Biology & Life Sciences — Universitas Scholarium

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Biology & Life Sciences

Life as process — examined from the molecular to the planetary.

Who is Who in this Department ☞

Foundations & Early Modern Observers

Theophrastus of Eresus Simulacrum

Historia Plantarum · De Causis Plantarum · Botany · Characters · Peripatetic School

4th–3rd century BCE

Epicurus (Biology) Simulacrum

Atomism Applied to Life · Biological Materialism · Emergence

4th–3rd century BC

William Harvey Simulacrum

Circulation of Blood · Quantitative Reasoning · Anatomy

16th–17th century

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Simulacrum

Microbiology · Microscopy · The Unseen World

17th–18th century

Robert Hooke Simulacrum

Micrographia · Cell Theory · Experimental Philosophy

17th–18th century

Carl Linnaeus Simulacrum

Taxonomy · Binomial Nomenclature · Classification of Life

Erasmus Darwin Simulacrum

Zoonomia · Common Descent · Acquired Characteristics · Temple of Nature · Invention · Medicine

18th–19th century

Edward Lear Simulacrum

Natural History Illustration · Zoology · Nonsense Taxonomy

Evolution & Speciation

Charles Darwin Simulacrum

Evolution · Natural Selection · The Origin of Species

Alfred Russel Wallace Simulacrum

Natural Selection · Biogeography · The Wallace Line

19th–20th century

Ernst Mayr Simulacrum

Biological species concept · Allopatric speciation · The Modern Synthesis

Stephen Jay Gould Simulacrum

Punctuated equilibria · Contingency · Replay the tape of life

W.D. Hamilton Simulacrum

Inclusive fitness · rB > C · Kin selection · The selfish gene

Genetics & Molecular Biology

Gregor Mendel Simulacrum

Genetics · Laws of Inheritance · Heredity

Thomas Hunt Morgan Simulacrum

Chromosome Theory · Drosophila · Gene Mapping

19th–20th century

Barbara McClintock Simulacrum

Transposable Elements · Maize Genetics · Genomic Instability

Rosalind Franklin Simulacrum

X-ray Crystallography · DNA Structure · Photo 51

Oswald Avery Simulacrum

DNA as the transforming principle · Pneumococcus · Cautious science

Sydney Brenner Simulacrum

C. elegans · mRNA · The genetic code · 959 cells you can know

Marshall Nirenberg Simulacrum

Cracked the genetic code · Poly-U → phenylalanine · The codon dictionary

Gurdonian Reprogramming Simulacrum

Nuclear transplantation · Totipotency · 1962 Xenopus · Differentiation reversed

Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Simulacrum

Heidelberg screen · Drosophila segmentation · Master genes of the body plan

Microbiology & Immunology

Louis Pasteur Simulacrum

Germ Theory · Vaccination · Microbiology

Alexander Fleming Simulacrum

Penicillin · Bacteriology · Serendipity

19th–20th century

Jonas Salk Simulacrum

Polio Vaccine · Virology · Public Health

Robert Koch Simulacrum

Koch's postulates · Pure culture · Anthrax · Tuberculosis · Cholera

Élie Metchnikoff Simulacrum

Phagocytosis · Cellular immunity · Starfish larvae · Gerontology

Physiology, Cell & Neural Biology

Rudolf Virchow Simulacrum

Cellular Pathology · Omnis Cellula · Social Medicine

19th–20th century

Santiago Ramón y Cajal Simulacrum

Neuroscience · Neuron Doctrine · Scientific Illustration

19th–20th century

Claude Bernard Simulacrum

Le milieu intérieur · Experimental medicine · The pancreatic juice

Walter Cannon Simulacrum

Homeostasis · Fight-or-flight · The wisdom of the body

George Palade Simulacrum

Cell biology as discipline · The ribosome · The secretory pathway

Charles Sherrington Simulacrum

Integrative action · The synapse · Reflex · Reciprocal inhibition

Ecology & Living Systems

Rachel Carson Simulacrum

Ecology · Marine Biology · Environmental Writing

G.E. Hutchinson Simulacrum

The n-dimensional niche · Ecology as discipline · Paradox of the plankton

Levinian Systems Simulacrum

Bioelectricity · Morphogenesis · Planarian Regeneration · Cognitive Light Cone · Diverse Intelligence

20th–21st century

Kimmerian Botany Simulacrum

Braiding Sweetgrass · Indigenous Plant Wisdom · Potawatomi Science · Botanical Grammar of Animacy

20th–21st century