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Lesson 8

I
8 of 17 lessons

Lesson 8 Vietnamese: A Latinum Institute Modern Language Course

tôi - I

INTRODUCTION

What does "I" mean in Vietnamese?

For the autodidact student: English has one word for the speaker, "I", and uses it with everyone: a child, a boss, a stranger, a spouse. Vietnamese does not treat the speaker as a bare person. It treats the speaker as someone standing in a relationship (older or younger, child or parent, student or teacher), and the word for "I" changes with that relationship. The word that comes closest to the English "I", and the one a learner should learn first, is tôi (level tone, with a circumflex on the o): Tôi là sinh viên, "I am a student"; Tôi không biết, "I don't know".

Tôi is the neutral, polite "I". It does not say whether you are older or younger than the person you are speaking to, and it does not claim any family closeness. That is why it is the "I" of strangers, of newspapers, forms and official speech, of announcements, and of people who are not sure what else to use. Among relatives and close friends it can sound distant, even cold, and people choose a kinship word instead (em, anh, chị, con, cháu …) or an intimate word such as mình or tớ.

Four things differ from English:

1. There is more than one "I". Tôi is the safe one, not the only one. Vietnamese speakers normally use a kinship term for themselves when the relationship allows it: a daughter says con ("child") to her mother, a younger person may say em ("younger sibling") to an older one. A foreign learner who says tôi is never wrong, and will be understood everywhere. 2. One form for every role. English changes "I / me / my / mine". Tôi never changes. Tôi thấy anh ấy is "I see him", Anh ấy thấy tôi is "He sees me", and sách tôi or sách của tôi is "my book". Position tells the role: before the verb it is the subject, after the verb it is the object, and after the noun it is the owner. There is no "mine" word: của tôi is "mine" as well as "of me". 3. The owner comes last. English puts "my" before the thing; Vietnamese puts tôi after it: bạn tôi, "my friend", literally "friend me". The word của ("of") is optional between close nouns and usual when the owner is stressed: sách của tôi, "my book" (as against someone else's). 4. Two kinds of "we". English "we" never says whether the listener is included. Vietnamese must say. Chúng tôi is "we, not you": the speaker's group without the person addressed. Chúng ta is "we, you included". The plural marker is chúng, and tôi is the base of the exclusive form.

Etymology. Tôi began as a noun meaning "servant, subject", as in vua tôi, "the king and his servants", and in the compound tôi tớ, "servants". Wiktionary traces it to a Proto-Katuic word for "slave" (cognate with Mường thôl, a humble "I"), and dates the pronoun use to about the end of the sixteenth or the start of the seventeenth century. The same change, from "servant" to "I", happened in many languages of Southeast and East Asia. Speakers made themselves humble in the act of speaking. The humility has long worn away, and tôi now means "I" and nothing else; tôi tớ keeps the older sense.

Orthography. Tôi is the letter ô (o with a circumflex) and carries no tone mark: it is the level tone (thanh ngang). Do not confuse it with tối ("dark; evening"), tồi ("poor, bad"), tới ("to, arrive") or tội ("sin, crime; what a pity"), which differ in tone, and tone is part of the spelling. Written toi without the circumflex, it is another syllable altogether.

Key Takeaways

- tôi = I, me, my (after a noun); it is the neutral "I" for strangers, writing and formal speech - It never changes form: Tôi thấy anh ấy / Anh ấy thấy tôi / bạn tôi - The owner follows the thing owned: bạn tôi "my friend", sách của tôi "my book" - chúng tôi = we (not including the listener); chúng ta = we (including the listener) - Among family and friends Vietnamese often uses kinship words (con, em, anh, chị) for "I" instead of tôi

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PRONUNCIATION GUIDE

The IPA in this lesson is a broad transcription of the Hanoi standard, with the tone written in Chao tone letters after each syllable (the convention of Wiktionary). The six tones, in Hanoi values:

- Level, no mark: ma /maː˧˧/ "ghost" - Falling, grave accent: mà /maː˨˩/ "but" - Rising, acute accent: má /maː˧˦/ "mother (Southern); cheek" - Dipping, hook above: mả /maː˧˩/ "grave, tomb" - Broken rising, tilde: mã /maː˧˥/ "horse (Sino-Vietnamese)", with a glottal break in the middle of the vowel - Heavy, dot below: mạ /maː˧˨ʔ/ "rice seedling", short, low, ending in a glottal catch

Key words for this lesson:

- tôi /toj˧˧/ — The t is plain, with no puff of air, softer than English "t". The vowel ô is a rounded "o" as in the first part of English "go", but pure and not gliding; the -i after it is a short glide, so the whole word is close to English "toy" said flatly, in a level pitch, and shorter. In the South the same word is often heard as tui in relaxed speech (see Section E). - chúng tôi /t͡ɕuŋ͡m˧˦ toj˧˧/ — ch is a soft "ch" as in English "cheap", without any puff of air. The ending -ung is the hard part for English speakers: close your lips at the very end, so that the word finishes with the lips shut and slightly rounded: [ŋ͡m]. The sắc tone rises. - chúng ta /t͡ɕuŋ͡m˧˦ taː˧˧/ — ta has a long open a, level tone. - của /kuə˧˩/ — a glide from u to a central vowel, in the dipping hỏi tone; compare cửa /kɨə˧˩/, "door", which has a different vowel (ư). - mình /miŋ˨˩/ — the vowel is short, the ending -nh is [ŋ], and the tone falls.

