative - 누가 (nuga): who [subject] — 누구 + 가 contracted - 누구를 (nugureul): whom [object] - 누군가 (nugungga): someone - 누구든 (nugudeun): whoever - 누구도 + negative: nobody

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Section A: Interlinear Construed Text

30.1 저게 (jeoge) that-SUBJ 누구예요 (nuguyeyo) who-is-POLITE?

30.2 누가 (nuga) who-SUBJ 왔어요 (wasseoyo) came-POLITE?

30.3 누구를 (nugureul) whom-OBJ 만났어요 (mannasseoyo) met-POLITE?

30.4 이게 (ige) this-SUBJ 누구 (nugu) whose 거예요 (geoyeyo) thing-is-POLITE?

30.5 누군가가 (nugunGaga) someone-SUBJ 문을 (muneul) door-OBJ 두드려요 (dudeuLlyeoyo) knocks-POLITE

30.6 누구에게 (nuguege) to-whom 물어볼까요 (mureoBolkkayo) shall-ask-POLITE?

30.7 누구든 (nugudeun) whoever 환영해요 (hwanyeonghaeyo) welcome-POLITE

30.8 누구도 (nugudo) nobody 몰랐어요 (mollasseoyo) knew-not-POLITE

30.9 그게 (geuge) that-SUBJ 누구 (nugu) who 아이디어예요 (aidieo-yeyo) idea-is-POLITE?

30.10 누구랑 (nugurang) with-whom 갔어요 (gasseoyo) went-POLITE?

30.11 누가 (nuga) who-SUBJ 그렇게 (geureoke) like-that 말했어요 (malhaesseoyo) said-POLITE?

30.12 당신은 (dangshineun) you-TOPIC 누구세요 (nuguseyO) who-are-HON?

30.13 누구를 (nugureul) whom-OBJ 위해 (wihae) for 이걸 (igeol) this-OBJ 했어요 (haesseoyo) did-POLITE?

30.14 누군가와 (nugunGawa) with-someone 이야기했어요 (iyagihaesseoyo) talked-POLITE

30.15 그게 (geuge) that-SUBJ 누구인지 (nuguinji) who-QUOT 알고 (algo) knowing 싶어요 (sipeoyo) want-POLITE

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Section B: Natural Sentences

30.1 저게 누구예요? "Who is that?" 30.2 누가 왔어요? "Who came?" 30.3 누구를 만났어요? "Whom did you meet?" 30.4 이게 누구 거예요? "Whose is this?" 30.5 누군가가 문을 두드려요. "Someone is knocking on the door." 30.6 누구에게 물어볼까요? "Whom shall I ask?" 30.7 누구든 환영해요. "Everyone is welcome / Whoever is welcome." 30.8 누구도 몰랐어요. "Nobody knew." 30.9 그게 누구 아이디어예요? "Whose idea is that?" 30.10 누구랑 갔어요? "Who did you go with?" 30.11 누가 그렇게 말했어요? "Who said that?" 30.12 당신은 누구세요? "Who are you?" 30.13 누구를 위해 이걸 했어요? "For whom did you do this?" 30.14 누군가와 이야기했어요. "I talked with someone." 30.15 그게 누구인지 알고 싶어요. "I want to know who that is."

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Section C: Korean Text Only

30.1 저게 누구예요? 30.2 누가 왔어요? 30.3 누구를 만났어요? 30.4 이게 누구 거예요? 30.5 누군가가 문을 두드려요. 30.6 누구에게 물어볼까요? 30.7 누구든 환영해요. 30.8 누구도 몰랐어요. 30.9 그게 누구 아이디어예요? 30.10 누구랑 갔어요? 30.11 누가 그렇게 말했어요? 30.12 당신은 누구세요? 30.13 누구를 위해 이걸 했어요? 30.14 누군가와 이야기했어요. 30.15 그게 누구인지 알고 싶어요.

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Section D: Grammar Explanation

누구 vs 누가: 누구 is the base form; when the subject particle 가 attaches, ㄱ assimilation produces 누가 (not 누구가). This is an irregular contraction: 누구 + 가 → 누가. All other particles attach normally: 누구를, 누구에게, 누구랑, 누구의.

누군가 (someone): 누구 + 인가 contracted = 누군가. Indefinite human referent. 누군가가 왔어요 (someone came), 누군가와 이야기했어요 (talked with someone). Parallel to 뭔가 (something), 어딘가 (somewhere).

