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Faculty
The Faculty
By Department
For Academics
For Researchers
Courses
Courses Portal
Elementary School
College / Secondary
Graduate Diplomas
Courses
Languages
Liberal Arts
Examination ᴮᴱᵀᴬ
Institute
The Latinum Institute
Latin Audio
Greek Audio
Hebrew & Aramaic
Music & Solfeggio
Resources & Method
Publishing
Journal
Centaurus Press
Latinum Press
Museum
Lost Institutions & Royal Courts
The Royal Courts
Exhibitions
About
The Project
Methodology
FAQ
Testimonials
Symposia
Locutorium
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Enrol — the Janua
The Regula
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← Departments
Biology & Life Sciences
Life as process — examined from the molecular to the planetary.
Who is Who in this Department ☞
Foundations & Early Modern Observers
Converse with
Theophrastus of Eresus Simulacrum
Historia Plantarum · De Causis Plantarum · Botany · Characters · Peripatetic School
4th–3rd century BCE
Converse with
Epicurus (Biology) Simulacrum
Atomism Applied to Life · Biological Materialism · Emergence
4th–3rd century BCE
Converse with
William Harvey Simulacrum
Circulation of Blood · Quantitative Reasoning · Anatomy
16th–17th century
Converse with
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Simulacrum
Microbiology · Microscopy · The Unseen World
17th–18th century
Converse with
Robert Hooke Simulacrum
Micrographia · Cell Theory · Experimental Philosophy
17th–18th century
Converse with
Carl Linnaeus Simulacrum
Taxonomy · Binomial Nomenclature · Classification of Life
18th century
Converse with
Erasmus Darwin Simulacrum
Zoonomia · Common Descent · Acquired Characteristics · Temple of Nature · Invention · Medicine
18th–19th century
Converse with
Edward Lear Simulacrum
Natural History Illustration · Zoology · Nonsense Taxonomy
19th century
Evolution & Speciation
Converse with
Charles Darwin Simulacrum
Evolution · Natural Selection · The Origin of Species
19th century
Converse with
Alfred Russel Wallace Simulacrum
Natural Selection · Biogeography · The Wallace Line
19th–20th century
Converse with
Ernst Mayr Simulacrum
Biological species concept · Allopatric speciation · The Modern Synthesis
1904–2005
Converse with
Stephen Jay Gould Simulacrum
Punctuated equilibria · Contingency · Replay the tape of life
1941–2002
Converse with
W.D. Hamilton Simulacrum
Inclusive fitness · rB > C · Kin selection · The selfish gene
1936–2000
Converse with
Benensonian Comparative Ethology Simulacrum
Human ethology · Post-conflict affiliation · Peer relationships across species · Adaptive accounts of sex differences · What an adaptive account does not license
Living
Converse with
Richard Lewontin Simulacrum
Analysis of variance and analysis of causes · Norms of reaction · Apportionment of human diversity · Population genetics · Science and ideology
1929–2021
Converse with
Fleischmanian Reinforcement Simulacrum
Selection acting on the reward function · Disgust as a disease-avoidance adaptation · Ultimate and proximate answers to one behaviour · Reinforcers that are not interchangeable
Living
Converse with
Huangian Maximum Diversity Simulacrum
The genetic equidistance result and its two readings · Distance as a ceiling rather than a rate · The overlap feature as discriminator · Bounding a theory rather than refuting it
Living
Converse with
Fitness-Load Accounting Simulacrum
Fitness load as prevalence × selection coefficient · Reading an unobserved pressure off the price of the defence · Refutation in independent currencies · Mutation supply and the Neolithic
Living
Converse with
Dawkinsian Replicator Simulacrum
The gene's-eye view as a change of coordinates · The extended phenotype · Arms races and the asymmetry of cost · What a figure licenses and what it does not
Living
Converse with
Coynean Speciation Simulacrum
Reproductive isolation and its measurement · Substituting many pairs for one lineage through time · Haldane's rule as a lag · Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities
Living
Converse with
Lalandian Niche Construction Simulacrum
Endogenising the environment · Ecological inheritance as a second channel · The social learning strategies tournament · Testing a human mechanism in a fish
Living
Genetics & Molecular Biology
Converse with
Gregor Mendel Simulacrum
Genetics · Laws of Inheritance · Heredity
19th century
Converse with
Thomas Hunt Morgan Simulacrum
Chromosome Theory · Drosophila · Gene Mapping
19th–20th century
Converse with
Barbara McClintock Simulacrum
Transposable Elements · Maize Genetics · Genomic Instability
20th century
Converse with
Rosalind Franklin Simulacrum
X-ray Crystallography · DNA Structure · Photo 51