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SECTION A: INTERLINEAR CONSTRUED TEXT

8.1a Tôi I là be sinh student viên member

8.1b Tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG là /laː˨˩/ COP sinh /siŋ˧˧/ student(SV) viên /viən˧˧/ member(SV)

8.2a Tôi I tên name là be Nam Nam

8.2b Tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG tên /ten˧˧/ name là /laː˨˩/ COP Nam /naːm˧˧/ Nam.NAME

8.3a Tôi I đói hungry

8.3b Tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG đói /ʔɗɔj˧˦/ hungry.STAT

8.4a Tôi I không not biết know

8.4b Tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG không /xəwŋ͡m˧˧/ NEG biết /ʔɓiət˧˦/ know

8.5a Tôi I thích like cà cof- phê -fee

8.5b Tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG thích /tʰik˧˦/ like cà /kaː˨˩/ coffee(1) phê /fe˧˧/ coffee(2)

8.6a Sách book của of tôi I ở is-located trên on bàn table

8.6b Sách /sajk˧˦/ book của /kuə˧˩/ of.POSS tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG ở /ʔəː˧˩/ be.located trên /t͡ɕen˧˧/ on bàn /ʔɓaːn˨˩/ table

8.7a Anh elder-brother ấy that thấy see tôi me ở at chợ market

8.7b Anh /ʔajŋ˧˧/ elder.brother(=3SG.M) ấy /ʔəj˧˦/ that.DEM thấy /tʰəj˧˦/ see tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG(OBJ) ở /ʔəː˧˩/ at.LOC chợ /t͡ɕəː˧˨ʔ/ market

8.8a Mẹ mother gọi call điện electricity cho to tôi me mỗi every ngày day

8.8b Mẹ /mɛ˧˨ʔ/ mother gọi /ɣɔj˧˨ʔ/ call điện /ʔɗiən˧˨ʔ/ electricity(SV) cho /t͡ɕɔ˧˧/ to.BEN tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG(OBJ) mỗi /moj˧˥/ every.DISTR ngày /ŋaj˨˩/ day

8.9a Tôi I đang now học study tiếng language Việt Viet ở in Hà river Nội inside

8.9b Tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG đang /ʔɗaːŋ˧˧/ PROG học /hawk͡p˧˨ʔ/ study tiếng /tiəŋ˧˦/ language/sound Việt /viət˧˨ʔ/ Viet.ETHN ở /ʔəː˧˩/ at/in.LOC Hà /haː˨˩/ river(SV) Nội /noj˧˨ʔ/ inside(SV)

8.10a Bạn friend tôi my nói speak tiếng language Việt Viet rất very giỏi good

8.10b Bạn /ʔɓaːn˧˨ʔ/ friend tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG.POSS nói /nɔj˧˦/ speak tiếng /tiəŋ˧˦/ language Việt /viət˧˨ʔ/ Viet.ETHN rất /zət˧˦/ very.INTENS giỏi /zɔj˧˩/ skilled

8.11a Hôm day qua past tôi I đã already gặp meet một one người person bạn friend cũ old

8.11b Hôm /hom˧˧/ day qua /kwaː˧˧/ pass.by tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG đã /ʔɗaː˧˥/ ANT gặp /ɣap˧˨ʔ/ meet một /mot˧˨ʔ/ one người /ŋɨəj˨˩/ CL.person bạn /ʔɓaːn˧˨ʔ/ friend cũ /ku˧˥/ old(of.things.long.known)

8.12a Nếu if tôi I có have thời time gian, interval tôi I sẽ will đến come thăm visit bà grandmother

8.12b Nếu /new˧˦/ if.COND tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG có /kɔ˧˦/ have thời /tʰəːj˨˩/ time(SV) gian /zaːn˧˧/ interval(SV) tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG sẽ /sɛ˧˥/ FUT đến /ʔɗen˧˦/ come/arrive thăm /tʰam˧˧/ visit bà /ʔɓaː˨˩/ grandmother

8.13a Không not phải right tôi, I mà but là be em younger-sibling tôi my

8.13b Không /xəwŋ͡m˧˧/ NEG phải /faːj˧˩/ correct.be tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG mà /maː˨˩/ but.CONJ là /laː˨˩/ COP em /ʔɛm˧˧/ younger.sibling tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG.POSS

8.14a Chúng (plural) tôi I mời invite các (plural) bạn friends đến come nhà house chúng (plural) tôi I ăn eat cơm rice