누구도 + negative (nobody): 누구도 + 몰랐어요 = nobody knew. The 도 (even/also) + negative creates the universal negative over persons. 누구도 없었어요 (nobody was there), 누구도 안 왔어요 (nobody came).

누구든 (whoever): Universal positive — 누구든 환영해요 (whoever [it is], welcome). Parallel to 뭐든 (whatever), 어디서든 (wherever), 언제든 (whenever).

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Section E: Cultural Context

누구세요? (Who are you? — polite) is the standard way to answer the door or an unknown phone call in Korean. The -세요 honorific is used by default because you don't know who is calling/knocking. Answering the phone with 여보세요 (hello) followed by 누구세요? if the caller isn't identified — this is Korean phone etiquette.

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Section F: Literary Citation

김소월 (Kim Sowol), 《나는 세상 모르고 살았노라》

나는 세상 모르고 살았노라 / 누구를 사랑하면서 살았노라

F-A: Interlinear — 누구를 (nugureul) whom-OBJ 사랑하면서 (saranghAmyeonseo) while-loving 살았노라 (sarattnora) lived-LITERARY

F-B: Translation — "I lived not knowing the world / I lived while loving someone."

F-C: Original — 나는 세상 모르고 살았노라, 누구를 사랑하면서 살았노라.

F-D: Notes — 누구를 사랑하면서: "while loving whom / while loving someone." Here 누구 is not a question but an indefinite — I lived loving someone (unnamed, perhaps unnameable). The interrogative becomes existential through context.

F-E: Commentary — 누구 carries the weight of the unnamed beloved. Korean poetry often leaves the beloved as 누구 — not because identity is unknown but because naming would limit the universality. 누구를 사랑하면서 살았노라 — I lived loving a who. The pronoun is the poem.

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Genre Section: Story — 누가 했어? (Who Did It?)

A mystery in a shared house — 누구 in all its forms tracing the culprit.

Part A: Interlinear Construed Text

30.16 냉장고에서 (naengjanggoeseo) fridge-FROM 케이크가 (keikeu-ga) cake-SUBJ 사라졌어요 (sarajyeosseoyo) disappeared-POLITE

30.17 민준: 누가 (nuga) who-SUBJ 먹었어 (meogeosseo) ate-INF?

30.18 지수: 나 (na) I 아니야 (aniya) not-INF。누군가가 (nugungga-ga) someone-SUBJ 먹었겠지 (meogeotgetji) must-have-eaten-INF

30.19 은지: 어젯밤에 (eojettbame) last-night 누구 (nugu) who 집에 (jibe) home-AT 있었어 (isseosseo) was-INF?

30.20 민준: 나랑 (narang) me-WITH 지수랑 (Jisurang) Jisu-WITH 있었잖아 (isseotjanha) was-weren't-we-INF

30.21 은지: 그럼 (geureum) then 누가 (nuga) who-SUBJ 먹었는지 (meogeonneunji) ate-QUOT 알잖아 (aljanha) know-don't-we-INF?

30.22 지수: [민준 보며] 누구 (nugu) who 먹었어 (meogeosseo) ate-INF?

30.23 민준: 왜 (wae) why 나 (na) me 봐 (bwa) look-INF?누구도 (nugudo) nobody 아닐 (anil) not-be-FUT 수 (su) can 있어 (isseo) have-INF

30.24 은지: 누구 (nugu) whose 케이크였는지 (keikeu-yeottneunji) cake-was-QUOT 알아 (ara) know-INF?내 (nae) my 거야 (geoya) thing-is-INF!

30.25 지수: 에이 (ei) aw,누군가 (nuGunGa) someone 먹었으면 (meogeosseumyeon) if-ate 사줘 (sajwo) buy-me-INF

30.26 민준: [조용히] 나는 (naneun) I-TOPIC 누구도 (nugudo) nobody 안 (an) not 먹었을 (meogeosseul) ate-FUT 거라고 (georago) thought-QUOT 생각했어 (saenggakhaesseo) thought-INF

30.27 은지: 무슨 (museun) what 소리야 (soriya) sound-is-INF!누가 (nuga) who-SUBJ 먹었는지 (meogeonneunji) ate-QUOT 말해 (malhae) say-INF!

30.28 민준: [작게] 나야 (naya) me-it-is-INF。미안해 (mianhae) sorry-INF。누구한테도 (nuguHantedo) to-nobody 말 (mal) word 안 (an) not 할게 (halge) will-say-INF

30.29 은지: 누구한테 (nuguhante) to-whom 안 한다는 (an handaneun) not-doing-QUOT 게 (ge) NMLZ 무슨 (museun) what 소리야 (soriya) sound-is-INF?내가 (naega) I-SUBJ 당사자잖아 (dangsajaJanha) am-the-party-right-INF!