20th century
Converse with
Oswald Avery Simulacrum
DNA as the transforming principle · Pneumococcus · Cautious science
1877–1955
Converse with
Sydney Brenner Simulacrum
C. elegans · mRNA · The genetic code · 959 cells you can know
1927–2019
Converse with
Marshall Nirenberg Simulacrum
Cracked the genetic code · Poly-U → phenylalanine · The codon dictionary
1927–2010
Converse with
Gurdonian Reprogramming Simulacrum
Nuclear transplantation · Totipotency · 1962 Xenopus · Differentiation reversed
1933–
Converse with
Volhardian Segmentation Simulacrum
Heidelberg screen · Drosophila segmentation · Master genes of the body plan
1942–
Converse with
James Watson Simulacrum
Model building from published constraints · The double helix · Structure that explains function · Understatement as a claim of confidence
1928–2025
Converse with
Nielsenian Likelihood Simulacrum
Genotype likelihoods and refusing to decide early · dN/dS with the control inside the ratio · Demography and selection as one signature · Every artefact has a sign
Living
Converse with
Admixture Graph Simulacrum
f-statistics as tests of a tree · Solving for populations nobody sampled · Ascertainment before inference · The present as a palimpsest
Living
Microbiology & Immunology
Converse with
Louis Pasteur Simulacrum
Germ Theory · Vaccination · Microbiology
19th century
Converse with
Alexander Fleming Simulacrum
Penicillin · Bacteriology · Serendipity
19th–20th century
Converse with
Jonas Salk Simulacrum
Polio Vaccine · Virology · Public Health
20th century
Converse with
Robert Koch Simulacrum
Koch's postulates · Pure culture · Anthrax · Tuberculosis · Cholera
1843–1910
Converse with
Élie Metchnikoff Simulacrum
Phagocytosis · Cellular immunity · Starfish larvae · Gerontology
1845–1916
Physiology, Cell & Neural Biology
Converse with
Rudolf Virchow Simulacrum
Cellular Pathology · Omnis Cellula · Social Medicine
19th–20th century
Converse with
Santiago Ramón y Cajal Simulacrum
Neuroscience · Neuron Doctrine · Scientific Illustration
19th–20th century
Converse with
Claude Bernard Simulacrum
Le milieu intérieur · Experimental medicine · The pancreatic juice
1813–1878
Converse with
Walter Cannon Simulacrum
Homeostasis · Fight-or-flight · The wisdom of the body
1871–1945
Converse with
George Palade Simulacrum
Cell biology as discipline · The ribosome · The secretory pathway
1912–2008
Converse with
Charles Sherrington Simulacrum
Integrative action · The synapse · Reflex · Reciprocal inhibition
1857–1952
Converse with
Otto Warburg Simulacrum
Manometry · Cell respiration and fermentation · The tumour in the vessel and in the body · The instrument as method
1883–1970
Ecology & Living Systems
Converse with
Rachel Carson Simulacrum
Ecology · Marine Biology · Environmental Writing
20th century
Converse with
G.E. Hutchinson Simulacrum
The n-dimensional niche · Ecology as discipline · Paradox of the plankton
1903–1991
Converse with
Levinian Systems Simulacrum
Bioelectricity · Morphogenesis · Planarian Regeneration · Cognitive Light Cone · Diverse Intelligence
20th–21st century
Converse with
Kimmerian Botany Simulacrum
Braiding Sweetgrass · Indigenous Plant Wisdom · Potawatomi Science · Botanical Grammar of Animacy
20th–21st century
Behaviour & Quantitative Genetics
Converse with
Richard Lewontin Simulacrum
Analysis of variance and analysis of causes · Norms of reaction · Apportionment of human diversity · Population genetics · Science and ideology
1929–2021
Converse with
Turkheimerian Gloomy Prospect Simulacrum
The three laws of behaviour genetics · The gloomy prospect · Heritability as a conditional statistic · Variance against causation · Weak explanation
Contemporary
Converse with
James Flynn Simulacrum
The Flynn effect · Subtest profiles · The multiplier model · Cognitive habits and modernity · Open inquiry
1934–2020
Converse with
Hardenian Genetic Lottery Simulacrum
Genetic luck and moral arbitrariness · Anti-eugenic policy · Polygenic scores as research tools · Genetic confounding · Equality of opportunity
Contemporary
Converse with
Youngian Direct-Effect Simulacrum
Direct and indirect genetic effects · Within-family designs · Population stratification · Assortative mating · Identification in observational genetics
Contemporary
Converse with
Abdellaouian Genetic Geography Simulacrum
Geographic clustering of polygenic scores · Migration and social sorting · Gene–environment correlation as a subject · Anticipating the misreading
Living
Converse with
Nyborgian Physicology Simulacrum
Physicology — the physical quantity underneath a construct · The General Trait Covariance model · Androtypes and oestrotypes defined by assay · Double Relaxed Darwinian Selection
living · b. 1937