8.14b Chúng /t͡ɕuŋ͡m˧˦/ PL tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG mời /məːj˨˩/ invite các /kaːk˧˦/ PL bạn /ʔɓaːn˧˨ʔ/ friend.2 đến /ʔɗen˧˦/ come/arrive nhà /ɲaː˨˩/ house chúng /t͡ɕuŋ͡m˧˦/ PL tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG ăn /ʔan˧˧/ eat cơm /kəːm˧˧/ cooked.rice/meal

8.15a Tôi I nghĩ think rằng that tôi I hiểu, understand nhưng but tôi I vẫn still muốn want hỏi ask lại again

8.15b Tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG nghĩ /ŋi˧˥/ think rằng /zaŋ˨˩/ that.COMP tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG hiểu /hiəw˧˩/ understand nhưng /ɲɨŋ˧˧/ but tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG vẫn /vən˧˥/ still muốn /muən˧˦/ want hỏi /hɔj˧˩/ ask lại /laːj˧˨ʔ/ again/back

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SECTION B: NATURAL SENTENCES

8.1 Tôi là sinh viên. → "I am a student."

8.2 Tôi tên là Nam. → "My name is Nam."

8.3 Tôi đói. → "I am hungry."

8.4 Tôi không biết. → "I don't know."

8.5 Tôi thích cà phê. → "I like coffee."

8.6 Sách của tôi ở trên bàn. → "My book is on the table."

8.7 Anh ấy thấy tôi ở chợ. → "He saw me at the market."

8.8 Mẹ gọi điện cho tôi mỗi ngày. → "Mother phones me every day."

8.9 Tôi đang học tiếng Việt ở Hà Nội. → "I am studying Vietnamese in Hanoi."

8.10 Bạn tôi nói tiếng Việt rất giỏi. → "My friend speaks Vietnamese very well."

8.11 Hôm qua tôi đã gặp một người bạn cũ. → "Yesterday I met an old friend."

8.12 Nếu tôi có thời gian, tôi sẽ đến thăm bà. → "If I have time, I will come and visit Grandmother."

8.13 Không phải tôi, mà là em tôi. → "It's not me; it's my younger brother (or sister)."

8.14 Chúng tôi mời các bạn đến nhà chúng tôi ăn cơm. → "We invite you all to come and eat at our house." (The "we" does not include the guests.)

8.15 Tôi nghĩ rằng tôi hiểu, nhưng tôi vẫn muốn hỏi lại. → "I think I understand, but I still want to ask again."

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SECTION C: TARGET LANGUAGE TEXT ONLY

8.1 Tôi là sinh viên.

8.2 Tôi tên là Nam.

8.3 Tôi đói.

8.4 Tôi không biết.

8.5 Tôi thích cà phê.

8.6 Sách của tôi ở trên bàn.

8.7 Anh ấy thấy tôi ở chợ.

8.8 Mẹ gọi điện cho tôi mỗi ngày.

8.9 Tôi đang học tiếng Việt ở Hà Nội.

8.10 Bạn tôi nói tiếng Việt rất giỏi.

8.11 Hôm qua tôi đã gặp một người bạn cũ.

8.12 Nếu tôi có thời gian, tôi sẽ đến thăm bà.

8.13 Không phải tôi, mà là em tôi.

8.14 Chúng tôi mời các bạn đến nhà chúng tôi ăn cơm.

8.15 Tôi nghĩ rằng tôi hiểu, nhưng tôi vẫn muốn hỏi lại.

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SECTION D: GRAMMAR EXPLANATION

These are the grammar rules for tôi in Vietnamese:

1. One form, three jobs. Tôi is subject, object and owner, and it has no other form.

- Subject, before the verb: Tôi đói. (8.3), Tôi không biết. (8.4) - Object, after the verb or after cho "to, for": Anh ấy thấy tôi ở chợ. (8.7), Mẹ gọi điện cho tôi. (8.8) - Owner, after the noun: bạn tôi (8.10), em tôi (8.13), sách của tôi (8.6)

2. "My" is "noun + tôi" or "noun + của tôi". Của means "of, belonging to". It can be left out when the thing is close to the owner (a relative, a friend, a body part): bạn tôi, em tôi. It is normally kept for objects, and when you want to stress who owns it: sách của tôi (8.6). "Mine" is của tôi by itself: Quyển sách này là của tôi. "This book is mine."

3. "I am a ..." needs là; "I am hungry" does not. The copula là joins two nouns: Tôi là sinh viên. (8.1), Tôi tên là Nam. (8.2), …mà là em tôi (8.13). Adjectives and states are verb-like and take no là: Tôi đói. (8.3). Do not say ~~Tôi là đói~~.

4. Negation: không, and không phải. Không goes before the verb or adjective: Tôi không biết. (8.4). To deny a noun or a person ("it is not X"), use không phải: Không phải tôi. (8.13) "It isn't me."

5. Tense words stand between tôi and the verb. There is no verb ending. Đang marks an action in progress (8.9), đã a completed or earlier one (8.11), sẽ a future one (8.12): Tôi đang học… / Tôi đã gặp… / Tôi sẽ đến… The sentence works without them when the time is clear from context, as in 8.7 where English needs "saw".