30.30 민준: 새로 (saero) newly 사줄게 (sajulge) will-buy-INF。누구든 (nugudeun) whoever 원하면 (wonhamyeon) if-want 나눠 (nanwo) share 먹자 (meokja) let's-eat-INF!

Part B: Natural Sentences

30.16 냉장고에서 케이크가 사라졌어요. "The cake disappeared from the fridge." 30.17 「누가 먹었어?」 "'Who ate it?'" 30.18 「나 아니야. 누군가가 먹었겠지.」 "'Not me. Someone must have eaten it.'" 30.19 「어젯밤에 누구 집에 있었어?」 "'Who was home last night?'" 30.20 「나랑 지수랑 있었잖아.」 "'It was me and Jisu, wasn't it.'" 30.21 「그럼 누가 먹었는지 알잖아?」 "'Then we know who ate it, don't we?'" 30.22 「[looking at Minjun] 누구 먹었어?」 "'[looking at Minjun] Who ate it?'" 30.23 「왜 나 봐? 누구도 아닐 수 있어.」 "'Why are you looking at me? It might be nobody.'" 30.24 「누구 케이크였는지 알아? 내 거야!」 "'Do you know whose cake it was? Mine!'" 30.25 「에이, 누군가 먹었으면 사줘.」 "'Aw, if someone ate it, buy me one.'" 30.26 「[quietly] 나는 누구도 안 먹었을 거라고 생각했어.」 "'[quietly] I thought nobody would have eaten it.'" 30.27 「무슨 소리야! 누가 먹었는지 말해!」 "'What are you saying! Say who ate it!'" 30.28 「[softly] 나야. 미안해. 누구한테도 말 안 할게.」 "'[softly] It was me. Sorry. I won't tell anyone.'" 30.29 「누구한테 안 한다는 게 무슨 소리야? 내가 당사자잖아!」 "'What do you mean you won't tell anyone? I'm the one it happened to!'" 30.30 「새로 사줄게. 누구든 원하면 나눠 먹자!」 "'I'll buy a new one. Whoever wants some, let's share!'"

Part C: Korean Text Only

30.16 냉장고에서 케이크가 사라졌어요. 30.17 「누가 먹었어?」 30.18 「나 아니야. 누군가가 먹었겠지.」 30.19 「어젯밤에 누구 집에 있었어?」 30.20 「나랑 지수랑 있었잖아.」 30.21 「그럼 누가 먹었는지 알잖아?」 30.22 「[민준 보며] 누구 먹었어?」 30.23 「왜 나 봐? 누구도 아닐 수 있어.」 30.24 「누구 케이크였는지 알아? 내 거야!」 30.25 「에이, 누군가 먹었으면 사줘.」 30.26 「[조용히] 나는 누구도 안 먹었을 거라고 생각했어.」 30.27 「무슨 소리야! 누가 먹었는지 말해!」 30.28 「[작게] 나야. 미안해. 누구한테도 말 안 할게.」 30.29 「누구한테 안 한다는 게 무슨 소리야? 내가 당사자잖아!」 30.30 「새로 사줄게. 누구든 원하면 나눠 먹자!」

Part D: Grammar Notes

나야 (naya) — "it's me": 나 (I) + 이야 (copula informal) = 나야 (it's me). Identity assertion: 나야 (it's me), 민준이야 (it's Minjun), 사실이야 (it's true). The informal copula used for confessions and reveals.

당사자 (dangsaja) — "the party directly involved": 당 (the relevant) + 사자 (person) = the person directly concerned/affected. 내가 당사자야 (I'm the one it concerns). A key term in Korean disputes and negotiations: whoever has direct stake is the 당사자.

누구한테도 말 안 하다 — "not tell anyone": 누구한테도 (to nobody — 누구 + 한테 + 도) + 말 안 하다 (not speak). The 도 after 한테 creates universal scope: "to not even one person." Used for promises of secrecy.

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Pronunciation Guide

누구 (nugu) — IPA: /nu.gu/ — Two syllables: /nu/ (close back rounded) + /gu/ (voiced velar). The ㄱ is voiced between vowels. 누가 (nuga) — IPA: /nu.ga/ — 누구 + 가 contracts to 누가, not 누구가. The contraction is obligatory.

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