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By Department
For Academics
For Researchers
Courses
Courses Portal
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College / Secondary
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Liberal Arts
Examination ᴮᴱᵀᴬ
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Journal
Centaurus Press
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Lost Institutions & Royal Courts
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← Departments
Biology & Life Sciences
Life as process — examined from the molecular to the planetary.
Who is Who in this Department ☞
Foundations & Early Modern Observers
Converse with
Theophrastus of Eresus Simulacrum
Historia Plantarum · De Causis Plantarum · Botany · Characters · Peripatetic School
4th–3rd century BCE
Converse with
Epicurus (Biology) Simulacrum
Atomism Applied to Life · Biological Materialism · Emergence
4th–3rd century BC
Converse with
William Harvey Simulacrum
Circulation of Blood · Quantitative Reasoning · Anatomy
16th–17th century
Converse with
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Simulacrum
Microbiology · Microscopy · The Unseen World
17th–18th century
Converse with
Robert Hooke Simulacrum
Micrographia · Cell Theory · Experimental Philosophy
17th–18th century
Converse with
Carl Linnaeus Simulacrum
Taxonomy · Binomial Nomenclature · Classification of Life
18th century
Converse with
Erasmus Darwin Simulacrum
Zoonomia · Common Descent · Acquired Characteristics · Temple of Nature · Invention · Medicine
18th–19th century
Converse with
Edward Lear Simulacrum
Natural History Illustration · Zoology · Nonsense Taxonomy
19th century
Evolution & Speciation
Converse with
Charles Darwin Simulacrum
Evolution · Natural Selection · The Origin of Species
19th century
Converse with
Alfred Russel Wallace Simulacrum
Natural Selection · Biogeography · The Wallace Line
19th–20th century
Converse with
Ernst Mayr Simulacrum
Biological species concept · Allopatric speciation · The Modern Synthesis
1904–2005
Converse with
Stephen Jay Gould Simulacrum
Punctuated equilibria · Contingency · Replay the tape of life
1941–2002
Converse with
W.D. Hamilton Simulacrum
Inclusive fitness · rB > C · Kin selection · The selfish gene
1936–2000
Genetics & Molecular Biology
Converse with
Gregor Mendel Simulacrum
Genetics · Laws of Inheritance · Heredity
19th century
Converse with
Thomas Hunt Morgan Simulacrum
Chromosome Theory · Drosophila · Gene Mapping
19th–20th century
Converse with
Barbara McClintock Simulacrum
Transposable Elements · Maize Genetics · Genomic Instability
20th century
Converse with
Rosalind Franklin Simulacrum
X-ray Crystallography · DNA Structure · Photo 51
20th century
Converse with
Oswald Avery Simulacrum
DNA as the transforming principle · Pneumococcus · Cautious science
1877–1955
Converse with
Sydney Brenner Simulacrum
C. elegans · mRNA · The genetic code · 959 cells you can know
1927–2019
Converse with
Marshall Nirenberg Simulacrum
Cracked the genetic code · Poly-U → phenylalanine · The codon dictionary
1927–2010
Converse with
Gurdonian Reprogramming Simulacrum
Nuclear transplantation · Totipotency · 1962 Xenopus · Differentiation reversed
1933–
Converse with
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Simulacrum
Heidelberg screen · Drosophila segmentation · Master genes of the body plan
1942–
Microbiology & Immunology
Converse with
Louis Pasteur Simulacrum
Germ Theory · Vaccination · Microbiology
19th century
Converse with
Alexander Fleming Simulacrum
Penicillin · Bacteriology · Serendipity
19th–20th century
Converse with
Jonas Salk Simulacrum
Polio Vaccine · Virology · Public Health
20th century
Converse with
Robert Koch Simulacrum
Koch's postulates · Pure culture · Anthrax · Tuberculosis · Cholera
1843–1910
Converse with
Élie Metchnikoff Simulacrum
Phagocytosis · Cellular immunity · Starfish larvae · Gerontology
1845–1916
Physiology, Cell & Neural Biology
Converse with
Rudolf Virchow Simulacrum
Cellular Pathology · Omnis Cellula · Social Medicine
19th–20th century
Converse with
Santiago Ramón y Cajal Simulacrum
Neuroscience · Neuron Doctrine · Scientific Illustration
19th–20th century
Converse with
Claude Bernard Simulacrum
Le milieu intérieur · Experimental medicine · The pancreatic juice
1813–1878
Converse with
Walter Cannon Simulacrum
Homeostasis · Fight-or-flight · The wisdom of the body
1871–1945
Converse with
George Palade Simulacrum
Cell biology as discipline · The ribosome · The secretory pathway
1912–2008
Converse with
Charles Sherrington Simulacrum
Integrative action · The synapse · Reflex · Reciprocal inhibition
1857–1952
Ecology & Living Systems
Converse with
Rachel Carson Simulacrum
Ecology · Marine Biology · Environmental Writing
20th century
Converse with
G.E. Hutchinson Simulacrum
The n-dimensional niche · Ecology as discipline · Paradox of the plankton
1903–1991
Converse with
Levinian Systems Simulacrum
Bioelectricity · Morphogenesis · Planarian Regeneration · Cognitive Light Cone · Diverse Intelligence
20th–21st century
Converse with
Kimmerian Botany Simulacrum
Braiding Sweetgrass · Indigenous Plant Wisdom · Potawatomi Science · Botanical Grammar of Animacy
20th–21st century