6. Repeating tôi. English avoids repeating "I" ("I think I understand but still want to ask"). Vietnamese usually repeats it with each clause, as in 8.12 and 8.15: Tôi nghĩ rằng tôi hiểu, nhưng tôi vẫn muốn hỏi lại. It can be dropped in casual replies when the subject is obvious (Không biết.), but a learner should repeat it.

7. We: chúng tôi and chúng ta. Chúng is the plural marker. Add it to tôi and you get chúng tôi, "we, not including you". The speaker is talking about a group the listener is outside: a family, a company, a team. A host says Chúng tôi mời các bạn… (8.14) because the guests are not part of "we". Use chúng ta for "we, with you included": a teacher says Chúng ta đi nhé "Shall we go?" to the person who is going with them (see 8.27). Do not use chúng tôi when you mean "you and I". Close friends and couples say chúng mình, "we (just us, together)".

8. Stress: chính tôi. Chính ("exactly, in person") before tôi gives "I myself, it is I who": Chính tôi đã làm. "I did it myself."

9. The other words for "I". Each one carries a relationship:

- em — "younger sibling": used by a younger person speaking to an older one (a student to a teacher, a younger colleague) - anh, chị — "elder brother", "elder sister": used by an older person speaking to a younger one, or by a brother or sister speaking to younger siblings - con — "child": a son or daughter speaking to a parent or an older relative - cháu — "grandchild, nephew, niece": a young person speaking to an older relative or an older stranger - mình — intimate, between spouses or very close friends - tớ — friendly, between peers - tao — very informal, between very close friends, or from an older speaker to a subordinate; rude if the relationship does not allow it - ta — used in speaking to oneself, or in archaic and literary style. As a learner, do not use it as your everyday "I"

Choose tôi until someone teaches you otherwise.

Common Mistakes

- Putting tôi before the noun. English "my friend" is not ~~tôi bạn~~. It is bạn tôi. Think "friend (of) me". - Looking for a "my" word. Vietnamese has no separate form for "my". ~~Của tôi bạn~~ is wrong. Use bạn tôi or bạn của tôi. - Saying tôi to your mother. It is grammatical, but cold. A child says con to a parent. Tôi is for strangers and formal speech. - Using chúng tôi for "you and I". If the listener is included, say chúng ta. - Adding là before an adjective. ~~Tôi là đói~~ and ~~Tôi là mệt~~ are wrong. State and adjective follow the subject directly. - Dropping the marks. tôi (I) is not tối (dark; evening), tồi (bad), tới (to) or tội (sin).- Confusing anh the pronoun with Anh the country. Anh is both "elder brother" and "England" (nước Anh); the context settles it (see 8.18).

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SECTION E: CULTURAL CONTEXT

Frequency and register. Tôi is one of the most frequent words in written Vietnamese, and it is the "I" of narrative prose, of reporting, of speeches and of textbooks. In everyday speech between people who know each other, it is much rarer, because the choice of a word for yourself is a way of saying how you stand to the other person. Vietnamese speakers say that using tôi with someone close creates a distance, and the same word used with a stranger sounds simply correct.

Fixed phrases with tôi.

- Theo tôi, … — "In my opinion, …": Theo tôi, chị chỉ cần kiên nhẫn. - Đối với tôi, … — "For me, …" - Cho tôi hỏi, … — "May I ask …?"; also how one stops a stranger to ask the way - Cho tôi một ly cà phê. — "Give me a coffee": how to order in a café - Tôi xin cam đoan … — "I hereby declare …": the formula of written statements and official forms - Tôi tên là … — "My name is …" - chúng tôi — also the institutional "we" of companies, newspapers and schools

Regional forms. In the South, relaxed speech often has tui for tôi, an informal variant of the same word. A Hanoian who hears tui will take the speaker to be Southern. A learner should keep to tôi, which is understood everywhere.

Tôi as the self. Because tôi was once "servant" and later became "I", writers in the 1930s found in it a new thing to say: not the "we" of family, village and nation that speaks in the older poetry, but the individual. The critics Hoài Thanh and Hoài Chân, in their anthology Thi nhân Việt Nam (1942), saw in the word tôi the spirit of the Thơ mới, the "New Poetry" movement, set against the older ta. The poem in Section F is by Xuân Diệu, one of the poets they gathered, and it opens on this word.

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SECTION F: LITERARY CITATION

Xuân Diệu (1916–1985), Vội vàng ("In a Hurry"), dedicated to Vũ Đình Liên, from the collection Thơ thơ (1938). The first stanza, in lines of five syllables, as given in the Thi Viện anthology (thivien.net) and in the school commentaries:

> Tôi muốn tắt nắng đi, > Cho màu đừng nhạt mất; > Tôi muốn buộc gió lại, > Cho hương đừng bay đi.

F-A: INTERLINEAR CONSTRUED TEXT

F.1a Tôi I muốn want tắt extinguish nắng sunshine đi, away

F.1b Tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG muốn /muən˧˦/ want tắt /tat˧˦/ put.out nắng /naŋ˧˦/ sunshine đi /ʔɗi˧˧/ go.away.PRT

F.2a Cho so-that màu colour đừng don't nhạt fade mất; lost

F.2b Cho /t͡ɕɔ˧˧/ so.that màu /maw˨˩/ colour đừng /ʔɗɨŋ˨˩/ PROH nhạt /ɲaːt˧˨ʔ/ fade mất /mət˧˦/ be.lost.COMPL

F.3a Tôi I muốn want buộc tie gió wind lại, back

F.3b Tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG muốn /muən˧˦/ want buộc /ʔɓuək͡p˧˨ʔ/ tie gió /zɔ˧˦/ wind lại /laːj˧˨ʔ/ back/in

F.4a Cho so-that hương fragrance đừng don't bay fly đi. away

F.4b Cho /t͡ɕɔ˧˧/ so.that hương /hɨəŋ˧˧/ fragrance đừng /ʔɗɨŋ˨˩/ PROH bay /ʔɓaj˧˧/ fly đi /ʔɗi˧˧/ go.away.PRT

F-B: AUTHENTIC TEXT WITH TRANSLATION

Tôi muốn tắt nắng đi, Cho màu đừng nhạt mất; Tôi muốn buộc gió lại, Cho hương đừng bay đi.

"I want to put the sunshine out, so that its colour will not fade away; I want to tie the wind down, so that its fragrance will not fly off."

F-C: AUTHENTIC TEXT ONLY

Tôi muốn tắt nắng đi, Cho màu đừng nhạt mất; Tôi muốn buộc gió lại, Cho hương đừng bay đi.

F-D: GRAMMAR AND LITERARY COMMENTARY

Tôi at the head of the line. Lines 1 and 3 begin with Tôi muốn, "I want": the subject, then muốn with a verb phrase after it, as in 8.15. The poem opens with the speaker, not with the world. In the commentaries the choice of tôi is read as an act of will: the poet wants to command the sun and the wind, and the pronoun that begins the line says who wants it.

Impossible wishes. To put out the sunshine (tắt nắng, as one puts out a lamp) and to tie the wind (buộc gió, as one ties a rope) is not possible. The wish is a lover's wish for time to stand still: if the colour and the fragrance of the day would not fade, nothing would be lost. The rest of the poem is about a spring that will not stay.

Cho … đừng … Cho here means "so that, in order that". Đừng is the negative imperative, "don't": cho màu đừng nhạt mất is "so that the colour won't fade". The sentence addresses the colour as though it could be told what to do.

The particles đi, lại, mất. Đi after a verb adds a sense of going away or of completion: tắt nắng đi "put the sun out", bay đi "fly away". Lại after a verb means "back, in, closed": buộc gió lại "tie the wind in". Mất after a verb means that something is lost or gone: nhạt mất "fade away". These small words often cannot be translated word for word, and they carry much of the poem's feeling.

The form. Every line has five syllables: Tôi-muốn-tắt-nắng-đi, Cho-màu-đừng-nhạt-mất, and so on. Lines 1 and 4 close on the same particle, đi. After this stanza the poem moves to longer lines.

Version. The text above is the opening stanza as it appears in the school editions and in Thi Viện. Later lines of the poem differ between printings (for example, tuần tháng mật in 1938 became tuần trăng mật in later editions), and none of these affects the stanza quoted here.

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DIALOGUE: LÀM QUEN (GETTING ACQUAINTED)

Anna, a student from England, has just arrived in Hà Nội. At the reception of a language school she meets Mr. Hùng, one of the teachers.

Part A: Interlinear Construed Text

8.16a Xin please chào, greet tôi I là be Anna. Anna

8.16b Xin /sin˧˧/ POL chào /t͡ɕaːw˨˩/ greet tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG là /laː˨˩/ COP Anna /ʔan˧˧ naː˧˧/ Anna.NAME

8.17a Chào greet chị. elder-sister Tôi I là be Hùng, Hùng giáo teach viên member ở at đây. here

8.17b Chào /t͡ɕaːw˨˩/ greet chị /t͡ɕi˧˨ʔ/ elder.sister(=2SG.F) Tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG là /laː˨˩/ COP Hùng /huŋ͡m˨˩/ Hùng.NAME giáo /zaːw˧˦/ teach(SV) viên /viən˧˧/ member(SV) ở /ʔəː˧˩/ at.LOC đây /ʔɗəj˧˧/ here

8.18a Tôi I từ from Anh England đến. come Hôm day qua past tôi I mới only-just đến arrive Hà river Nội. inside

8.18b Tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG từ /tɨ˨˩/ from Anh /ʔajŋ˧˧/ England đến /ʔɗen˧˦/ come Hôm /hom˧˧/ day qua /kwaː˧˧/ pass.by tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG mới /məːj˧˦/ just.now đến /ʔɗen˧˦/ arrive Hà /haː˨˩/ river(SV) Nội /noj˧˨ʔ/ inside(SV)

8.19a Chị elder-sister học study tiếng language Việt Viet bao how lâu long rồi? already

8.19b Chị /t͡ɕi˧˨ʔ/ elder.sister(=2SG.F) học /hawk͡p˧˨ʔ/ study tiếng /tiəŋ˧˦/ language Việt /viət˧˨ʔ/ Viet.ETHN bao /ʔɓaːw˧˧/ how(much) lâu /ləw˧˧/ long.time rồi /zoj˨˩/ already.PFV

8.20a Tôi I mới only học study ba three tháng. month Tôi I chỉ only biết know nói speak một one chút bit thôi. only

8.20b Tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG mới /məːj˧˦/ only.just học /hawk͡p˧˨ʔ/ study ba /ʔɓaː˧˧/ three tháng /tʰaːŋ˧˦/ month Tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG chỉ /t͡ɕi˧˩/ only biết /ʔɓiət˧˦/ know(how) nói /nɔj˧˦/ speak một /mot˧˨ʔ/ one chút /t͡ɕut˧˦/ little.bit thôi /tʰoj˧˧/ PRT.only

8.21a Chị elder-sister nói speak tốt well lắm. very Chị elder-sister có (question) cần need tôi I giúp help gì what không? (or-not)

8.21b Chị /t͡ɕi˧˨ʔ/ elder.sister(=2SG.F) nói /nɔj˧˦/ speak tốt /tot˧˦/ good lắm /lam˧˦/ very.much Chị /t͡ɕi˧˨ʔ/ elder.sister(=2SG.F) có /kɔ˧˦/ EXIST/Q cần /kən˨˩/ need tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG giúp /zup˧˦/ help gì /zi˨˩/ anything.INDEF không /xəwŋ͡m˧˧/ Q.NEG

8.22a Vâng, yes cho give tôi me hỏi, ask lớp class của of tôi I ở at đâu where ạ? (polite)

8.22b Vâng /vəŋ˧˧/ yes.POLITE(N) cho /t͡ɕɔ˧˧/ give/let tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG hỏi /hɔj˧˩/ ask lớp /ləːp˧˦/ class của /kuə˧˩/ of.POSS tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG ở /ʔəː˧˩/ be.located đâu /ʔɗəw˧˧/ where.Q ạ /ʔaː˧˨ʔ/ PRT.POLITE

8.23a Lớp class của of chị elder-sister ở at tầng floor hai. two Tôi I sẽ will đưa take chị elder-sister lên. up

8.23b Lớp /ləːp˧˦/ class của /kuə˧˩/ of.POSS chị /t͡ɕi˧˨ʔ/ elder.sister(=2SG.F) ở /ʔəː˧˩/ be.located tầng /təŋ˨˩/ floor hai /haːj˧˧/ two Tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG sẽ /sɛ˧˥/ FUT đưa /ʔɗɨə˧˧/ take/escort chị /t͡ɕi˧˨ʔ/ elder.sister(=2SG.F) lên /len˧˧/ up

8.24a Cảm feel ơn favour thầy. teacher Hôm day nay this tôi I hơi a-little lo. worried

8.24b Cảm /kaːm˧˩/ feel(SV) ơn /ʔəːn˧˧/ favour(SV) thầy /tʰəj˨˩/ teacher(=2SG.M) Hôm /hom˧˧/ day nay /naj˧˧/ this(time) tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG hơi /həːj˧˧/ slightly lo /lɔ˧˧/ worried

8.25a Chị elder-sister đừng don't lo. worry Tôi I cũng also từng once như like chị. elder-sister

8.25b Chị /t͡ɕi˧˨ʔ/ elder.sister(=2SG.F) đừng /ʔɗɨŋ˨˩/ PROH lo /lɔ˧˧/ worry Tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG cũng /kuŋ͡m˧˥/ also từng /tɨŋ˨˩/ once.EXPER như /ɲɨ˧˧/ like chị /t͡ɕi˧˨ʔ/ elder.sister(=2SG.F)

8.26a Thật real à? (isn't-it) Lớp class chúng (plural) tôi I có there-are bao how nhiêu many người? people

8.26b Thật /tʰət˧˨ʔ/ real à /ʔaː˨˩/ Q.CONFIRM Lớp /ləːp˧˦/ class chúng /t͡ɕuŋ͡m˧˦/ PL tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG có /kɔ˧˦/ EXIST bao /ʔɓaːw˧˧/ how(much) nhiêu /ɲiəw˧˧/ much/many.Q người /ŋɨəj˨˩/ person

8.27a Lớp class chị elder-sister có there-are mười ten người. people Chúng (plural) ta we đi go nhé? (okay?)

8.27b Lớp /ləːp˧˦/ class chị /t͡ɕi˧˨ʔ/ elder.sister(=2SG.F) có /kɔ˧˦/ EXIST mười /mɨəj˨˩/ ten người /ŋɨəj˨˩/ person Chúng /t͡ɕuŋ͡m˧˦/ PL ta /taː˧˧/ 1.INCL đi /ʔɗi˧˧/ go nhé /ɲɛ˧˦/ PRT.SOFT.REQUEST

8.28a Vâng, yes chúng (plural) ta we đi go thôi. let's Tôi I sẽ will cố try gắng exert học study thật truly chăm. diligent

8.28b Vâng /vəŋ˧˧/ yes.POLITE(N) chúng /t͡ɕuŋ͡m˧˦/ PL ta /taː˧˧/ 1.INCL đi /ʔɗi˧˧/ go thôi /tʰoj˧˧/ PRT.let's Tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG sẽ /sɛ˧˥/ FUT cố /ko˧˦/ try gắng /ɣaŋ˧˦/ exert học /hawk͡p˧˨ʔ/ study thật /tʰət˧˨ʔ/ truly chăm /t͡ɕam˧˧/ diligent

8.29a Theo follow tôi, I chị elder-sister chỉ only cần need kiên firm nhẫn. endure

8.29b Theo /tʰɛw˧˧/ follow/according.to tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG chị /t͡ɕi˧˨ʔ/ elder.sister(=2SG.F) chỉ /t͡ɕi˧˩/ only cần /kən˨˩/ need kiên /kiən˧˧/ firm(SV) nhẫn /ɲən˧˥/ endure(SV)

8.30a Vâng, yes cảm feel ơn favour thầy. teacher Tôi I sẽ will nhớ remember lời words thầy. teacher

8.30b Vâng /vəŋ˧˧/ yes.POLITE(N) cảm /kaːm˧˩/ feel(SV) ơn /ʔəːn˧˧/ favour(SV) thầy /tʰəj˨˩/ teacher(=2SG.M) Tôi /toj˧˧/ 1SG sẽ /sɛ˧˥/ FUT nhớ /ɲəː˧˦/ remember lời /ləːj˨˩/ words thầy /tʰəj˨˩/ teacher(=2SG.M)

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Part B: Natural Sentences

8.16 Anna: Xin chào, tôi là Anna. → "Hello, I'm Anna."

8.17 Hùng: Chào chị. Tôi là Hùng, giáo viên ở đây. → "Hello. I'm Hùng, a teacher here."

8.18 Anna: Tôi từ Anh đến. Hôm qua tôi mới đến Hà Nội. → "I come from England. I only arrived in Hanoi yesterday."

8.19 Hùng: Chị học tiếng Việt bao lâu rồi? → "How long have you been studying Vietnamese?"

8.20 Anna: Tôi mới học ba tháng. Tôi chỉ biết nói một chút thôi. → "I've only been studying for three months. I can only speak a little."

8.21 Hùng: Chị nói tốt lắm. Chị có cần tôi giúp gì không? → "You speak very well. Is there anything you need me to help with?"

8.22 Anna: Vâng, cho tôi hỏi, lớp của tôi ở đâu ạ? → "Yes, may I ask where my class is?"

8.23 Hùng: Lớp của chị ở tầng hai. Tôi sẽ đưa chị lên. → "Your class is on the second floor. I'll take you up."

8.24 Anna: Cảm ơn thầy. Hôm nay tôi hơi lo. → "Thank you. I'm a little nervous today."

8.25 Hùng: Chị đừng lo. Tôi cũng từng như chị. → "Don't worry. I was once just like you."

8.26 Anna: Thật à? Lớp chúng tôi có bao nhiêu người? → "Really? How many people are there in our class?"

8.27 Hùng: Lớp chị có mười người. Chúng ta đi nhé? → "Your class has ten people. Shall we go?"

8.28 Anna: Vâng, chúng ta đi thôi. Tôi sẽ cố gắng học thật chăm. → "Yes, let's go. I'll try to study really hard."

8.29 Hùng: Theo tôi, chị chỉ cần kiên nhẫn. → "In my opinion, all you need is patience."

8.30 Anna: Vâng, cảm ơn thầy. Tôi sẽ nhớ lời thầy. → "Yes, thank you. I'll remember your words."

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Part C: Target Language Text Only

8.16 Anna: Xin chào, tôi là Anna.

8.17 Hùng: Chào chị. Tôi là Hùng, giáo viên ở đây.

8.18 Anna: Tôi từ Anh đến. Hôm qua tôi mới đến Hà Nội.

8.19 Hùng: Chị học tiếng Việt bao lâu rồi?

8.20 Anna: Tôi mới học ba tháng. Tôi chỉ biết nói một chút thôi.

8.21 Hùng: Chị nói tốt lắm. Chị có cần tôi giúp gì không?

8.22 Anna: Vâng, cho tôi hỏi, lớp của tôi ở đâu ạ?

8.23 Hùng: Lớp của chị ở tầng hai. Tôi sẽ đưa chị lên.

8.24 Anna: Cảm ơn thầy. Hôm nay tôi hơi lo.

8.25 Hùng: Chị đừng lo. Tôi cũng từng như chị.

8.26 Anna: Thật à? Lớp chúng tôi có bao nhiêu người?

8.27 Hùng: Lớp chị có mười người. Chúng ta đi nhé?

8.28 Anna: Vâng, chúng ta đi thôi. Tôi sẽ cố gắng học thật chăm.

8.29 Hùng: Theo tôi, chị chỉ cần kiên nhẫn.

8.30 Anna: Vâng, cảm ơn thầy. Tôi sẽ nhớ lời thầy.

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Part D: Grammar and Vocabulary Explanation

Choosing the pronoun, line by line. The two speakers are adults who have just met, so both use tôi for themselves (8.16, 8.17). Hùng calls Anna chị ("elder sister"), the polite form for a woman of about his own age or older, and Anna calls Hùng thầy ("teacher") once she knows that he is a teacher (8.24, 8.30). A Vietnamese teacher might also call himself thầy in the same sentence ("Thầy sẽ đưa chị lên"); Hùng chooses tôi, which keeps the tone formal and equal between two adults.

Tôi with cho: "let me …". Cho tôi hỏi (8.22) literally "give me ask", means "let me ask, may I ask". It is the usual way to open a question to a stranger. The same cho appears in Cho tôi một ly cà phê, "Give me a coffee".

Tôi after a verb: "need me to help". Chị có cần tôi giúp gì không? (8.21) has tôi as the object of cần and, at the same time, the subject of giúp: "Do you need me (to) help with anything?" Vietnamese needs no word for "to". The có … không frame turns the sentence into a yes/no question.

Chúng tôi and chúng ta in one scene. In 8.26 Anna says lớp chúng tôi, "our class", meaning the students: the teacher, Hùng, is not a member, so this is the exclusive form. In 8.27 and 8.28 the two walk to the classroom together, and both say chúng ta, "we (you and I)". Note that Hùng does not say chúng tôi here: it would leave Anna out of the group.

Tôi in the object and the possessive. Lớp của tôi (8.22) "my class" uses của because Anna is stating whose class it is; lớp của chị (8.23) answers with the same shape. Compare 8.27, lớp chị, where của is left out.

Theo tôi (8.29). Theo means "to follow, according to": theo tôi is "according to me, in my opinion". It stands at the head of the sentence and is followed by a comma.

Mới. Mới before a verb means "only just" (8.18, 8.20): Hôm qua tôi mới đến, "I only arrived yesterday"; Tôi mới học ba tháng, "I have studied for only three months". It stresses how recent or how small something is. It is also the adjective "new" after a noun (phòng mới, "a new room").

Particles. Ạ (8.22) is a polite closing particle that makes a question or answer respectful. À (8.26) shows surprise or asks for confirmation ("Is that so?"). Nhé (8.27) softens a suggestion ("…, shall we?"). Thôi (8.20, 8.28) means "only" at the end of 8.20 and "that's it, let's" in 8.28 (đi thôi, "let's go").

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PRONUNCIATION AND ORTHOGRAPHY NOTES

The letters of this lesson. Vietnamese adds to the Latin alphabet ă, â, đ, ê, ô, ơ, ư, and marks five of its six tones with à á ả ã ạ. A letter may carry a vowel mark and a tone mark at once: ở (ơ + hỏi), thầy (â + huyền), muốn (ô + sắc, in the diphthong uô), nhớ (ơ + sắc), thật (â + nặng).

Where the tone mark goes. On the main vowel of the syllable. In ươ it goes on the ơ: người, hương, lười. In iê it goes on the ê: tiếng, biết, điện, hiểu. In uô it goes on the ô: muốn, buộc. In ia, ua, ưa with no final consonant it goes on the first vowel: của, đưa, mùa. That is why của (with the mark on u) and cửa (a different vowel, ư, with the mark on ư) are different words.

Tôi and its neighbours. tôi /toj˧˧/ (I) / tối /toj˧˦/ (dark; evening) / tồi /toj˨˩/ (bad) / tội /toj˧˨ʔ/ (sin) have the same vowel and differ only in tone. tới /təːj˧˦/ (to, arrive) has the vowel ơ. Learn the spelling with the word.

Anh. The word anh /ʔajŋ˧˧/ ("elder brother") is spelt a-n-h: the -nh after a gives the vowel a glide, [ajŋ]. Anh "England" (as in nước Anh) is spelt and pronounced the same way, so only the context separates the two.

Final -ng and -c after o, ô, u. Close the lips at the end: không [xəwŋ͡m], chúng [t͡ɕuŋ͡m], hùng [huŋ͡m]. Final -c after o, ô, u also closes the lips: học [hawk͡p], buộc [ʔɓuək͡p].

d, gi, r. In Hanoi all three begin with /z/: gì /zi˨˩/, giúp /zup˧˦/, rồi /zoj˨˩/. The South has /j/ for d and gi, and r is often /ɹ/ or /ʐ/.

Tone pairs to drill. tôi (I) / tối (evening) / tồi (bad) / tội (sin); ta (we, including you) / tà (slanting; evil) / tạ (hundredweight; to thank); mình (self; you and I) / minh (bright, clear); chị (elder sister) / chỉ (only) / chi (what; spend).

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